Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Fear-Relations: Word War I, Military Authorities, and the International Feminist Peace Movement

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Media and the Dissemination of Fear

  • 456 Accesses

Abstract

This chapter elaborates on the social construction of fear by pacifist activists during World War I. The international feminist movement, especially its emerging pacifist branch, started a discourse on the horrors and futility of war that referred heavily to different forms of fear, including the fear of death, the fear of losing a loved one, the fear of acts of revenge, and the fear of losing the human achievements of civilization. The feminist pacifist’s fear-related anti-war discourse caused the authorities anxiety. In belligerent countries, military administrations feared pacifism, as they believed it promoted war fatigue and increased the pressure to give up the war. Consequently, they tried to silence pacifist voices and put heavy restrictions on promoting pacifism. As a result, also pacifists felt fear of the authorities. A kind of “fear-relation” connected the pacifist branch of the feminist movement with military administrations, which can be illustrated by describing the German case.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

Notes

  1. 1.

    For different types of fear among soldiers see Joanna Bourke, “The Emotions in War: Fear and the British and American Military, 1914–45,” Historical Research 74, no. 185 (2001): 314–30.

  2. 2.

    Paul Virilio, The Administration of Fear (Cambridge, London: MIT Press, 2012), 14.

  3. 3.

    Beverly Woodward, “Peace Studies and the Feminist Challenge,” Peace & Change 3, no. 4 (1976): 3–12.

  4. 4.

    Thierry Steimer, “The Biology of Fear- and Anxiety-Related Behaviors,” Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience 4, no. 3 (2002): 231–49.

  5. 5.

    Karrie J. Craig, Kelly J. Brown, and Andrew Baum, “Environmental Factors in the Etiology of Anxiety,” in Psychopharmacology: The Fourth Generation of Progress, ed. Floyd. E. Bloom and David J. Kupfer (New York: Raven Press, 1995), 1325–39.

  6. 6.

    Nelson Ribeiro, Anne Schmidt, Sian Nicholas, Olga Kruglikowa, and Koenraad Du Pont, “World War I and the Emergence of Propaganda,” in The Handbook of European Communication History, ed. Klaus Arnold, Paschal Preston, and Susanne Kinnebrock (Hoboken: Wiley Blackwell, 2020), 97–114.

  7. 7.

    Rudolf Stöber, “Vom ‘Augusterlebnis’ zur ‘Novemberrevolution’: Öffentlichkeit zwischen Kriegsbegeisterung (?) und Herbstdepression [From the ‘August Experience’ in 1914 to the ‘November Revolution’ in 1918: Public Opinion between War Euphoria (?) and Autumn Depression],” Jahrbuch für Kommunikationsgeschichte 15 (2013): 89–122. See also chapter V.7. “Die Sprachen des Kriegs: Kommunikation, Kontrolle und die Grenzen der Meinungslenkung [Language in Wartime: Communication, Control and Limitations of Opinion Control]” by Jörn Leonhard, Die Büchse der Pandora: Geschichte des Ersten Weltkriegs [Opening a Pandora’s Box: History of World War I] (Bonn: Bundeszentrale für politische Bildung, 2014), 579–94.

  8. 8.

    During World War II, many collections of German archives were lost, including state collections that could reconstruct negotiations between military authorities and pacifist activists. Papers in the Munich War Archive, which is part of the Archives of the Bavarian State, are an exception and one of the few convolutes of sources to reconstruct “fear-relations” between military authorities and pacifists in Germany.

  9. 9.

    Wolfgang Benz, “Von Bertha von Suttner bis Carl von Ossietzky: Die deutsche Friedensbewegung 1890–1939 [From Bertha von Suttner to Carl von Ossietzky: The German Peace Movement 1890–1939],” in Pazifismus in Deutschland: Dokumente zur Friedensbewegung 1890–1939 [Pacifism in Germany: Documents on the Peace Movement 1890–1939], ed. Wolfgang Benz (Frankfurt am Main: Fischer, 1988), 8.

  10. 10.

    Karl Holl, Pazifismus in Deutschland [Pacifism in Germany] (Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp, 1988), 69–83.

  11. 11.

    Regina Braker, “Bertha von Suttner’s Spiritual Daughters: The Feminist Pacifism of Anita Augspurg, Lida Gustava Heymann, and Helene Stöcker at the International Congress of Women at The Hague, 1915,” Women’s Studies International Forum 18, no. 2 (1995): 103–11.

  12. 12.

    Holl, Pazifismus in Deutschland, 74–75.

  13. 13.

    Edelgard Biedermann, Erzählen als Kriegskunst: “Die Waffen nieder!” von Bertha von Suttner: Studien zu Umfeld und Erzählstrukturen des Textes [Narration as Arts of War: “Lay Down Your Arms!” by Bertha von Suttner: Studies on Context and Narrative Structure] (Stockholm: Almqvist & Wiksell International, 1995), 261.

  14. 14.

    Brigitte Hamann, Bertha von Suttner: Ein Leben für den Frieden [Bertha von Suttner: A Life Dedicated to Peace] (München, Zürich: Piper, 1986), 135. See also Anne C. Nagel, “Fanfare der Friedensbewegung: ‘Die Waffen nieder!’ von Bertha von Suttner (1889) [Fanfare of the Peace Movement: ‘Lay Down Your Arms!’ by Bertha von Suttner (1889)]” in Literatur, die Geschichte schrieb [Literature That Made History], ed. Dirk van Laak (Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2011), 72–85.

  15. 15.

    Bertha von Suttner, Memoiren [Memories] (Berlin: Contumax-Hoffenberg, 2015 [1909]), 179.

  16. 16.

    Hamann, Bertha von Suttner, 133–44.

  17. 17.

    Quotes from Hamann, Bertha von Suttner, 141.

  18. 18.

    Holl, Pazifismus in Deutschland, 84–85. See also Gordon Craig, Deutsche Geschichte 1866–1945: Vom Norddeutschen Bund bis zum Ende des Dritten Reiches [Germany 1866–1945] (München: C.H. Beck, 1980), 286.

  19. 19.

    Benz, “Von Bertha von Suttner,” 19.

  20. 20.

    Translated quote from Adam Hochschild, To End All Wars: A Story of Loyalty and Rebellion, 1914–1918 (New York, Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2011), 92.

  21. 21.

    See for Britain, Hochschild, To End all Wars, and for Germany, Jeffrey Verhey, The Spirit of 1914: Militarism, Myth, and Mobilization in Germany (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000).

  22. 22.

    Lida Gustava Heymann (in cooperation with Anita Augspurg), Erlebtes—Erschautes: Deutsche Frauen kämpfen für Freiheit, Recht und Frieden 1850–1940 [Experiences and Insights: German Women Fight for Freedom, Rights and Peace 1850–1940], ed. Margit Twellmann (Frankfurt am Main: Helmer, 1992 [1941]), 138.

  23. 23.

    Leila J. Rupp, and Verta Taylor, “Forging Feminist Identity in an International Movement: A Collective Identity Approach to Twentieth Century Feminism,” Signs 24, no. 2 (1999): 363–86.

  24. 24.

    Mineke Bosch and Annemarie Kloosterman, Politics and Friendship: Letters from the International Woman Suffrage Alliance, 1902–1942 (Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 1990), 135.

  25. 25.

    Anika Wilmers, Pazifismus in der internationalen Frauenbewegung 1914–1920 [Pacifism in the International Women’s Movement 1914–1920] (Essen: Klartext, 2008), 105–6.

  26. 26.

    Quoted from Susanne Kinnebrock, “Wahres Menschtum kennt keinen Völkerhaß: Pazifistische Publizistinnen im Ersten Weltkrieg [True Humanity Does not Know Hatred of Nations: Pacifist Journalists in World War I]” in Frauen. Medien. Krieg: 100 Jahre Kampf-Geschichte [Women. Media. War: 100 Years History of Struggle], ed. Bettina Biron, Wolfgang Duchkowitsch and Wolfgang Lamprecht (Wien: LIT, 2020), 142.

