Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Juvenile Fractures Around the Knee

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Knee Fractures

Part of the book series: Strategies in Fracture Treatments ((SFT))

  • 665 Accesses

Abstract

Distal femoral physeal/epiphyseal fracture is an uncommon injury, estimated to account for between 1.4 and 2% of all paediatric physeal injuries [1]. However, they often have significant sequelae. On average, growth disturbance occurs in more than half of these patients, with higher chances in displaced fractures and lower in non-displaced fractures [2]. When categorized using the Salter-Harris classification, the highest incidence of growth disturbance is in SH IV fractures (65%) and lowest SH I (35%) [2].

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 139.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Peterson HA, Madhok R, Benson JT, Ilstrup DM, Melton LJ. Physeal fractures: part 1. Epidemiology in Olmsted County, Minnesota, 1979–1988. J Pediatr Orthop. 1994 Jul;14(4):423–30.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Basener CJ, Mehlman CT, DiPasquale TG. Growth disturbance after distal femoral growth plate fractures in children: a meta-analysis. J Orthop Trauma. 2009 Oct;23(9):663–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Garrett BR, Hoffman EB, Carrara H. The effect of percutaneous pin fixation in the treatment of distal femoral physeal fractures. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2011 May;93-B(5):689–94.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Salter RB, Harris WR. Injuries involving the epiphyseal plate. JBJS. 1963;45(3):587–622.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Cepela DJ, Tartaglione JP, Dooley TP, Patel PN. Classifications in brief: Salter-Harris classification of pediatric physeal fractures. Clin Orthop. 2016 Nov;474(11):2531–7.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  6. Waters PM, Skaggs DL, Flynn JM, Court-Brown CM, editors. Rockwood and Wilkins’ fractures in children. 9th ed. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer; 2020. 1245 p.

    Google Scholar 

  7. Edwards PH Jr, Grana WA. Physeal fractures about the knee. JAAOS-J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 1995;3(2):63–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Mayer S, Albright JC, Stoneback JW. Pediatric knee dislocations and physeal fractures about the knee. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2015 Sep;23(9):571–80.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Wascher DC. High-velocity knee dislocation with vascular injury. Treatment principles. Clin Sports Med. 2000 Jul;19(3):457–77.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Eid AM, Hafez MA. Traumatic injuries of the distal femoral physis. Retrospective study on 151 cases. Injury. 2002 Apr;33(3):251–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Sloboda JF, Benfanti PL, McGuigan JJ, Arrington ED. Distal femoral physeal fractures and peroneal nerve palsy: outcome and review of the literature. Am J Orthop Belle Mead NJ. 2007 Mar;36(3):E43–5.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Zionts LE. Fractures around the knee in children. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2002 Oct;10(5):345–55.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Little RM, Milewski MD. Physeal fractures about the knee. Curr Rev Musculoskelet Med. 2016 Sep 7;9(4):478–86.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  14. Hayes N, Umapathysivam K, Foster B. Effectiveness of surgical versus conservative treatment for distal femoral growth plate fractures: a systematic review. Open Orthop J. 2019 Mar 28;13(1):117–29.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Graham JM, Gross RH. Distal femoral physeal problem fractures. Clin Orthop. 1990 Jun;255:51–3.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Arkader A, Warner WC, Horn BD, Shaw RN, Wells L. Predicting the outcome of physeal fractures of the distal femur. J Pediatr Orthop. 2007 Sep;27(6):703–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Chen J, Abel MF, Fox MG. Imaging appearance of entrapped periosteum within a distal femoral Salter-Harris II fracture. Skelet Radiol. 2015 Oct;44(10):1547–51.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Mäkelä EA, Vainionpää S, Vihtonen K, Mero M, Rokkanen P. The effect of trauma to the lower femoral epiphyseal plate. An experimental study in rabbits. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1988 Mar;70(2):187–91.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Dahl WJ, Silva S, Vanderhave KL. Distal femoral physeal fixation: are smooth pins really safe? J Pediatr Orthop. 2014 Mar;34(2):134–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Demblon AG, Hoffman EB. Distal femoral physeal fractures. J Bone Jt Surg Br. 1994;76.

    Google Scholar 

  21. Thomson JD, Stricker SJ, Williams MM. Fractures of the distal femoral epiphyseal plate. J Pediatr Orthop. 1995 Aug;15(4):474–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Wall EJ, May MM. Growth plate fractures of the distal femur. J Pediatr Orthop. 2012 Jun;32(Suppl 1):S40–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Ilharreborde B, Raquillet C, Morel E, Fitoussi F, Bensahel H, Penneçot G-F, et al. Long-term prognosis of Salter-Harris type 2 injuries of the distal femoral physis. J Pediatr Orthop Part B. 2006 Nov;15(6):433–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Ogden JA. Growth slowdown and arrest lines. J Pediatr Orthop. 1984 Aug;4(4):409–15.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Wozasek GE, Moser K-D, Haller H, Capousek M. Trauma involving the proximal tibial epiphysis. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 1991;110(6):301–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Mubarak SJ, Kim JR, Edmonds EW, Pring ME, Bastrom TP. Classification of proximal tibial fractures in children. J Child Orthop. 2009 Jun;3(3):191–7.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  27. Beaty JH, Kumar A. Fractures about the knee in children. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1994 Dec;76(12):1870–80.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Ciszewski WA, Buschmann WR, Rudolph CN. Irreducible fracture of the proximal tibial physis in an adolescent. Orthop Rev. 1989 Aug;18(8):891–3.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Whan A, Breidahl W, Janes G. MRI of trapped periosteum in a proximal tibial physeal injury of a pediatric patient. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2003 Nov;181(5):1397–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Burkhart SS, Peterson HA. Fractures of the proximal tibial epiphysis. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1979 Oct;61(7):996–1002.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Gautier E, Ziran BH, Egger B, Slongo T, Jakob RP. Growth disturbances after injuries of the proximal tibial epiphysis. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 1998;118(1–2):37–41.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Shelton WR, Canale ST. Fractures of the tibia through the proximal tibial epiphyseal cartilage. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1979 Mar;61(2):167–73.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Hand WL, Hand CR, Dunn AW. Avulsion fractures of the tibial tubercle. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1971 Dec;53(8):1579–83.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Ogden JA, Tross RB, Murphy MJ. Fractures of the tibial tuberosity in adolescents. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1980 Mar;62(2):205–15.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Stanitski CL. Acute tibial tubercle avulsion fractures. Manag Sports Inj Child. 1998 Oct 1;6(4):243–6.

    Google Scholar 

  36. Watson-Jones R, Wilson JN. Fractures and joint injuries. Edinburgh [u.a.]: Churchill Livingstone; 1976.

    Google Scholar 

  37. Ryu RK, Debenham JO. An unusual avulsion fracture of the proximal tibial epiphysis. Case report and proposed addition to the Watson-Jones classification. Clin Orthop. 1985 Apr;194:181–4.

    Google Scholar 

  38. McKoy BE, Stanitski CL. Acute tibial tubercle avulsion fractures. Orthop Clin North Am. 2003 Jul;34(3):397–403.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Frey S, Hosalkar H, Cameron DB, Heath A, David Horn B, Ganley TJ. Tibial tuberosity fractures in adolescents. J Child Orthop. 2008 Dec;2(6):469–74.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  40. Abalo A, Akakpo-numado KG, Dossim A, Walla A, Gnassingbe K, Tekou AH. Avulsion fractures of the tibial tubercle. J Orthop Surg Hong Kong. 2008 Dec;16(3):308–11.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Mosier SM, Stanitski CL. Acute tibial tubercle avulsion fractures. J Pediatr Orthop. 2004 Apr;24(2):181–4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Pretell-Mazzini J, Kelly DM, Sawyer JR, Esteban EMA, Spence DD, Warner WC, et al. Outcomes and complications of tibial tubercle fractures in pediatric patients: a systematic review of the literature. J Pediatr Orthop. 2016 Aug;36(5):440–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Ehrenborg G. The Osgood-Schlatter lesion. A clinical study of 170 cases. Acta Chir Scand. 1962 Aug;124:89–105.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Shapiro F. Pediatric orthopedic deformities [Internet]. Saint Louis: Elsevier Science; 2014 [cited 2021 Jan 18]. Available from: http://public.ebookcentral.proquest.com/choice/publicfullrecord.aspx?p=4051448

  45. Ogden JA, Southwick WO. Osgood-Schlatter’s disease and tibial tuberosity development. Clin Orthop. 1976 May;116:180–9.

    Google Scholar 

  46. Hargrove R, Parsons S, Payne R. Anterior tibial spine fracture – an easy fracture to miss. Accid Emerg Nurs. 2004;12(3):173–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Luhmann SJ. Acute traumatic knee effusions in children and adolescents. J Pediatr Orthop. 2003 Apr;23(2):199–202.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Aderinto J, Walmsley P, Keating JF. Fractures of the tibial spine: epidemiology and outcome. Knee. 2008 Jun;15(3):164–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Lafrance RM, Giordano B, Goldblatt J, Voloshin I, Maloney M. Pediatric tibial eminence fractures: evaluation and management. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2010 Jul;18(7):395–405.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Meyers MH, McKeever FM. Fracture of the intercondylar eminence of the tibia. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1959 Mar;41-A(2):209–220; discussion 220–222.

    Google Scholar 

  51. Zaricznyj B. Avulsion fracture of the tibial eminence: treatment by open reduction and pinning. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1977 Dec;59(8):1111–4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Feucht MJ, Brucker PU, Camathias C, Frosch K-H, Hirschmann MT, Lorenz S, et al. Meniscal injuries in children and adolescents undergoing surgical treatment for tibial eminence fractures. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2017 Feb;25(2):445–53.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Baxter MP, Wiley JJ. Fractures of the tibial spine in children. An evaluation of knee stability. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1988 Mar;70(2):228–30.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Hayes JM, Masear VR. Avulsion fracture of the tibial eminence associated with severe medial ligamentous injury in an adolescent. A case report and literature review. Am J Sports Med. 1984 Aug;12(4):330–3.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Lubowitz JH, Elson WS, Guttmann D. Part II: arthroscopic treatment of tibial plateau fractures: intercondylar eminence avulsion fractures. Arthrosc J Arthrosc Relat Surg Off Publ Arthrosc Assoc N Am Int Arthrosc Assoc. 2005 Jan;21(1):86–92.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  56. Meyers MH, McKeever FM. Fracture of the intercondylar eminence of the tibia. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1970 Dec;52(8):1677–84.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Edmonds EW, Fornari ED, Dashe J, Roocroft JH, King MM, Pennock AT. Results of displaced pediatric tibial spine fractures: a comparison between open, arthroscopic, and closed management. J Pediatr Orthop. 2015 Nov;35(7):651–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Mitchell JJ, Sjostrom R, Mansour AA, Irion B, Hotchkiss M, Terhune EB, et al. Incidence of meniscal injury and chondral pathology in anterior tibial spine fractures of children. J Pediatr Orthop. 2015 Mar;35(2):130–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Kocher MS, Micheli LJ, Gerbino P, Hresko MT. Tibial eminence fractures in children: prevalence of meniscal entrapment. Am J Sports Med. 2003 Jun;31(3):404–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Bong MR, Romero A, Kubiak E, Iesaka K, Heywood CS, Kummer F, et al. Suture versus screw fixation of displaced tibial eminence fractures: a biomechanical comparison. Arthrosc J Arthrosc Relat Surg Off Publ Arthrosc Assoc N Am Int Arthrosc Assoc. 2005 Oct;21(10):1172–6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  61. Hunter RE, Willis JA. Arthroscopic fixation of avulsion fractures of the tibial eminence: technique and outcome. Arthrosc J Arthrosc Relat Surg Off Publ Arthrosc Assoc N Am Int Arthrosc Assoc. 2004 Feb;20(2):113–21.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  62. Senekovic V, Veselko M. Anterograde arthroscopic fixation of avulsion fractures of the tibial eminence with a cannulated screw: five-year results. Arthrosc J Arthrosc Relat Surg Off Publ Arthrosc Assoc N Am Int Arthrosc Assoc. 2003 Jan;19(1):54–61.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  63. Coyle C, Jagernauth S, Ramachandran M. Tibial eminence fractures in the paediatric population: a systematic review. J Child Orthop. 2014 Mar;8(2):149–59.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  64. Vander Have KL, Ganley TJ, Kocher MS, Price CT, Herrera-Soto JA. Arthrofibrosis after surgical fixation of tibial eminence fractures in children and adolescents. Am J Sports Med. 2010 Feb;38(2):298–301.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Janarv PM, Westblad P, Johansson C, Hirsch G. Long-term follow-up of anterior tibial spine fractures in children. J Pediatr Orthop. 1995 Feb;15(1):63–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Ray JM, Hendrix J. Incidence, mechanism of injury, and treatment of fractures of the patella in children. J Trauma. 1992 Apr;32(4):464–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Hunt DM, Somashekar N. A review of sleeve fractures of the patella in children. Knee. 2005 Jan;12(1):3–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Houghton GR, Ackroyd CE. Sleeve fractures of the patella in children: a report of three cases. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1979 May;61-B(2):165–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Grogan DP, Carey TP, Leffers D, Ogden JA. Avulsion fractures of the patella. J Pediatr Orthop. 1990 Dec;10(6):721–30.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Rosenthal RK, Levine DB. Fragmentation of the distal pole of the patella in spastic cerebral palsy. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1977 Oct;59(7):934–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Tsubosaka M, Makino T, Kishimoto S, Yamaura K. A case report of sleeve fracture of the patella in a shield. J Orthop Case Rep. 2016;6(5):24–7.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  72. Bruijn JD, Sanders RJ, Jansen BR. Ossification in the patellar tendon and patella alta following sports injuries in children. Complications of sleeve fractures after conservative treatment. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 1993;112(3):157–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Gettys FK, Morgan RJ, Fleischli JE. Superior pole sleeve fracture of the patella: a case report and review of the literature. Am J Sports Med. 2010 Nov;38(11):2331–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Gao GX, Mahadev A, Lee EH. Sleeve fracture of the patella in children. J Orthop Surg Hong Kong. 2008 Apr;16(1):43–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Yeung E, Ireland J. An unusual double patella: a case report. Knee. 2004 Apr;11(2):129–31.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Milgram JW, Rogers LF, Miller JW. Osteochondral fractures: mechanisms of injury and fate of fragments. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1978 Apr;130(4):651–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Lee BJ, Christino MA, Daniels AH, Hulstyn MJ, Eberson CP. Adolescent patellar osteochondral fracture following patellar dislocation. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc Off J ESSKA. 2013 Aug;21(8):1856–61.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  78. Nietosvaara Y, Aalto K, Kallio PE. Acute patellar dislocation in children: incidence and associated osteochondral fractures. J Pediatr Orthop. 1994 Aug;14(4):513–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. McManus F, Rang M, Heslin DJ. Acute dislocation of the patella in children. The natural history. Clin Orthop. 1979 Apr;139:88–91.

    Google Scholar 

  80. Ghahremani S, Griggs R, Hall T, Motamedi K, Boechat MI. Osteochondral lesions in pediatric and adolescent patients. Semin Musculoskelet Radiol. 2014 Nov;18(5):505–12.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Kocher MS, Tucker R, Ganley TJ, Flynn JM. Management of osteochondritis dissecans of the knee: current concepts review. Am J Sports Med. 2006 Jul;34(7):1181–91.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. Rorabeck CH, Bobechko WP. Acute dislocation of the patella with osteochondral fracture: a review of eighteen cases. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1976 May;58(2):237–40.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. Stanitski CL, Paletta GA. Articular cartilage injury with acute patellar dislocation in adolescents. Arthroscopic and radiographic correlation. Am J Sports Med. 1998 Feb;26(1):52–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  84. Fabricant PD, Yen Y-M, Kramer DE, Kocher MS, Micheli LJ, Heyworth BE. Fixation of Chondral-only shear fractures of the knee in pediatric and adolescent athletes. J Pediatr Orthop. 2017 Mar;37(2):156.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  85. Seeley MA, Knesek M, Vanderhave KL. Osteochondral injury after acute patellar dislocation in children and adolescents. J Pediatr Orthop. 2013 Aug;33(5):511–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  86. Walsh SJ, Boyle MJ, Morganti V. Large osteochondral fractures of the lateral femoral condyle in the adolescent: outcome of bioabsorbable pin fixation. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2008 Jul;90(7):1473–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  87. Wombwell JH, Nunley JA. Compressive fixation of osteochondritis dissecans fragments with Herbert screws. J Orthop Trauma. 1987;1(1):74–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  88. Chotel F, Knorr G, Simian E, Dubrana F, Versier G, French Arthroscopy Society. Knee osteochondral fractures in skeletally immature patients: French multicenter study. Orthop Traumatol Surg Res OTSR. 2011 Dec;97(8 Suppl):S154–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  89. Johnson EW, McLeod TL. Osteochondral fragments of the distal end of the femur fixed with bone pegs: report of two cases. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1977 Jul;59(5):677–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  90. Gkiokas A, Morassi LG, Kohl S, Zampakides C, Megremis P, Evangelopoulos DS. Bioabsorbable pins for treatment of osteochondral fractures of the knee after acute patella dislocation in children and young adolescents. Adv Orthop. 2012;2012:249687.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  91. Nomura E, Inoue M, Kurimura M. Chondral and osteochondral injuries associated with acute patellar dislocation. Arthrosc J Arthrosc Relat Surg Off Publ Arthrosc Assoc N Am Int Arthrosc Assoc. 2003 Sep;19(7):717–21.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

    Hamzah Alhamzah

  2. Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Toronto, ON, Canada

    Jimmy Tat, Jong Min Lee & David Wasserstein

  3. Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada

    David Wasserstein

Authors
  1. Hamzah Alhamzah
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Jimmy Tat
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Jong Min Lee
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. David Wasserstein
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to David Wasserstein .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Trauma Surgery, University Hospital Klinikum rechts der Isar, School of Medicine Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany

    Marc Hanschen

  2. Department of Trauma Surgery, University Hospital Klinikum rechts der Isar, School of Medicine Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany

    Peter Biberthaler

  3. University of Toronto, St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada

    James P. Waddell

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2021 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Alhamzah, H., Tat, J., Lee, J.M., Wasserstein, D. (2021). Juvenile Fractures Around the Knee. In: Hanschen, M., Biberthaler, P., Waddell, J.P. (eds) Knee Fractures . Strategies in Fracture Treatments. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-81776-3_24

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-81776-3_24

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-030-81775-6

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-030-81776-3

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation