Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Evaluation Process of the Liver Transplant Recipient

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Textbook of Liver Transplantation

Abstract

Liver transplantation is currently considered a standard surgical procedure offered to a large proportion of patients with end-stage liver diseases. The outcome of LT is influenced by many factors including graft quality, severity of liver disease in the recipient, complexity of the surgical procedure, and post-transplant clinical management. Besides these factors, the success of LT is in part due to care in the selection of appropriate transplant recipients. Once the indication for transplantation is established on the basis of liver disease, the subsequent assessment of the transplant candidate is a particularly complex process. This is aimed at assessing the integrity and the correct functioning of all extrahepatic organs in order to identify comorbidities that may modify the risk associated with transplantation or, in some cases, even contraindicate it. Considering the delicacy of the transplantation candidacy process, it is necessary to carry out a large series of biochemical and instrumental examinations, together with numerous clinical evaluations by a multidisciplinary team of specialists.

In this chapter, the basic steps in assessing liver transplantation candidacy will be illustrated, with particular reference to the evaluation of the functionality of the extrahepatic organs and systems.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
eBook
USD 16.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 89.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 119.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Adam R, Karam V, Delvart V, O'Grady J, Mirza D, Klempnauer J, Castaing D, Neuhaus P, Jamieson N, Salizzoni M, Pollard S, Lerut J, Paul A, Garcia-Valdecasas JC, Rodriguez FS, Burroughs A, All contributing c, European L, Intestine Transplant A. Evolution of indications and results of liver transplantation in Europe. A report from the European Liver Transplant Registry (ELTR). J Hepatol. 2012;57(3):675–88.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Kim WR, Lake JR, Smith JM, Skeans MA, Schladt DP, Edwards EB, Harper AM, Wainright JL, Snyder JJ, Israni AK, Kasiske BL. OPTN/SRTR 2013 annual data report: liver. Am J Transplant. 2015;15(Suppl 2):1–28.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Lai JC, Feng S, Roberts JP. An examination of liver offers to candidates on the liver transplant wait-list. Gastroenterology. 2012;143(5):1261–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. European Association for the Study of the Liver. Electronic address eee. EASL clinical practice guidelines: liver transplantation. J Hepatol. 2016;64(2):433–85.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Thuluvath PJ. Evaluation of liver transplant recipients. J Clin Exp Hepatol. 2011;1(3):199–203.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Burra P, Giannini EG, Caraceni P, Ginanni Corradini S, Rendina M, Volpes R, Toniutto P. Specific issues concerning the management of patients on the waiting list and after liver transplantation. Liver Int. 2018;38(8):1338–62.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Liu H, Jayakumar S, Traboulsi M, Lee SS. Cirrhotic cardiomyopathy: implications for liver transplantation. Liver Transpl. 2017;23(6):826–35.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Carey WD, Dumot JA, Pimentel RR, Barnes DS, Hobbs RE, Henderson JM, Vogt DP, Mayes JT, Westveer MK, Easley KA. The prevalence of coronary artery disease in liver transplant candidates over age 50. Transplantation. 1995;59(6):859–64.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Toniutto P, Zanetto A, Ferrarese A, Burra P. Current challenges and future directions for liver transplantation. Liver Int. 2017;37(3):317–27.