Abstract
Sentinel lymph node biopsy is the most frequent procedure used for axillary staging in women with invasive breast cancer. This chapter describes the technique of sentinel lymph node biopsy and completion axillary node dissection for breast cancer and discusses indications, pitfalls, and complications. In addition, it reviews newer concepts including omitting axillary staging in select patients with early breast cancer and the technique of axillary reverse mapping during lymph node staging.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Further Reading
Bergmann A, Mendes VV, de Almeida DR, Do Amaral ESB, Da Costa Leite Ferreira MG, Fabro EA. Incidence and risk factors for axillary web syndrome after breast cancer surgery. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2012;131:987–92.
Clough KB, Nasr R, Nos C, Vieira M, Inquenault C, Poulet B. New anatomical classification of the axilla with implications for sentinel node biopsy. Br J Surg. 2010;97:1659–65.
Flynn LW, Park J, Patil SM, Cody HS 3rd, Port ER. Sentinel lymph node biopsy is successful and accurate in male breast carcinoma. J Am Coll Surg. 2008;206(4):616–21.
Foster D, Choy N, Porter C, Ahmed S, Wapnir I. Axillary reverse mapping with indocyanine green or isosulfan blue demonstrate similar crossover rates to radiotracer identified sentinel nodes. J Surg Oncol. 2018;117(3):336–40.
Freeman SR, Washington SJ, Prtichard T, Barr L, Baildam AD, Bundred NJ. Long term results of a randomized prospective study of preservation of the intercostobrachial nerve. Eur J Surg Oncol. 2003;29:213–5.
Giuliano AE, Hunt KK, Ballman KV, Beitsch PD, Witworth PW, et al. Axillary dissection vs no axillary dissection in women with invasive breast cancer and sentinel node metastasis: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2011;305:569–75.
Guo J, Yang H, Wang S, et al. Comparison of sentinel lymph node biopsy guided by indocyanine green, blue dye, and their combination in breast cancer patients: a prospective cohort study. World J Surg Oncol. 2017;15(1):196.
Han JW, Seo YJ, Choi JE, Kang SH, Bae YK, Lee SJ. The efficacy of arm node preserving surgery using axillary reserve mapping for preventing lymphedema in patients with breast cancer. J Breast Cancer. 2012;15:91–7.
Johnson MT, Guidroz JA, Smith BJ, et al. A single institutional experience of factors affecting successful identification of sentinel lymph node in breast cancer patients. Surgery. 2009;146(4):671–6; discussion 676-677.
Khan A, Chakravorty A, Gui GP. In vivo study of the surgical anatomy of the axilla. Br J Surg. 2012;99:871–7.
Kong AL, Hwang RF. Chap. 39. Sentinel lymph node biopsy: an overview. In: Dirbas FM, Scott-Conner CEH, editors. Breast surgical techniques and interdisciplinary management. New York: Springer; 2011. p. 471–80.
Lopchinsky RA. Locating the axillary vein and preserving the medial pectoral nerve. Am J Surg. 2004;188:193–4.
Ochoa D, Korourian S, Boneti C, Adkins L, Badgwell B, Klimberg VS. Axillary reverse mapping: five-year experience. Surgery. 2014;156(5):1261–8.
Porzionato A, Macchi V, Stecco C, Loukas M, Tubbs RS, De Caro R. Surgical anatomy of the pectoral nerves and the pectoral musculature. Clin Anat. 2012;25(5):559–75.
Shah-Khan MG, Lovely J, Degnim AC. Safety of methylene blue dye for lymphatic mapping in patients taking selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. Am J Surg. 2012;204(5):798–9.
Shin K, Caudle AS, Kuerer HM, et al. Radiologic mapping for targeted axillary dissection: needle biopsy to excision. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2016;207(6):1372–9.
Spanheimer PM, Graham MM, Sugg SL, Scott-Conner CE, Weigel RJ. Measurement of uterine radiation exposure from lymphoscintigraphy indicates safety of sentinel lymph node biopsy during pregnancy. Ann Surg Oncol. 2009;16(5):1143–7.
Throckmorton AD, Askegard-Giesmann J, Hoskin TL, et al. Sclerotherapy for the treatment of postmastectomy seroma. Am J Surg. 2008;196(4):541–4.
Tokmak H, Kaban K, Muslumanoglu M, Demirel M, Aktan S. Management of sentinel node re-mapping in patients who have second or recurrent breast cancer and had previous axillary procedures. World J Surg Oncol. 2014;12:205.
Torresan RZ, Cabello C, Conde DM, Brenelli HB. Impact of the preservation of the intercostobrachial nerve in axillary lymphadenectomy due to breast cancer. Breast J. 2003;9:389–92.
Van Zee KL, Manasseh DM, Bevilacqua JL, et al. A nomogram for predicting the likelihood of additional nodal metastases in breast cancer patients with a positive sentinel node biopsy. Ann Surg Oncol. 2003;10:1140–51.
Zakaria S, Degnim AC, Kleer CG, et al. Sentinel lymph node biopsy for breast cancer: how many nodes are enough? J Surg Oncol. 2007;96(7):554–9.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2022 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Erdahl, L., Scott-Conner, C.E.H. (2022). Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy and Axillary Staging for Breast Cancer. In: Scott-Conner, C.E.H., Kaiser, A.M., Nguyen, N.T., Sarpel, U., Sugg, S.L. (eds) Chassin's Operative Strategy in General Surgery. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-81415-1_121
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-81415-1_121
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-81414-4
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-81415-1
eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)