  27. 27.

    See Leila J. Rupp, Worlds of Women: The Making of an International Women’s Movement (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1997).

  28. 28.

    Mona Siegel, “To Meet or Not to Meet: Mending the Bonds of International Sisterhood after the First World War,” Ariadne: Forum für Frauen- und Geschlechtergeschichte, no. 76 (2020): 85–101.

  29. 29.

    Bosch and Kloosterman, Politics and Friendship, 135–37.

  30. 30.

    Wilmers, Pazifismus, 35–55, 229.

  31. 31.

    For the number of participants, see Ludwig Quidde, Der deutsche Pazifismus während des Weltkrieges 1914–1918, ed. Karl Holl (Boppard am Rhein: Boldt, 1979 [1934–1949]), 76.

  32. 32.

    Lela B. Costin, “Feminism, Pacifism, Internationalism and the 1915 International Congress of Women,” Women’s Studies International Forum 5, no. 3–4 (1982): 314. See also the report on the congress by Emily G. Balch “Journey and Impressions of the Congress,” in Women at the Hague: The International Congress of Women and Its Results, ed. Jane Addams, Emily G. Balch, and Alice Hamilton (New York: Macmillan, 1916), 1–21.

  33. 33.

    Freya Baetens, “The Forgotten Peace Conference: The 1915 International Congress of Women,” in Max Planck Encyclopedia of Public International Law, ed. Rüdiger Wolfrum (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010), unpaginated.

  34. 34.

    Baetens, “The Forgotten Peace Conference,” unpaginated.

  35. 35.

    Baetens, “The Forgotten Peace Conference,” unpaginated.

  36. 36.

    See Tanja Hommen, Sittlichkeitsverbrechen: Sexuelle Gewalt im Kaiserreich [Sex Crimes: Sexual Violence in the German Empire] (Frankfurt am Main, New York: Campus, 1999), 29–30, 59, 159.

  37. 37.

    Davis, Allen F. American Heroine: The Life and Legend of Jane Addams (Chicago: Ivan R. Dee Publisher, 2000), 222–4.

  38. 38.

    Wilmers, Pazifismus, 222.

  39. 39.

    The coverage of the International Women’s Peace congress was analyzed by Wilmers, Pazifismus, who systematically evaluated the French, Belgic, Austrian, and German press.

  40. 40.

    Landesarchiv Berlin [Archives of the State of Berlin]: Helene-Lange-Archiv (HLA): Fiche 43–190-1 Resolution of the Federation of German Women’s Associations (without date, ca. April, 23, 1915).

  41. 41.

    Susanne Kinnebrock, Anita Augspurg (1857–1943): Feministin und Pazifistin zwischen Journalismus und Politik: Eine kommunikationshistorische Biographie [Anita Augspurg (1857–1943): Feminist and Pacifist between Journalism and Politics: A Communication-Historical Biography] (Herbolzheim: Centaurus, 2005), 401–5.

  42. 42.

    Holl, Pazifismus in Deutschland, 121.

  43. 43.

    Bayerisches Hauptstaatsarchiv München (HStAM) [Archives of the Bavarian State]: Kriegsarchiv [War Archives] IV: Stellvertretendes Generalkommando (Stv.Gen.Kdo.) [Deputy General Command] I.A.K. 1934: Letter of the Bavarian Ministry of War to the Royal Supreme Command and all Deputy General Commands (May 12, 1915).

  44. 44.

    For Heymann, see Susanne Kinnebrock, “Man fühlt sich, als wäre man geistig ein lebender Leichnam: Lida Gustava Heymann (1868–1943): Eine genuin weibliche Exilerfahrung? [You feel like a mentally aware corpse: Lida Gustava Heymann (1868–1943): A Typically Female Experience of Exile?]” in Deutsche Publizistik im Exil 1933 bis 1945: Positionen–Personen–Perspektiven: Festschrift für Ursula E. Koch [German Journalism in Exile 1933–1943: Positions, Persons, Perspectives: Festschrift for Ursula E. Koch], ed. Markus Behmer (Münster: LIT, 2000), 108–33.

  45. 45.

    HStAM: IV Stv.Gen.Kdo. I.A.K. 1935: Copy of a letter of the Bavarian Ministry of War to the Deputy General Command in Berlin (February 2, 1915). For further detail, see Kinnebrock, “Man fühlt sich,” 112–13.

  46. 46.

    Lida Gustava Heymann, “Eine Frage: Frauen Europas, wann erschallt Euer Ruf? [A Question: Women of Europe, When Will You Shout Out?],” Die Frauenbewegung [The Women’s Movement], February 1, 1915, 14.

  47. 47.

    HStAM: IV Stv.Gen.Kdo. I.A.K. 1935: Copy of a letter of the Bavarian Ministry of War to the Deputy General Command in Berlin (February 2, 1915).

  48. 48.

    Kinnebrock, Anita Augspurg, 407.

  49. 49.

    In the papers of the Deputy General Command deployed in Munich one can find several copies of letters addressed to Heymann, which had originally been written in July 1915. See HStAM: IV Stv.Gen.Kdo. I.A.K. 1933; HstAM: II Innenministerium [Bavarian Ministry of the Interior] Minn 66,132: Copy of a letter of the Bavarian Ministry of War to Lida Gustava Heymmann (November 23, 1915); and HstAM: IV Kriegsministerium [Bavarian Ministry of War] Mkr 13,366: Letter of the Bavarian Ministry of War (January, 1916).

  50. 50.

    See also Holl, Pazifismus in Deutschland, 123–4.

  51. 51.

    HStAM: IV Stv.Gen.Kdo. I.A.K. 1506: Letter of the Military Surveillance Unit at the Munich railway post office to the Deputy General Command (September 30, 1915).

  52. 52.

    HStAM: IV: Mkr 13,366 Friedensbewegung [Peace Movement] 1915–1918: Letter of the Prussian Ministry of War to the Bavarian Ministry of War (November 7, 1915). See also Kinnebrock, Anita Augspurg, 409.

  53. 53.

    HStAM: II Minn 66,132 Friedensbewegung [Peace Movement] 1915–1918: Copy of the enactment of the Bavarian Ministry of War (March 6, 1916).

  54. 54.

    Many of the banned articles and leaflets have been documented in a brochure of the German section of the International Women’s League for Peace and Freedom: Völkerversöhnende Frauenarbeit während des Weltkrieges [International Reconciliation Work by Women during World War I], ed. Internationale Frauenliga für Frieden und Freiheit, Deutscher Zweig (München: B. Heller, 1920).

  55. 55.

    HStAM: IV Mkr 13,374 Friedensbewegung [Peace Movement] 1915–1918: Copy of an internal letter of the Munich Deputy General Command (February 11, 2017), see also Kinnebrock 2005: 410–412.

  56. 56.

    Heymann, Erlebtes Erschautes, 159.

  57. 57.

    See the following for measures against other pacifist groups: Holl, Pazifismus in Deutschland, 112–32.

  58. 58.

    FrauenMediaTurm (FMT) [Feminist Archive and Library, Cologne]: Copy of the unpublished diaries of Minna Cauer (1841–1922): Entries from August 25, 1917 and March 17, 1916.

  59. 59.

    FMT: Copy of the unpublished diaries of Minna Cauer (1841–1922): Entries from February, 28, 1915 and January 17, 1917.

  60. 60.

    FMT: Copy of the unpublished diaries of Minna Cauer (1841–1922): Entry from February 19, 1915.

  61. 61.