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Fede G, Privitera G, Tomaselli T, Spadaro L, Purrello F. Cardiovascular dysfunction in patients with liver cirrhosis. Ann Gastroenterol. 2015;28(1):31–40.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  11. Habash F, Gurram P, Almomani A, Duarte A, Hakeem A, Vallurupalli S, Bhatti S. Correlation between echocardiographic pulmonary artery pressure estimates and right heart catheterization measurement in liver transplant candidates. J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2018;26(2):75–84.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  12. Colle IO, Moreau R, Godinho E, Belghiti J, Ettori F, Cohen-Solal A, Mal H, Bernuau J, Marty J, Lebrec D, Valla D, Durand F. Diagnosis of portopulmonary hypertension in candidates for liver transplantation: a prospective study. Hepatology. 2003;37(2):401–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Swanson KL, Wiesner RH, Nyberg SL, Rosen CB, Krowka MJ. Survival in portopulmonary hypertension: Mayo Clinic experience categorized by treatment subgroups. Am J Transplant. 2008;8(11):2445–53.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Ayoub T. Pulmonary hypertension in liver transplant. Curr Opin Organ Transplant. 2011;16(3):331–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Krowka MJ, Plevak DJ, Findlay JY, Rosen CB, Wiesner RH, Krom RA. Pulmonary hemodynamics and perioperative cardiopulmonary-related mortality in patients with portopulmonary hypertension undergoing liver transplantation. Liver Transpl. 2000;6(4):443–50.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Ehtisham J, Altieri M, Salame E, Saloux E, Ollivier I, Hamon M. Coronary artery disease in orthotopic liver transplantation: pretransplant assessment and management. Liver Transpl. 2010;16(5):550–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Raval Z, Harinstein ME, Skaro AI, Erdogan A, DeWolf AM, Shah SJ, Fix OK, Kay N, Abecassis MI, Gheorghiade M, Flaherty JD. Cardiovascular risk assessment of the liver transplant candidate. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2011;58(3):223–31.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Martin P, DiMartini A, Feng S, Brown R Jr, Fallon M. Evaluation for liver transplantation in adults: 2013 practice guideline by the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases and the American Society of Transplantation. Hepatology. 2014;59(3):1144–65.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Ali A, Bhardwaj HL, Heuman DM, Jovin IS. Coronary events in patients undergoing orthotopic liver transplantation: perioperative evaluation and management. Clin Transpl. 2013;27(3):E207–15.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Sharma M, Yong C, Majure D, Zellner C, Roberts JP, Bass NM, Ports TA, Yeghiazarians Y, Gregoratos G, Boyle AJ. Safety of cardiac catheterization in patients with end-stage liver disease awaiting liver transplantation. Am J Cardiol. 2009;103(5):742–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Jacob KA, Hjortnaes J, Kranenburg G, de Heer F, Kluin J. Mortality after cardiac surgery in patients with liver cirrhosis classified by the child-Pugh score. Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg. 2015;20(4):520–30.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. McAlister FA, Khan NA, Straus SE, Papaioakim M, Fisher BW, Majumdar SR, Gajic O, Daniel M, Tomlinson G. Accuracy of the preoperative assessment in predicting pulmonary risk after nonthoracic surgery. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2003;167(5):741–4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Lazaridis KN, Frank JW, Krowka MJ, Kamath PS. Hepatic hydrothorax: pathogenesis, diagnosis, and management. Am J Med. 1999;107(3):262–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Norvell JP, Spivey JR. Hepatic hydrothorax. Clin Liver Dis. 2014;18(2):439–49.