Abstract
Depression, burnout, and suicide among physicians are extremely relevant topics which have been raised since the 1970s and have more recently become a significant problem to be scrutinized and constantly monitored in medical practice. In fact, while depression and suicide remain constant occupational hazards in medicine, rates of burnout are increasing for a multitude of reasons mostly related to administrative burden, inefficient workflow patterns, and increasing patient load expectations among other reasons. This is a crisis that has been recognized by many physician associations and healthcare organizations but continues to evolve, since psychological suffering of physicians is a tragedy resulting in loss for patients, families, the practice of medicine, and society. Therefore, it is necessary to create awareness and advocate for physician mental health to collectively enhance physician and patient well-being along with improved healthcare quality through medical disciplines.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Miller MN, Mcgowen KR, Quillen JH. The painful truth: physicians are not invincible. South Med J. 2000;93(10):966–73.
Günther A. On promethean shame. In: Müller CJ, editor. Prometheanism: technology, digital culture and human obsolescence. London: Rowman & Littlefield International; 2016. p. 29–95.
Zinn WM. Doctors have feelings too. JAMA. 1988;259(22):3296–8.
Meier DE, Back AL, Morrison RS. The inner life of physicians and care of the seriously ill. JAMA. 2001;286(23):3007–14.
Bittker TE. Reaching out to the depressed physician. JAMA. 1976;236(15):1713–6.
Bressler B. Suicide and drug abuse in the medical community. Suicide Life Threat Behav. 1976;Fall;6(3):169–78.
Brower KJ, Riba MB, editors. Physician mental health and well-being. New York: Springer International; 2017.
Rothenberger DA. Physician burnout and well-being: a systematic review and framework for action. Dis Colon Rectum. 2017;60(6):567–76.
Azam K, Khan A, Alam MT. Causes and adverse impact of physician burnout: a systematic review. J Coll Physicians Surg Pak. 2017;27(8):495–501. PMID: 28903843.
Panagioti M, Geraghty K, Johnson J, Zhou A, Panagopoulou E, Chew-Graham C, Peters D, Hodkinson A, Riley R, Esmail A. Association between physician burnout and patient safety, professionalism, and patient satisfaction: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Intern Med. 2018;178(10):1317–31.
Pereira-Lima K, Mata DA, Loureiro SR, Crippa JA, Bolsoni LM, Sen S. Association between physician depressive symptoms and medical errors: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Netw Open. 2019;2(11):e1916097.
Bourne T, Wynants L, Peters M, Van Audenhove C, Timmerman D, Van Calster B, Jalmbrant M. The impact of complaints procedures on the welfare, health and clinical practise of 7926 doctors in the UK: a cross-sectional survey. BMJ Open. 2015;5(1):e006687.
Schernhammer ES, Colditz GA. Suicide rates among physicians: a quantitative and gender assessment (meta-analysis). Am J Psychiatry. 2004;161:2295–302.
Dutheil F, Aubert C, Pereira B, Dambrun M, Moustafa F, Mermillod M, Baker JS, Trousselard M, Lesage FX, Navel V. Suicide among physicians and health-care workers: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2019;14(12):e0226.
American Foundation for Suicide prevention: Ten facts about physicians’ suicide and mental health. https://www.acgme.org/Portals/0/PDFs/ten%20facts%20about%20physician%20suicide.pdf.
Frank E, Dingle AD. Self-reported depression and suicide attempts among U.S. women physicians. Am J Psychiatry. 1999;156(12):1887–94.
Hawton K, Agerbo E, Simkin S, Platt B, Mellanby RJ. Risk of suicide in medical and related occupational groups: a national study based on Danish case population-based registers. J Affect Disord. 2011;134:320–6.
Hem E, Haldorsen T, Aasland OG, Tyssen R, Vaglum P, Ekeberg Ø. Suicide rates according to education with a particular focus on doctors in Norway 1960-2000. Psychol Med. 2005;35:873–80.
Gerada C. Doctors, suicide and mental illness. BJPsych Bull. 2018;42(4):165–8.
Hawton K, Clements A, Sakarovitch C, Simkin S, Deeks JJ. Suicide in doctors: a study of risk according to gender, seniority and specialty in medical practitioners in England and Wales, 1979–1995. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2001;55:296–300.
Milner AJ, Maheen H, Bismark MM, Spittal MJ. Suicide by health professionals: a retrospective mortality study in Australia, 2001–2012. Med J Aust. 2016;205:260–5.
Bailey E, Robinson J, McGorry P. Depression and suicide among medical practitioners in Australia. Intern Med J. 2018;48(3):254–8.
Hawton K, Clements A, Simkin S, Malmberg A. Doctors who kill themselves: a study of the methods used for suicide. QJM. 2000;93(6):351–7.
Gerada C. Doctors and suicide. Br J Gen Pract. 2018;68(669):168–9.
Duarte D, El-Hagrassy MM, Couto TCE, Gurgel W, Fregni F, Correa H. Male and female physician suicidality: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Psychiat. 2020;77(6):587–97.
Shanafelt T, Dyrbye L. Oncologist burnout: causes, consequences, and responses. J Clin Oncol. 2012;30(11):1235–41.
McFarland DC, Hlubocky F, Susaimanickam B, O'Hanlon R, Riba M. Addressing depression, burnout, and suicide in oncology physicians. Am Soc Clin Oncol Educ Book. 2019;39:590–8.
Medisauskaite A, Kamau C. Prevalence of oncologists in distress: systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychooncology. 2017;26(11):1732–40.
Copur MS. Burnout in oncology. Oncology (Williston Park). 2019;33(11):687522.
Center C, Davis M, Detre T, Ford DE, Hansbrough W, Hendin H, Laszlo J, Litts DA, Mann J, Mansky PA, Michels R, Miles SH, Proujansky R, Reynolds CF 3rd, Silverman MM. Confronting depression and suicide in physicians: a consensus statement. JAMA. 2003;289(23):3161. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.289.23.3161.
Taylor WD, Blackford JU. Mental health treatment for front-line clinicians during and after the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic: a plea to the medical community. Ann Intern Med. 2020;173(7):574–5.
Shah K, Chaudhari G, Kamrai D, Lail A, Patel RS. Cureus how essential is to focus on physician's health and burnout in coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic? Cureus. 2020;12(4):e7538.
Lu W, Wang H, Lin Y, Li L. Psychological status of medical workforce during the COVID-19 pandemic: a cross-sectional study. Psychiatry Res. 2020;288:112936.
Zhou AY, Panagioti M, Esmail A, Agius R, Van Tongeren M, Bower P. Factors associated with burnout and stress in trainee physicians: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Netw Open. 2020;3(8):e2013761.
Rodrigues H, Cobucci R, Oliveira A, Cabral JV, Medeiros L, Gurgel K, Souza T, Gonçalves AK. Burnout syndrome among medical residents: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2018;13(11):e0206840.
Low ZX, Yeo KA, Sharma VK, Leung GK, McIntyre RS, Guerrero A, Lu B, Sin Fai Lam CC, Tran BX, Nguyen LH, Ho CS, Tam WW, Ho RC. Prevalence of burnout in medical and surgical residents: a meta-analysis. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2019;16(9):1479.
Rotenstein LS, Ramos MA, Torre M, Segal JB, Peluso MJ, Guille C, Sen S, Mata DA. Prevalence of depression, depressive symptoms, and suicidal ideation among medical students: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA. 2016;316(21):2214–36.
Laitman BM, Muller D. Medical student deaths by suicide: the importance of transparency. Acad Med. 2019;94(4):466–8.
Blacker CJ, Lewis CP, Swintak CC, Bostwick JM, Rackley SJ. Medical student suicide rates: a systematic review of the historical and international literature. Acad Med. 2019;94(2):274–80.
AMA Council on Mental Health. The sick physician: impairment by psychiatric disorders, including alcoholism and drug dependence. JAMA. 1973;223(6):684–7.
Ludlam JE. Helping the impaired physician. Trustee. 1978;31(10):17–9, 21–2.
Silberger AB, Thran SL, Marder WD. The changing environment of resident physicians. Health Aff. 1988;7:120–33.
Mihailescu M, Neiterman E. A scoping review of the literature on the current mental health status of physicians and physicians-in-training in North America. BMC Public Health. 2019;19(1):1363.
West CP, Dyrbye LN. Shanafelt TD3 physician burnout: contributors, consequences and solutions. J Intern Med. 2018;283(6):516–29. https://doi.org/10.1111/joim.12752. Epub 2018 Mar 24
Wiederhold BK, Cipresso P, Pizzioli D, Wiederhold M, Riva G. Intervention for physician burnout: a systematic review. Open Med (Wars). 2018;13:253–63.
Petrie K, Crawford J, Baker STE, Dean K, Robinson J, Veness BG, Randall J, McGorry P, Christensen H, Harvey SB. Interventions to reduce symptoms of common mental disorders and suicidal ideation in physicians: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Psychiatry. 2019;6(3):225–34.
Brooks E, Gendel MH, Early SR, Gundersen DC. When doctors’ struggle: current stressors and evaluation recommendations for physicians contemplating suicide. Arch Suicide Res. 2017;22(4):519–28.
McFarland DC, Hlubocky F, Riba M. Update on addressing mental health and burnout in physicians: what is the role for psychiatry? Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2019;21(11):108.
Nakagawa K, Yellowlees PM. The Physician's physician: the role of the psychiatrist in helping other physicians and promoting wellness. Psychiatr Clin North Am. 2019;42(3):473–82. 1.
Zhang XJ, Song Y, Jiang T, Ding N, Shi TY. Interventions to reduce burnout of physicians and nurses: an overview of systematic reviews and meta-analyses. Medicine (Baltimore). 2020;99(26):e20992.
Yester M. Work-life balance, burnout, and physician wellness. Health Care Manag (Frederick). 2019;38(3):239–46. https://doi.org/10.1097/HCM.0000000000000277.
Panagioti M, Panagopoulou E, Bower P, Lewith G, Kontopantelis E, Chew-Graham C, Dawson S, van Marwijk H, Geraghty K, Esmail A. Controlled interventions to reduce burnout in physicians: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Intern Med. 2017;177(2):195–205.
Grassi L, Riba M, Wise T. Person centered approach to recovery in medicine. Berlin: Springer; 2019.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2022 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Grassi, L., McFarland, D., Riba, M.B. (2022). The Problem of Burnout, Depression, and Suicide in Physicians: A General Overview. In: Grassi, L., McFarland, D., Riba, M.B. (eds) Depression, Burnout and Suicide in Physicians . Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-84785-2_1
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-84785-2_1
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-84784-5
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-84785-2
eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)