    Susanne Kinnebrock, “Gerechtigkeit erhöht ein Volk!? Die erste deutsche Frauenbewegung, ihre Sprachrohre und die Stimmrechtsfrage, [Justice Enhances a People!? The First Wave of the Women’s Movement in Germany, its Journals, and the Question of Women’s Suffrage],” Jahrbuch für Kommunikationsgeschichte 1 (1999): 135–172.

  62. 62.

    See also Florian Altenhöner, “Journalism/Press,” in 1914–1918-Online: International Encyclopedia of the First World War, edited by Ute Daniel, Peter Gatrell, Oliver Janz, Heather Jones, Jennifer Keene, Alan Kramer, and Bill Nasson. Berlin: Free University Berlin, 2014.

  63. 63.

    FMT: Copy of the unpublished diaries of Minna Cauer (1841–1922): Entries from February 19, 1915 and January 10, 1917.

  64. 64.

    See, for example, FMT: Copy of the unpublished diaries of Minna Cauer (1841–1922): Entry from April 2, 1915.

  65. 65.

    See the following for Britain: Hochschild, To End All Wars.

References

  • Altenhöner, Florian. “Journalism/Press.” In 1914–1918-Online: International Encyclopedia of the First World War, edited by Ute Daniel, Peter Gatrell, Oliver Janz, Heather Jones, Jennifer Keene, Alan Kramer, and Bill Nasson. Berlin: Free University Berlin, 2014. https://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/article/pressjournalism_germany.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baetens, Freya. “The Forgotten Peace Conference: The 1915 International Congress of Women.” In Max Planck Encyclopedia of Public International Law, edited by Rüdiger Wolfrum. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010. https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2230667.

  • Balch, Emily G. “Journey and Impressions of the Congress.” In Women at the Hague: The International Congress of Women and Its Results, edited by Jane Addams, Emily G. Balch, and Alice Hamilton, 1–21. New York: Macmillan, 1916.

    Google Scholar 

  • Benz, Wolfgang. “Von Bertha von Suttner bis Carl von Ossietzky: Die deutsche Friedensbewegung 1890–1939. [From Bertha von Suttner to Carl von Ossietzky: The German Peace Movement 1890–1939].” In Pazifismus in Deutschland: Dokumente zur Friedensbewegung 1890–1939 [Pacifism in Germany: Documents on the Peace Movement 1890–1939], edited by Wolfgang Benz, 7–51. Frankfurt am Main: Fischer, 1988.

    Google Scholar 

  • Biedermann, Edelgard. Erzählen als Kriegskunst: “Die Waffen nieder!” von Bertha von Suttner: Studien zu Umfeld und Erzählstrukturen des Textes [Narration as Arts of War: “Lay Down Your Arms!” by Bertha von Suttner: Studies on Context and Narrative Structure]. Stockholm: Almqvist & Wiksell International, 1995.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bosch, Mineke, and Annemarie Kloosterman. Politics and Friendship: Letters from the International Woman Suffrage Alliance, 1902–1942. Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 1990.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bourke, Joanna. “The Emotions in War: Fear and the British and American Military, 1914–45.” Historical Research 74, no. 185 (2001): 314–30.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Braker, Regina. “Bertha von Suttner’s Spiritual Daughters: The Feminist Pacifism of Anita Augspurg, Lida Gustava Heymann, and Helene Stöcker at the International Congress of Women at The Hague, 1915.” Women’s Studies International Forum 18, no. 2 (1995): 103–11.

    Google Scholar 

  • Costin, Lela B. “Feminism, Pacifism, Internationalism and the 1915 International Congress of Women.” Women’s Studies International Forum 5, no. 3–4 (1982): 301–15.

    Google Scholar 

  • Craig, Gordon A. Deutsche Geschichte 1866–1945: Vom Norddeutschen Bund bis zum Ende des Dritten Reiches [Germany 1866–1945]. München: C.H. Beck, 1980.

    Google Scholar 

  • Craig, Karrie J., Kelly J. Brown, and Andrew Baum. “Environmental factors in the etiology of anxiety.” In Psychopharmacology: The Fourth Generation of Progress, edited by Floyd. E. Bloom and David J. Kupfer, 1325–39. New York: Raven Press, 1995.

    Google Scholar 

  • Davis, Allen F. American Heroine: The Life and Legend of Jane Addams. Second Edition. Chicago: Ivan R. Dee Publisher, 2000.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hamann, Brigitte. Bertha von Suttner: Ein Leben für den Frieden [Bertha von Suttner: A Life Dedicated to Peace]. München, Zürich: Piper, 1986.

    Google Scholar 

  • Heymann, Lida Gustava. “Eine Frage: Frauen Europas, wann erschallt Euer Ruf? [A Question: Women of Europe, When Will You Shout Out?]” Die Frauenbewegung [The Women’s Movement], February 1, 1915.

    Google Scholar 

  • Heymann, Lida Gustava (in cooperation with Anita Augspurg). Erlebtes—Erschautes: Deutsche Frauen kämpfen für Freiheit, Recht und Frieden 1850–1940 [Experiences and Insights: German Women Fight for Freedom, Rights and Peace 1850–1940]. Edited by Margit Twellmann. Frankfurt am Main: Helmer, 1992 [1941].

    Google Scholar 

  • Hochschild, Adam. To End All Wars: A Story of Loyalty and Rebellion, 1914–1918. New York, Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2011.

    Google Scholar 

  • Holl, Karl. Pazifismus in Deutschland [Pacifism in Germany]. Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp, 1988.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hommen, Tanja. Sittlichkeitsverbrechen: Sexuelle Gewalt im Kaiserreich [Sex Crimes: Sexual Violence in the German Empire]. Frankfurt am Main, New York: Campus, 1999.

    Google Scholar 

  • Internationale Frauenliga für Frieden und Freiheit, Deutscher Zweig [German Section of the International Women’s League for Peace and Freedom]. Völkerversöhnende Frauenarbeit während des Weltkrieges [International Reconciliation Work by Women during World War I]. München: B. Heller, 1920.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kinnebrock, Susanne. “Gerechtigkeit erhöht ein Volk!? Die erste deutsche Frauenbewegung, ihre Sprachrohre und die Stimmrechtsfrage. [Justice Enhances a People!? The First Wave of the Women’s Movement in Germany, its Journals and the Question of Woman Suffrage].” Jahrbuch für Kommunikationsgeschichte [Yearbook of Communication History] 1 (1999): 135–72.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kinnebrock, Susanne. “Man fühlt sich, als wäre man geistig ein lebender Leichnam: Lida Gustava Heymann (1868–1943): Eine genuin weibliche Exilerfahrung? [You Feel Like a Mentally Aware Corpse: Lida Gustava Heymann (1868–1943): A Typically Female Experience of Exile?].” In Deutsche Publizistik im Exil 1933 bis 1945: Positionen–Personen–Perspektiven: Festschrift für Ursula E. Koch [German Journalism in Exile 1933–1943: Positions, Persons, Perspectives: Festschrift for Ursula E. Koch], edited by Markus Behmer, 108–33. Münster: LIT, 2000.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kinnebrock, Susanne. Anita Augspurg (1857–1943): Feministin und Pazifistin zwischen Journalismus und Politik. Eine kommunikationshistorische Biographie [Anita Augspurg (1857–1943): Feminist and Pacifist between Journalism and Politics: A Communication-Historical Biography]. Herbolzheim: Centaurus, 2005.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kinnebrock, Susanne. “Wahres Menschtum kennt keinen Völkerhaß: Pazifistische Publizistinnen im Ersten Weltkrieg [True Humanity Does not Know Hatred of Nations: Pacifist Journalists in World War I].” In Frauen. Medien. Krieg: 100 Jahre Kampf-Geschichte [Women. Media. War: 100 Years History of Struggle], edited by Bettina Biron, Wolfgang Duchkowitsch, and Wolfgang Lamprecht, 139–52. Wien: LIT, 2020.

    Google Scholar 

  • Leonhard, Jörn. Die Büchse der Pandora: Geschichte des Ersten Weltkriegs [Opening a Pandora’s Box: The History of World War I]. Bonn: Bundeszentrale für politische Bildung, 2014.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nagel, Anne C. “Fanfare der Friedensbewegung: Die Waffen nieder! von Bertha von Suttner (1889) [Fanfare of the Peace Movement: Lay Down Your Arms! by Bertha von Suttner]”. In Literatur, die Geschichte schrieb [Literature That Made History], edited by Dirk van Laak, 72–85. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2011.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ribeiro, Nelson, Anne Schmidt, Sian Nicholas, Olga Kruglikowa, and Koenraad Du Pont. “World War I and the Emergence of Propaganda.” In The Handbook of European Communication History, edited by Klaus Arnold, Paschal Preston, and Susanne Kinnebrock, 97–114. Hoboken: Wiley Blackwell, 2020.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rupp, Leila J. Worlds of Women: The Making of an International Women’s Movement. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1997.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rupp, Leila J., and Verta Taylor. “Forging Feminist Identity in an International Movement: A Collective Identity Approach to Twentieth Century Feminism.” Signs 24, no. 2 (1999): 363–86.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Quidde, Ludwig. Der deutsche Pazifismus während des Weltkrieges 1914–1918 [German Pacifism during the World War 1914–1918]. Edited by Karl Holl. Boppard am Rhein: Boldt, 1979 [1934–1940].

    Google Scholar 

  • Siegel, Mona. “To Meet or Not to Meet: Mending the Bonds of International Sisterhood after the First World War.” Ariadne: Forum für Frauen- und Geschlechtergeschichte, no. 76 (2020): 85–101.

    Google Scholar 

  • Steimer, Thierry. “The Biology of Fear- and Anxiety-Related Behaviors.” Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience 4, no. 3 (2002): 231–49.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stöber, Rudolf. “Vom ‘Augusterlebnis’ zur ‘Novemberrevolution’: Öffentlichkeit zwischen Kriegsbegeisterung (?) und Herbstdepression [From the ‘August Experience’ in 1914 to the ‘November Revolution’ in 1918: Public Opinion between War Euphoria (?) and Autumn Depression].” Jahrbuch für Kommunikationsgeschichte 15, (2013): 89–122.

    Google Scholar 

  • Suttner, Bertha von. Lay Down Your Arms: The Autobiography of Martha von Tilling. Norderstedt: Hansebooks, 2018 [1892].

    Google Scholar 

  • Suttner, Bertha von. Memoiren [Memories]. Berlin: Contumax-Hoffenberg, 2015 [1909].

    Google Scholar 

  • Verhey, Jeffrey. The Spirit of 1914: Militarism, Myth, and Mobilization in Germany. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Virilio, Paul. The Administration of Fear. Cambridge, London: MIT Press, 2012.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilmers, Annika. Pazifismus in der internationalen Frauenbewegung 1914–1920 [Pacifism in the International Women’s Movement 1914–1920]. Essen: Klartext, 2008.

    Google Scholar 

  • Woodward, Beverly. “Peace Studies and the Feminist Challenge.” Peace & Change 3, no. 4 (1976): 3–12.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. University of Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany

    Susanne Kinnebrock

Authors
  1. Susanne Kinnebrock
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Susanne Kinnebrock .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. School of Human Sciences, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Lisbon, Portugal

    Nelson Ribeiro

  2. Department of Media, Knowledge and Communication, University of Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany

    Christian Schwarzenegger

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2022 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Kinnebrock, S. (2022). Fear-Relations: Word War I, Military Authorities, and the International Feminist Peace Movement. In: Ribeiro, N., Schwarzenegger, C. (eds) Media and the Dissemination of Fear. Global Transformations in Media and Communication Research - A Palgrave and IAMCR Series. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-84989-4_4

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation