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Immune Response Against Piscine orthoreovirus (PRV) in Salmonids

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Principles of Fish Immunology

Abstract

Piscine orthoreovirus (PRV) infection is extremely common in farmed salmonids. Three genotypes of PRV can infect and cause disease in different salmonid species. Red blood cells are the main target cells for all genotypes of PRV, but the outcome of the infection differs between host species and PRV genotypes. The PRV-1 genotype is known to cause heart and skeletal muscle inflammation (HSMI) in farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar), a disease that can cause up to 20% mortality. PRV-1 infection induces a strong innate antiviral response in infected red blood cells, and an adaptive immune response involving PRV-specific and poly-unspecific antibodies, and a cytotoxic lymphocyte response leading to massive immune cell infiltration in heart tissue, the hallmark of HSMI. Despite strong immune responses, PRV-1 infection is not cleared in Atlantic salmon and gives a life-long viral persistence. For other PRV genotypes, the disease course is different. PRV-2 infection in farmed coho salmon primarily leads to acute anemia, and PRV-3 infection in farmed rainbow trout can lead to both anemia and heart inflammation. Here, we discuss the antiviral immune activity against PRV and elaborate on why immune protection often is insufficient and instead can become destructive.

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Abbreviations

CTL:

Cytotoxic T lymphocytes

EIBS:

Erythrocytic inclusion body syndrome

HSMI:

Heart and skeletal muscle inflammation

IFN:

Interferon

PRV:

Piscine orthoreovirus

RBC:

Red blood cells

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Ås, Norway

    Maria K. Dahle

  2. UiT Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway

    Maria K. Dahle

  3. Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway

    Øystein Wessel & Espen Rimstad

Authors
  1. Maria K. Dahle
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  2. Øystein Wessel
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  3. Espen Rimstad
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Correspondence to Espen Rimstad .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark

    Kurt Buchmann

  2. Scottish Fish Immunology Research Centre, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK

    Christopher J. Secombes

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Dahle, M.K., Wessel, Ø., Rimstad, E. (2022). Immune Response Against Piscine orthoreovirus (PRV) in Salmonids. In: Buchmann, K., Secombes, C.J. (eds) Principles of Fish Immunology . Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-85420-1_13

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