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Castellote J, Gornals J, Lopez C, Xiol X. Acute tension hydrothorax: a life-threatening complication of cirrhosis. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2002;34(5):588–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Runyon BA, Greenblatt M, Ming RH. Hepatic hydrothorax is a relative contraindication to chest tube insertion. Am J Gastroenterol. 1986;81(7):566–7.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Fagiuoli S, Bruno R, Debernardi Venon W, Schepis F, Vizzutti F, Toniutto P, Senzolo M, Caraceni P, Salerno F, Angeli P, Cioni R, Vitale A, Grosso M, De Gasperi A, D'Amico G, Marzano A, Conference ATS. Consensus conference on TIPS management: techniques, indications, contraindications. Dig Liver Dis. 2017;49(2):121–37.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Martinez GP, Barbera JA, Visa J, Rimola A, Pare JC, Roca J, Navasa M, Rodes J, Rodriguez-Roisin R. Hepatopulmonary syndrome in candidates for liver transplantation. J Hepatol. 2001;34(5):651–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Koch DG, Fallon MB. Hepatopulmonary syndrome. Clin Liver Dis. 2014;18(2):407–20.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Rodriguez-Roisin R, Krowka MJ. Hepatopulmonary syndrome—a liver-induced lung vascular disorder. N Engl J Med. 2008;358(22):2378–87.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Abrams GA, Nanda NC, Dubovsky EV, Krowka MJ, Fallon MB. Use of macroaggregated albumin lung perfusion scan to diagnose hepatopulmonary syndrome: a new approach. Gastroenterology. 1998;114(2):305–10.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Schenk P, Fuhrmann V, Madl C, Funk G, Lehr S, Kandel O, Muller C. Hepatopulmonary syndrome: prevalence and predictive value of various cut offs for arterial oxygenation and their clinical consequences. Gut. 2002;51(6):853–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  33. Arguedas MR, Abrams GA, Krowka MJ, Fallon MB. Prospective evaluation of outcomes and predictors of mortality in patients with hepatopulmonary syndrome undergoing liver transplantation. Hepatology. 2003;37(1):192–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Nair S, Verma S, Thuluvath PJ. Pretransplant renal function predicts survival in patients undergoing orthotopic liver transplantation. Hepatology. 2002;35(5):1179–85.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Angeli P, Gines P, Wong F, Bernardi M, Boyer TD, Gerbes A, Moreau R, Jalan R, Sarin SK, Piano S, Moore K, Lee SS, Durand F, Salerno F, Caraceni P, Kim WR, Arroyo V, Garcia-Tsao G, International Club of A. Diagnosis and management of acute kidney injury in patients with cirrhosis: revised consensus recommendations of the International Club of Ascites. Gut. 2015;64(4):531–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Gines P, Sola E, Angeli P, Wong F, Nadim MK, Kamath PS. Hepatorenal syndrome. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2018;4(1):23.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Wong F, Nadim MK, Kellum JA, Salerno F, Bellomo R, Gerbes A, Angeli P, Moreau R, Davenport A, Jalan R, Ronco C, Genyk Y, Arroyo V. Working party proposal for a revised classification system of renal dysfunction in patients with cirrhosis. Gut. 2011;60(5):702–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Cavallin M, Piano S, Romano A, Fasolato S, Frigo AC, Benetti G, Gola E, Morando F, Stanco M, Rosi S, Sticca A, Cillo U, Angeli P. Terlipressin given by continuous intravenous infusion versus intravenous boluses in the treatment of hepatorenal syndrome: a randomized controlled study. Hepatology. 2016;63(3):983–92.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Boyer TD, Sanyal AJ, Wong F, Frederick RT, Lake JR, O'Leary JG, Ganger D, Jamil K, Pappas SC, Investigators RS. Terlipressin plus albumin is more effective than albumin alone in improving renal function in patients with cirrhosis and Hepatorenal Syndrome Type 1. Gastroenterology. 2016;150(7):1579–89. e2

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. European Association for the Study of the L. EASL clinical practice guidelines on the management of ascites, spontaneous bacterial peritonitis, and hepatorenal syndrome in cirrhosis. J Hepatol. 2010;53(3):397–417.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  41. Gluud LL, Christensen K, Christensen E, Krag A. Systematic review of randomized trials on vasoconstrictor drugs for hepatorenal syndrome. Hepatology. 2010;51(2):576–84.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Facciorusso A, Chandar AK, Murad MH, Prokop LJ, Muscatiello N, Kamath PS, Singh S. Comparative efficacy of pharmacological strategies for management of type 1 hepatorenal syndrome: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2017;2(2):94–102.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Alessandria C, Ottobrelli A, Debernardi-Venon W, Todros L, Cerenzia MT, Martini S, Balzola F, Morgando A, Rizzetto M, Marzano A. Noradrenalin vs terlipressin in patients with hepatorenal syndrome: a prospective, randomized, unblinded, pilot study. J Hepatol. 2007;47(4):499–505.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Fong TL, Khemichian S, Shah T, Hutchinson IV, Cho YW. Combined liver-kidney transplantation is preferable to liver transplant alone for cirrhotic patients with renal failure. Transplantation. 2012;94(4):411–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Eason JD, Gonwa TA, Davis CL, Sung RS, Gerber D, Bloom RD. Proceedings of consensus Conference on simultaneous liver kidney transplantation (SLK). Am J Transplant. 2008;8(11):2243–51.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Cederholm T, Barazzoni R, Austin P, Ballmer P, Biolo G, Bischoff SC, Compher C, Correia I, Higashiguchi T, Holst M, Jensen GL, Malone A, Muscaritoli M, Nyulasi I, Pirlich M, Rothenberg E, Schindler K, Schneider SM, de van der Schueren MA, Sieber C, Valentini L, Yu JC, Van Gossum A, Singer P. ESPEN guidelines on definitions and terminology of clinical nutrition. Clin Nutr. 2017;36(1):49–64.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Bakshi N, Singh K. Nutrition assessment and its effect on various clinical variables among patients undergoing liver transplant. Hepatobiliary Surg Nutr. 2016;5(4):358–71.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  48. Sinclair M, Gow PJ, Grossmann M, Angus PW. Review article: sarcopenia in cirrhosis—aetiology, implications and potential therapeutic interventions. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2016;43(7):765–77.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Merli M, Nicolini G, Angeloni S, Riggio O. Malnutrition is a risk factor in cirrhotic patients undergoing surgery. Nutrition. 2002;18(11–12):978–86.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Kalafateli M, Mantzoukis K, Choi Yau Y, Mohammad AO, Arora S, Rodrigues S, de Vos M, Papadimitriou K, Thorburn D, O'Beirne J, Patch D, Pinzani M, Morgan MY, Agarwal B, Yu D, Burroughs AK, Tsochatzis EA. Malnutrition and sarcopenia predict post-liver transplantation outcomes independently of the model for end-stage liver disease score. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle. 2017;8(1):113–21.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Dick AA, Spitzer AL, Seifert CF, Deckert A, Carithers RL Jr, Reyes JD, Perkins JD. Liver transplantation at the extremes of the body mass index. Liver Transpl. 2009;15(8):968–77.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Montano-Loza AJ, Duarte-Rojo A, Meza-Junco J, Baracos VE, Sawyer MB, Pang JX, Beaumont C, Esfandiari N, Myers RP. Inclusion of sarcopenia within MELD (MELD-sarcopenia) and the prediction of mortality in patients with cirrhosis. Clin Transl Gastroenterol. 2015;6:e102.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  53. Morgan MY, Madden AM, Soulsby CT, Morris RW. Derivation and validation of a new global method for assessing nutritional status in patients with cirrhosis. Hepatology. 2006;44(4):823–35.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Borhofen SM, Gerner C, Lehmann J, Fimmers R, Gortzen J, Hey B, Geiser F, Strassburg CP, Trebicka J. The Royal Free Hospital-Nutritional Prioritizing Tool is an independent predictor of deterioration of liver function and survival in cirrhosis. Dig Dis Sci. 2016;61(6):1735–43.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Tandon P, Raman M, Mourtzakis M, Merli M. A practical approach to nutritional screening and assessment in cirrhosis. Hepatology. 2017;65(3):1044–57.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Golse N, Bucur PO, Ciacio O, Pittau G, Sa Cunha A, Adam R, Castaing D, Antonini T, Coilly A, Samuel D, Cherqui D, Vibert E. A new definition of sarcopenia in patients with cirrhosis undergoing liver transplantation. Liver Transpl. 2017;23(2):143–54.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Carey EJ, Lai JC, Wang CW, Dasarathy S, Lobach I, Montano-Loza AJ, Dunn MA, Fitness LE, Exercise in Liver Transplantation C. A multicenter study to define sarcopenia in patients with end-stage liver disease. Liver Transpl. 2017;23(5):625–33.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  58. Lai JC, Dodge JL, Sen S, Covinsky K, Feng S. Functional decline in patients with cirrhosis awaiting liver transplantation: results from the functional assessment in liver transplantation (FrAILT) study. Hepatology. 2016;63(2):574–80.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Cruz-Jentoft AJ, Baeyens JP, Bauer JM, Boirie Y, Cederholm T, Landi F, Martin FC, Michel JP, Rolland Y, Schneider SM, Topinkova E, Vandewoude M, Zamboni M. European working group on sarcopenia in older P. Sarcopenia: European consensus on definition and diagnosis: report of the European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People. Age Ageing. 2010;39(4):412–23.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  60. Berzigotti A, Saran U, Dufour JF. Physical activity and liver diseases. Hepatology. 2016;63(3):1026–40.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Zenith L, Meena N, Ramadi A, Yavari M, Harvey A, Carbonneau M, Ma M, Abraldes JG, Paterson I, Haykowsky MJ, Tandon P. Eight weeks of exercise training increases aerobic capacity and muscle mass and reduces fatigue in patients with cirrhosis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2014;12(11):1920–6. e2

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Roman E, Torrades MT, Nadal MJ, Cardenas G, Nieto JC, Vidal S, Bascunana H, Juarez C, Guarner C, Cordoba J, Soriano G. Randomized pilot study: effects of an exercise programme and leucine supplementation in patients with cirrhosis. Dig Dis Sci. 2014;59(8):1966–75.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Debette-Gratien M, Tabouret T, Antonini MT, Dalmay F, Carrier P, Legros R, Jacques J, Vincent F, Sautereau D, Samuel D, Loustaud-Ratti V. Personalized adapted physical activity before liver transplantation: acceptability and results. Transplantation. 2015;99(1):145–50.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. American College of Sports M, Chodzko-Zajko WJ, Proctor DN, Fiatarone Singh MA, Minson CT, Nigg CR, Salem GJ, Skinner JS. American College of Sports Medicine position stand. Exercise and physical activity for older adults. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2009;41(7):1510–30.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  65. Karoli Y, Karoli R, Fatima J, Manhar M. Study of hepatic osteodystrophy in patients with chronic liver disease. J Clin Diagn Res. 2016;10(8):OC31–4.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  66. Handzlik-Orlik G, Holecki M, Wilczynski K, Dulawa J. Osteoporosis in liver disease: pathogenesis and management. Ther Adv Endocrinol Metab. 2016;7(3):128–35.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  67. Wibaux C, Legroux-Gerot I, Dharancy S, Boleslawski E, Declerck N, Canva V, Mathurin P, Pruvot FR, Cortet B. Assessing bone status in patients awaiting liver transplantation. Joint Bone Spine. 2011;78(4):387–91.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Collier JD, Ninkovic M, Compston JE. Guidelines on the management of osteoporosis associated with chronic liver disease. Gut. 2002;50(Suppl 1):i1–9.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  69. Fagiuoli S, Colli A, Bruno R, Craxi A, Gaeta GB, Grossi P, Mondelli MU, Puoti M, Sagnelli E, Stefani S, Toniutto P, Burra P, Group AST. Management of infections pre- and post-liver transplantation: report of an AISF consensus conference. J Hepatol. 2014;60(5):1075–89.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Liu BM, Chung KJ, Chen CH, Kung CT, Ko SF, Liu PP, Chang HW. Risk factors for the outcome of cirrhotic patients with soft tissue infections. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2008;42(3):312–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Fischer SA, Avery RK, Practice ASTIDCo. Screening of donor and recipient prior to solid organ transplantation. Am J Transplant. 2009;9(Suppl 4):S7–18.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Hepatology and Liver Transplantation Unit, University Hospital, Udine, Italy

    Pierluigi Toniutto, Ezio Fornasiere, Elisa Fumolo & Davide Bitetto

Authors
  1. Pierluigi Toniutto
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Ezio Fornasiere
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Elisa Fumolo
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Davide Bitetto
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Pierluigi Toniutto .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Surgery, Oncology, and Gastroenterology Mutltivisceral Transplant Unit, University of Padua, Padua, Italy

    Patrizia Burra

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2022 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Toniutto, P., Fornasiere, E., Fumolo, E., Bitetto, D. (2022). Evaluation Process of the Liver Transplant Recipient. In: Burra, P. (eds) Textbook of Liver Transplantation. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-82930-8_7

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-82930-8_7

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-030-82929-2

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-030-82930-8

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation