Skip to main content

Collective Violence, Xenophobia, Pogroms, Genocide

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Where Does Violence Come From?

Abstract

The greatest catastrophes of mankind have been caused by collective violence in the form of wars and genocide.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

eBook
USD 24.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 16.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Möller-Leimkühler AM, Bogerts B (2013) Collective violence—neurobiological, psychosocial and sociological conditions. Nervenarzt 84(11):1345‒1354, 1356–1358. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00115-013-3856-y

  2. Wikipedia.org, Lorenz K. On Aggression. Wikipedia.org. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On_Aggression. Published 2021. Accessed 26 Apr 2021

  3. Thompson FJ, Marshall HH, Vitikainen EIK, Cant MA (2017) Causes and consequences of intergroup conflict in cooperative banded mongooses. Anim Behav 126:31–40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anbehav.2017.01.017

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Goodall J (1971) In the shadow of man. William Collins Sons & Co., London

    Google Scholar 

  5. Wrangham RW, Glowacki L (2012) Intergroup aggression in chimpanzees and war in nomadic hunter-gatherers. Hum Nat 23(1):5–29. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12110-012-9132-1

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Wrangham R, Peterson D (1996) Demonic males: apes and the origins of human violence. Houghton Mifflin Company, New York

    Google Scholar 

  7. Wrangham RW, Wilson ML (2006) Collective violence: comparisons between youths and chimpanzees. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1036(1):233–256. https://doi.org/10.1196/annals.1330.015

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Lahr MM, Rivera F, Power RK et al (2016) Inter-group violence among early Holocene hunter-gatherers of West Turkana Kenya. Nature 529(7586):394–398. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature16477

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Meller H, Shefzik M (2015) Krieg—Eine Archäologische Spurensuche. Begleitband Zur Sonderausstellung Im Landesmuseum Für Vorgeschichte Halle (War—an Archaeological Search for Traces. Accompanying Volume to the Special Exhibition in the State Museum of Prehistory Halle (Saale)). Halle (Saale): Landesamt für Denkmalpflege und Archäologie Sachsen-Anhalt. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/284142322_H_MellerM_Schefzik_Hrsg_Krieg_-_eine_archaologische_Spurensuche_Begleitband_zur_Sonderausstellung_im_Landesmuseum_fur_Vorgeschichte_Halle_Saale_6_November_2015_bis_22_Mai_2016_Halle_Saale_2015

  10. Wikipedia.org. Tollense Valley Battlefield. Wikipedia.org. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tollense_valley_battlefield. Published 2021. Accessed 4 May 2021

  11. Rummel R (1994) Death by government. Transaction Publishers, New Brunswick, NJ

    Google Scholar 

  12. Rummel R (1997) Statistics of democide: genocide and mass murder since 1900. Transaction Publishers, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ

    Google Scholar 

  13. Gerlach C (2010) Extremely violent societies: mass violence in the twentieth-century-world. Cambridge University Press

    Google Scholar 

  14. Pinker S (2011) The better angels of our nature: why violence has declined. Viking Books Adult.

    Google Scholar 

  15. Pinker S (2011) The better angels of our nature: why violence has declined. Viking Books Adult, Preface

    Google Scholar 

  16. Harff B (2003) No lessons learned from the holocaust? assessing risks of genocide and political mass murder since 1955. Am Polit Sci Rev. 97(01):57–73. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003055403000522

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Rummel R (2020) Democide since World War II. https://www.hawaii.edu/powerkills/POSTWWII.HTM. Accessed 28 June 2020

  18. Wikipedia.org. Indian Rebellion of 1857. Wikipedia.org. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Rebellion_of_1857. Published 2021. Accessed 4 May 2021

  19. Wikipedia.org. Anomie. Wikipedia.org. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anomie. Published 2021. Accessed 4 May 2021

  20. Verdeja E (2016) Predicting genocide and mass killing. J Genocide Res 9(3):13–32. https://doi.org/10.1080/14623528.2020.1818478

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Tajfel H, Turner J (1986) The social identity theory of intergroup behavior. Psychol Intergr Relations 5:7–24

    Google Scholar 

  22. Tajfel H (1982) Social psychology of intergroup relations. Annu Rev Psychol 33(1):1–39. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ps.33.020182.000245

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Tajfel H, Turner J (2001) An integrative theory of intergroup conflict. In: Hogg MA, Abrams D (eds) Intergroup relations. Psychology Press, New York, NY, pp 94–109

    Google Scholar 

  24. Böhm R, Rusch H, Baron J (2020) The psychology of intergroup conflict: a review of theories and measures. Researchgate.net. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/322666126_The_Psychology_of_Intergroup_Conflict_A_Review_of_Theories_and_Measures. Published 2018. Accessed 25 June 2020

  25. Brown R (2000) Social identity theory: past achievements, current problems and future challenges. Eur J Soc Psychol 30(6):745–778. https://doi.org/10.1002/1099-0992(200011/12)30:6%3c745::AID-EJSP24%3e3.0.CO;2-O

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Densley J, Peterson J (2018) Group aggression. Curr Opin Psychol 19:43–48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2017.03.031

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Eckert R (2020) Radikalisierung in konflikttheoretischer Perspektive [Radicalization in a conflict-theoretical perspective]. In: Slama BB, Kemmesies U (eds) Handbuch Extremismusprävention, Gesamtgesellschaftlich Phänomenübergreifend [Handbook on the prevention of extremism, across all social phenomena], vol 1. Bundeskriminalamt, Wiesbaden, pp 213‒269

    Google Scholar 

  28. Elias N, Scotson JL (1994) The established and the outsiders; a sociological enquiry into community problems, vol 2. Sage Publications Inc, London, Thousand Oaks, New Delhi

    Google Scholar 

  29. McKenzie J, Twose G (2015) Applications and extentions of realistic conflict theory: moral development and conflict prevention. In: Valsiner J (ed) Norms, groups, conflict, and social change; rediscovering muzafer sherif’s psychology, vol 1. New Dost-Gözkan, Ayfer, Brunswick, NJ; Sonmez Keith, Doga, pp 307‒325

    Google Scholar 

  30. Wikipedia.org. Realistic Conflict Theory. Wikipedia.org. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Realistic_conflict_theory. Published 2020. Accessed 25 June 2020

  31. Stephan WG, Ybarra O, Rios M (2009) Intergroup threat theory. In: Nelson TD (ed) Handbook of prejudice, stereotyping, and discrimination, vol 1. Psychology Press, Taylor & Francis Group, New York, pp 43‒61

    Google Scholar 

  32. Obaidi M, Kunst JR, Kteily N, Thomsen L, Sidanius J (2018) Living under threat: Mutual threat perception drives anti-Muslim and anti-Western hostility in the age of terrorism. Eur J Soc Psychol 48:567‒584

    Google Scholar 

  33. Obaidi M, Thomsen L, Bergh R (2018) “They think we are a threat to their culture”: meta-cultural threat fuels willingness and endorsement of extremist violence against the cultural outgroup. Int J Conf Violence 12:1‒13. https://doi.org/10.4119/UNIBI/ijcv.647

  34. Zick A, Berghan W, Mokros N (2019) Gruppenbezogene Menschenfeindlichkeit in Deutschland 2002–2018/19 [Group-related misanthropy in Germany 2002–2018/19]. In: Schröter F (ed) Verlorene Mitte Feindselige Zustände, Rechtsextreme Einstellungen in Deutschland 2018/2019 [Lost Middle Hostile Conditions, Right-Wing Extremist Attitudes in Germany 2018/2019], vol 1. Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung, Bonn, pp 53‒114

    Google Scholar 

  35. Rees JH, Rees YPM, Hellmann JH, Zick A (2019) Climate of hate: similar correlates of far right electoral support and right-wing hate crimes in Germany. Front Psychol 10(2328):1–14. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02328

    Article  Google Scholar 

  36. DW.com. Germany: Right-wing criminality at a record high. DW.com. https://www.dw.com/en/germany-right-wing-criminality-at-a-record-high/a-57421079. Accessed 7 May 2021

  37. Popitz H (2017) Phenomena of power; authority, domination and violence. In Poggi G (ed). Columbia University Press

    Google Scholar 

  38. Schäfer-Vogel G (2007) Gewalttätige Jugendkulturen, Symptom der Erosion kommunikativer Strukturen, S.551[(Violent youth cultures—symptom of the erosion of communicative structures]. Band K 134. In: Albrecht H-J, Kaiser G (eds). Max-Plank-Institut für ausländisches und internationales Strafrecht, Berlin

    Google Scholar 

  39. Browning CR (1998) Ordinary men: reserve police battalion 101 and the final solution in Poland. HarperCollins, New York

    Google Scholar 

  40. Hoebel T, Knöbl W (2019) Gewalt Erklären! Plädoyer für eine entdeckende Prozesssoziologie [Explaining Violence! Plea For A Discovering Sociology of Processes]. Hamburger Edition HIS Verlagsgesellschaft. mbH, Hamburg

    Google Scholar 

  41. Neitzel S, Welzer H (2013) Soldiers: German POWs on fighting, killing, and dying. Reprint Ed. Vintage

    Google Scholar 

  42. Wikipedia.org. Crowd psychology. Wikipedia.org. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crowd_psychology. Published 2021. Accessed 6 May 2021

  43. Wikipedia.org. The Crowd: A Study of the Popular Mind. Wikipedia.org. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Crowd:_A_Study_of_the_Popular_Mind. Published 2021. Accessed 6 May 2021

  44. Claus R (2018) Hooligans. Eine Welt zwischen Fußball, Gewalt und Politik [A world between football, violence and politics]. Verlag Die Werkstatt GmbH

    Google Scholar 

  45. Van BJJ, Packer DJ, Cunningham WA (2008) The neural substrates of in-group bias. Psychol Sci 19(11):1131–1139

    Article  Google Scholar 

  46. Cikara M, Botvinick MM, Fiske ST (2011) Us versus them: social identity shapes neural responses to intergroup competition and harm. Psychol Sci 22(3):306–313. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797610397667

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Kubota JT, Banaji MR, Phelps EA (2012) The neuroscience of race. Nat Neurosci 15(7):940–948. https://doi.org/10.1038/nn.3136

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Richeson JA, Baird AA, Gordon HL et al (2003) An fMRI investigation of the impact of interracial contact on executive function. Nat Neurosci 6(12):1323–1328. https://doi.org/10.1038/nn1156

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Knutson KM, Mah L, Manly CF, Grafman J (2007) Neural correlates of automatic beliefs about gender and race. Hum Brain Mapp 28(10):915–930. https://doi.org/10.1002/hbm.20320

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Baron AS, Banaji MR (2006) The Development Of Implicit Attitudes. Evidence of race evaluations from ages 6 and 10 and adulthood. Psychol Sci 17(1):53‒58. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.2005.01664.x

  51. Bigler RS, Jones LC, Lobliner DB (1997) Social Categorization and the formation of intergroup attitudes in children. Child Dev 68(3):530. https://doi.org/10.2307/1131676

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Pettigrew TF, Tropp LR (2006) A meta-analytic test of intergroup contact theory. J Pers Soc Psychol 90(5):751‒783. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.90.5.751

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to B. Bogerts .

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2021 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Bogerts, B., Steinmetz, C. (2021). Collective Violence, Xenophobia, Pogroms, Genocide. In: Where Does Violence Come From?. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-81792-3_18

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics