Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Bixin

Properties and Applications

  • Living reference work entry
  • First Online:
Handbook of Food Bioactive Ingredients

  • 22 Accesses

Abstract

Bixin is the first cis-carotenoid and an apocarotenoid to be known from nature which exists in the seed of achiote tree or annatto (Bixa orellana L.) belonging to the Bixaceae family that grows in the tropical countries. Bixin possesses high colorant range from reddish-orange tonality to yellow hues in the visible region. It is chemically unstable during isolation or in different thermal, light, pH, and oxygen conditions, then it converts into trans-bixin (β-bixin). Bixin is soluble in fats, alcohols, and organic solvents but insoluble in water and known as a hydrophobic compound. In the presence of alkali, the methyl ester of bixin is hydrolyzed and converted to norbixin, a water-soluble derivative. Bixin, as the most apocarotenoid constituent (70–80%) of annatto seeds, is used widely in food and drug industry, cosmetics, textiles, and as antioxidant or pharmacologic agent to manage various diseases and their underling signaling targets. It mediates multiple organ toxicity including cancer, metabolic syndrome, renal dysfunction, neurodegeneration, cardiovascular diseases, and inflammation related to their up/downstream signaling pathways by its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antiapoptotic effects. Consequently, bixin is approved as canonical Nrf2 induction, PPAR α/γ agonist, and TLR4/NFκB antagonist. This chapter covers the bixin properties and applications thanks to its biological and financial benefits, in term of chemical and curing features, focusing on its pharmacological and molecular mechanism of action. Subsequently, it highlights animal and clinical studies on biological effects of bixin along with its dietary contribution.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution

Institutional subscriptions

Notes

  1. 1.

    FDA: Food and Drug Administration.

  2. 2.

    PCR: Polymerase chain reaction.

  3. 3.

    IUPAC: International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry.

  4. 4.

    HPLC: High-Performance Liquid Chromatography.

  5. 5.

    NMR: Nuclear Magnetic Resonance.

  6. 6.

    UV-vis: Ultraviolet-visible light.

  7. 7.

    DRIFTS: Diffuse Reflectance Infrared Fourier Transform Spectroscopy.

  8. 8.

    MS: Mass spectrometry.

  9. 9.

    UPLC-DAD-MS/MS: Ultraperformance liquid chromatography method with diode array detection coupled with tandem mass spectrometry.

  10. 10.

    DNA: Deoxyribonucleic Acid.

  11. 11.

    ATP: Adenosine triphosphate.

  12. 12.

    UVC: Ultraviolet light with wavelengths between 200 and 280 nm.

  13. 13.

    UVA: Ultraviolet light with wavelengths between 320 and 400 nm.

  14. 14.

    ADI: Acceptable daily intake.

  15. 15.

    WHO: World Health Organization.

  16. 16.

    CFU: Colony-forming unit.

  17. 17.

    eV: Electron-volt.

Abbreviations

A549:

Human lung cancer cell line

ACO:

Acyl-CoA oxidase

Acox1:

Acyl-CoA Oxidase 1

ADI:

Acceptable daily intake

Akt:

Protein kinase B

ALT:

Aminotransferase

ANP:

A-type natriuretic peptides

AOPP:

Advanced oxidation protein products

aP2:

Adipocyte-specific fatty acid–binding protein

ASC:

Apoptosis Speck-like protein containing a CARD

AST:

Aminotransferase

ATP:

Adenosine triphosphate

AWT:

Anterior wall thickness

Bax:

Bcl-2-associated X protein

BW:

Body weight

CAT:

Catalase

α-SMA:

Alpha smooth muscle actin

CD3 + :

Cluster of differentiation 3

CFU:

Colony-forming unit

COP:

Cholesterol oxidation products

CPT1:

Carnitine palmitoyl transferase 1

CPTII:

Carnitine palmitoyltransferase II

DNA:

Deoxyribonucleic acid

DRIFTS:

Diffuse Reflectance Infrared Fourier Transform Spectroscopy

EAE:

Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis

ECM:

Extracellular matrix

EF:

Ejection fraction

EMT:

Epithelial-mesenchymal transition

eV:

Electron-volt

FasL:

Fas and Fas Ligand

FAT/CD36:

Fatty acid translocase/CD36

FDA:

Food and Drug Administration

FN:

Fibronectin

FS:

Fractional shortening

GAL4:

Gal4 transcription factor

GATA4:

GATA Binding Protein 4

GCLM:

Glutamate cysteine ligase modifier

GPx:

Glutathione peroxidase

GR:

Glutathione reductase

GSH:

Glutathione

HbA1:

Blood glycated hemoglobin

H9C2:

Human cardiac muscle cell

HDL:

High-density lipoprotein

HeLa:

Human cervical cancer cell line

HFD:

High-fat diet group

HMVEC-L:

Normal lung microvascular endothelial cells

HO-1:

Heme oxygenase-1

HOMA-IR:

Homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance

HPLC:

High-Performance Liquid Chromatography

IBA1:

Ionized calcium binding adaptor molecule 1

IC50:

Half-maximal inhibitory concentration

IFN-γ:

Interferon gamma

IL-1β:

Interleukin-1β

IP:

Intraperionetally

IUPAC:

International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry

Keap1:

Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1

Ki67:

A nuclear protein that is tightly linked to the cell cycle (marker of cell proliferation)

LDL:

Low-density lipoprotein

LOOH:

Lipid hydroperoxides

LPL:

Lipoprotein lipase

LVEDd:

Left ventricular end-diastolic diameter

LVESd:

Left ventricular end-systolic diameter

LVSP:

Left ventricular systolic pressure

MBP:

Myelin basic protein

MDA:

Malondialdehyde

MMP:

Mitochondrial membrane potential

MMP9:

Matrix metalloproteinase 9

MPO:

Myeloperoxidase

MS:

Mass Spectrometry

MyD88:

Myeloid differentiation primary response gene 88

NF-κBp65:

Nuclear factor-κB p65

NFATc3:

Nuclear factor of activated T cells isoforms c3

NHBE:

Normal human bronchial epithelial cells

NLRP3:

NOD-like receptor family pyrin domain containing 3

NMR:

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance

NOx:

Nitric oxide metabolites

NPSH:

Nonprotein sulfhydryl groups

NQO1:

NADPH quinone oxidoreductase

Nrf2:

Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2

PCO:

Protein carbonyl groups

PCR:

Polymerase chain reaction

PI3K:

Phosphatidylinositol 3–kinase

PON1:

Paraoxonase 1

PPAR-γ:

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma

RBC:

Red blood cells

R f :

Retardation factor

ROS:

Reactive oxygen species

S/F:

Solvent mass to feed mass

SiGel:

Silica gel

SiO2:

Silica dioxide

SOD:

Superoxide anion dismutase

Smad3:

SMAD family member 3

STAT6:

Signal transducer and activator of transcription 6

STZ:

Streptozotocin

TBARS:

Thiobarbituric acid reactive substance

TC:

Total cholesterol

TFA:

Trifluoracetic acid

TG:

Triacylglycerol

TGF-β:

Transforming growth factor β

Th:

T helper

TLR4:

Toll-like receptor 4

TNFα:

Tumor necrosis factor-alpha

TOS:

Total oxidant status

TrxR-1:

Thioredoxin reductase-1

TXNIP:

Thioredoxin interacting protein

UCP2:

Uncoupling protein-2

UPLC-DAD-MS/MS:

Ultraperformance liquid chromatography method with diode array detection coupled with tandem mass spectrometry

UUO:

Unilateral ureteral obstruction

UV-vis:

Ultraviolet-visible light

UVA:

Ultraviolet light with wavelengths between 320 and 400 nm

UVC:

Ultraviolet light with wavelengths between 200 and 280 nm

WHO:

World Health Organization

References

  • Assis RP, Arcaro CA, Gutierres VO, Oliveira JO, Costa PI, Baviera AM, Brunetti IL. Combined effects of curcumin and lycopene or bixin in yoghurt on inhibition of LDL oxidation and increases in HDL and paraoxonase levels in streptozotocin-diabetic rats. Int J Mol Sci. 2017 Apr;18(4):332.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Bautista AR, Moreira EL, Batista MS, Miranda MS, Gomes IC. Subacute toxicity assessment of annatto in rat. Food Chem Toxicol. 2004 Apr 1;42(4):625–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bellinazo PL, Vitola HR, Cruxen CE, Braun CL, Hackbart HC, da Silva WP, Fiorentini ÂM. Probiotic butter: viability of lactobacillus casei strains and bixin antioxidant effect (Bixa orellana L.). J Food Process Preserv. 2019 Sep;43(9):e14088.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bouvier F, Dogbo O, Camara B. Biosynthesis of the food and cosmetic plant pigment bixin (annatto). Science. 2003 Jun 27;300(5628):2089–91.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Caligiorne SM, de Farias Lelis D, de M Jensen CE, Soeiro CM, Carvalho de Melo J, Santos RA, Campagnole-Santos MJ, Sousa Santos SH. Bixin and annatto seeds extract reduces blood pressure of rats treated with hypercholesterolemic diet. Rev Port Ciên Desp. 2017 Mar 1;

    Google Scholar 

  • Cárdenas-Conejo Y, Carballo-Uicab V, Lieberman M, Aguilar-Espinosa M, Comai L, Rivera-Madrid R. De novo transcriptome sequencing in Bixa orellana to identify genes involved in methylerythritol phosphate, carotenoid and bixin biosynthesis. BMC Genomics. 2015 Dec;16(1):1–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Conte L, Somacal S, Nichelle SM, Rampelotto C, Robalo SS, Roehrs M, Emanuelli T. Short-term bixin supplementation of healthy subjects decreases the susceptibility of LDL to Cu2+-induced oxidation ex vivo. J Nutr Metab. 2019 Mar 3:2019.

    Google Scholar 

  • Curi-Borda CK, Linares-Pastén JA, Tat T, Tarqui-Dueñas R, Chino-Flores N, Alvarado JA, Bergenstahl B. Multilayer bixin microcapsules: the impact of native carbohydrates on the microencapsulation efficiency and dispersion stability. Foods. 2019 Mar;8(3):108.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • de Oliveira Júnior RG, Bonnet A, Braconnier E, Groult H, Prunier G, Beaugeard L, Grougnet R, da Silva Almeida JR, Ferraz CA, Picot L. Bixin, an apocarotenoid isolated from Bixa orellana L., sensitizes human melanoma cells to dacarbazine-induced apoptosis through ROS-mediated cytotoxicity. Food Chem Toxicol. 2019 Mar 1;125:549–61.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • de Sousa Lobato KB, Paese K, Forgearini JC, Guterres SS, Jablonski A, de Oliveira RA. Characterisation and stability evaluation of bixin nanocapsules. Food Chem. 2013 Dec 15;141(4):3906–12.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • EFSA Panel on Food Additives and Flavourings (EFSA FAF Panel), Younes M, Castle L, Engel KH, Fowler P, Frutos Fernandez MJ, Fürst P, Gürtler R, Gundert-Remy U, Husøy T, Mennes W. Safety of annatto E and the exposure to the annatto colouring principles bixin and norbixin (E 160b) when used as a food additive. EFSA J. 2019 Mar;17(3):e05626.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Faria DV, de Freitas Correia LN, Souza MV, Ríos-Ríos AM, Vital CE, Batista DS, Costa MG, Otoni WC. Irradiance and light quality affect two annatto (Bixa orellana L.) cultivars with contrasting bixin production. J Photochem Photobiol B Biol. 2019 Aug 1;197:111549.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Figueirêdo BC, Bragagnolo N, Skibsted LH, Orlien V. Inhibition of cholesterol and polyunsaturated fatty acids oxidation through the use of annatto and bixin in high-pressure processed fish. J Food Sci. 2015 Aug;80(8):C1646–53.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Figueiredo-Junior AT, dos Anjos FD, Brito FD, Viana VG, Valença SS, Lanzetti M, Finotelli PV. Bixin loaded on polymeric nanoparticles: synthesis, characterization, and antioxidant applications in a biological system. Appl Nanosci. 2021 Jan;11(1):63–78.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gasparin AT, Rosa ES, Jesus CH, Guiloski IC, de Assis HC, Beltrame OC, Dittrich RL, Pacheco SD, Zanoveli JM, da Cunha JM. Bixin attenuates mechanical allodynia, anxious and depressive-like behaviors associated with experimental diabetes counteracting oxidative stress and glycated hemoglobin. Brain Res. 2021 Sep 15;1767:147557.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Giovannini P, Howes MJ, Edwards SE. Medicinal plants used in the traditional management of diabetes and its sequelae in Central America: a review. J Ethnopharmacol. 2016 May 26;184:58–71.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Goméz-Linton DR, Navarro-Ocaña A, Alavez S, Pinzón-López L, Trejo-Aguilar GM, Pérez-Flores LJ. Effect of sonication on the content of bixin, norbixin, total phenols and antioxidant activity of extracts of five achiote accessions. Rev Mex Ing Quím. 2020;19(3):1083–94.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gómez-Linton DR, Alavez S, Navarro-Ocaña A, Román-Guerrero A, Pinzón-López L, Pérez-Flores LJ. Achiote (Bixa orellana) lipophilic extract, Bixin, and δ-tocotrienol effects on lifespan and stress resistance in Caenorhabditis elegans. Planta Med. 2021;87(5):368–74.

    Google Scholar 

  • González-Gross M, Quesada-González C, Rueda J, Sillero-Quintana M, Issaly N, Díaz AE, Gesteiro E, Escobar-Toledo D, Torres-Peralta R, Roller M, Guadalupe-Grau A. Analysis of effectiveness of a supplement combining Harpagophytum procumbens, Zingiber officinale and Bixa orellana in healthy recreational runners with self-reported knee pain: a pilot, randomized, triple-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021 Jan;18(11):5538.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Goto T, Takahashi N, Kato S, Kim YI, Kusudo T, Taimatsu A, Egawa K, Kang MS, Hiramatsu T, Sakamoto T, Uemura T. Bixin activates PPARα and improves obesity-induced abnormalities of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in mice. J Agric Food Chem. 2012 Dec 5;60(48):11952–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Huamán AA, Celestino MR, Quintana ME. Theoretical and experimental study of solar cells based on nanostructured films of TiO2 sensitized with natural dyes extracted from Zea mays and Bixa orellana. RSC Adv. 2021 Feb 18;11(16):9086–97.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Husa NN, Hamzah F, Said HM. Characterization and storage stability study of bixin extracted from Bixa orellana using organic solvent. In: IOP conference series: materials science and engineering, vol. 358, No. 1. IOP Publishing; 2018 May 1, p. 012035.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kapoor L, Ramamoorthy S. Strategies to meet the global demand for natural food colorant bixin: a multidisciplinary approach. J Biotechnol. 2021 Sep 10;338:40–51.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kiokias S, Gordon MH. Dietary supplementation with a natural carotenoid mixture decreases oxidative stress. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2003 Sep;57(9):1135–40.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Koul VK, Koul S, Tikoo CL. Process optimization for extraction and purification of bixin from annatto. Indian J Chem Technol. 2003 September;10:545–7.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kumar Y, Phaniendra A, Periyasamy L. Bixin triggers apoptosis of human Hep3B hepatocellular carcinoma cells: an insight to molecular and in silico approach. Nutr Cancer. 2018 Aug 18;70(6):971–83.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lakey-Beitia J, Kumar DJ, Hegde ML, Rao KS. Carotenoids as novel therapeutic molecules against neurodegenerative disorders: chemistry and molecular docking analysis. Int J Mol Sci. 2019 Jan;20(22):5553.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Levy LW, Regalado E, Navarrete S, Watkins RH. Bixin and norbixin in human plasma: determination and study of the absorption of a single dose of annatto food color. Analyst. 1997;122(9):977–80.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Li J, Yang Y, Wei S, Chen L, Xue L, Tian H, Tao S. Bixin protects against kidney interstitial fibrosis through promoting STAT6 degradation. Front Cell Dev Biol. 2020a:1287.

    Google Scholar 

  • Li J, Yang Y, Wei S, Chen L, Xue L, Tian H, Tao S. Bixin confers prevention against ureteral obstruction-caused renal interstitial fibrosis through activation of the nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor2 pathway in mice. J Agric Food Chem. 2020b Jul 24;68(31):8321–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ma JQ, Zhang YJ, Tian ZK, Liu CM. Bixin attenuates carbon tetrachloride induced oxidative stress, inflammation and fibrosis in kidney by regulating the Nrf2/TLR4/MyD88 and PPAR-γ/TGF-β1/Smad3 pathway. Int Immunopharmacol. 2021 Jan 1;90:107117.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nurcahyanti AD, Kusmita L, Wink M. Bixin and fucoxanthin sensitize human lung cancer and cervical cancer cell to cisplatin in vitro. BMC Res Notes. 2021 Dec;14(1):1–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Oliveira AF, Trigueiro P, Damacena DH, Honorio L, Osajima JA, Silva-Filho EC. Hybrid pigments from Bixin dye and inorganic matrices. Environ Sci Proc. 2021 Mar 2;6(1):21–5.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pacheco SD, Garcia CE, Arlorio M, Wagner R, Strapasson G, Masson ML, Ocampos F, Barison A, Pasquini-Netto HA, Decastelli L, Bellio A. Antioxidant and effects of processing using bixin potassium salt as a nitrite replacement in restructured meat products. Visão Acadêmica. 2018 Oct 30;19(2)

    Google Scholar 

  • Pacheco SD, Gasparin AT, Jesus CH, Sotomaior BB, Ventura AC, Redivo DD, de Almeida CD, Dias JD, Miguel MD, Miguel OG, da Cunha JM. Antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects of Bixin, a carotenoid extracted from the seeds of Bixa orellana. Planta Med. 2019 Nov;85(16):1216–24.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Park JS, Mathison BD, Chew BP. Uptake and immunomodulatory role of bixin in dogs. J Anim Sci. 2016a Jan 1;94(1):135–43.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Park JS, Mathison BD, Zawlocki BM, Chew BP. Bixin uptake and antioxidative effect and role in immunoregulation in domestic cats. J Anim Sci. 2016b Jan 1;94(1):125–34.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pattanaik L, Pradhan S, Shaoo NK, Naik SN. Extraction and rapid quantification of pure bixin from Bixa orellena L. Indian J Nat Prod Resour. 2019 Jul 3;9(4):290–5.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pérez-Monterroza EJ, Chaux-Gutiérrez AM, Franco CM, Nicoletti VR. Encapsulation of bixin with high amylose starch as affected by temperature and whey protein. Food Biophys. 2018 Dec;13(4):343–52.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pinzón-García AD, Orellano LA, de Lazari MG, Campos PP, Cortes ME, Sinisterra RD. Evidence of hypoglycemic, lipid-lowering and hepatoprotective effects of the Bixin and Bixin: β-CD inclusion compound in high-fat-fed obese mice. Biomed Pharmacother. 2018 Oct 1;106:363–72.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rahmalia W, Fabre JF, Usman T, Mouloungui Z. Aprotic solvents effect on the UV–visible absorption spectra of bixin. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc. 2014 Oct 15;131:455–60.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rahmalia W, Fabre JF, Mouloungui Z. Effects of cyclohexane/acetone ratio on bixin extraction yield by accelerated solvent extraction method. Procedia Chem. 2015 Jan 1;14:455–64.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rahmalia W, Fabre JF, Usman T, Mouloungui Z. Adsorption characteristics of bixin on acid-and alkali-treated kaolinite in aprotic solvents. Bioinorg Chem Appl. 2018 Jan 18:2018.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reith JF, Gielen JW. Properties of bixin and norbixin and the composition of annatto extracts. J Food Sci. 1971 Sep;36(6):861–4.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rivera-Madrid R, Aguilar-Espinosa M, Cárdenas-Conejo Y, Garza-Caligaris LE. Carotenoid derivates in achiote (Bixa orellana) seeds: synthesis and health promoting properties. Front Plant Sci. 2016 Sep 21;7:1406.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Rodrigues LM, Alcázar-Alay SC, Petenate AJ, Meireles MA. Bixin extraction from defatted annatto seeds. C R Chim. 2014 Mar 1;17(3):268–83.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Roehrs M, Conte L, da Silva DT, Duarte T, Maurer LH, de Carvalho JA, Moresco RN, Somacal S, Emanuelli T. Annatto carotenoids attenuate oxidative stress and inflammatory response after high-calorie meal in healthy subjects. Food Res Int. 2017 Oct 1;100:771–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rojo De La Vega M, Krajisnik A, Zhang DD, Wondrak GT. Targeting NRF2 for improved skin barrier function and photoprotection: focus on the achiote-derived apocarotenoid bixin. Nutrients. 2017 Dec;9(12):1371.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Rojo de la Vega M, Zhang DD, Wondrak GT. Topical bixin confers NRF2-dependent protection against photodamage and hair graying in mouse skin. Front Pharmacol. 2018 Mar 27;9:287.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Santos GC, Almeida MR, Antunes LM, Bianchi ML. Effect of bixin on DNA damage and cell death induced by doxorubicin in HL60 cell line. Hum Exp Toxicol. 2016 Dec;35(12):1319–27.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Scotter M. The chemistry and analysis of annatto food colouring: a review. Food Addit Contam. 2009 Aug 1;26(8):1123–45.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Silva GF, Gamarra F, Oliveira AD, Cabral FA. Extraction of bixin from annatto seeds using supercritical carbon dioxide. Braz J Chem Eng. 2008 Jun;25(2):419–26.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Smith J. Annatto extracts-chemical and technical assessment. Chem Tech Assess Manual. 2006:1–21.

    Google Scholar 

  • Somacal S, Figueiredo CG, Quatrin A, Ruviaro AR, Conte L, Augusti PR, Roehrs M, Denardin IT, Kasten J, Da Veiga ML, Duarte MM. The antiatherogenic effect of bixin in hypercholesterolemic rabbits is associated to the improvement of lipid profile and to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. Mol Cell Biochem. 2015 May;403(1):243–53.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Takahashi N, Goto T, Taimatsu A, Egawa K, Katoh S, Kusudo T, Sakamoto T, Ohyane C, Lee JY, Kim YI, Uemura T. Bixin regulates mRNA expression involved in adipogenesis and enhances insulin sensitivity in 3T3-L1 adipocytes through PPARγ activation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2009 Dec 25;390(4):1372–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tao S, Rojo de La Vega M, Quijada H, Wondrak GT, Wang T, Garcia JG, Zhang DD. Bixin protects mice against ventilation-induced lung injury in an NRF2-dependent manner. Sci Rep. 2016 Jan 5;6(1):1–3.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tao S, Yang Y, Li J, Wang H, Ma Y. Bixin attenuates high-fat diet-caused liver steatosis and inflammatory injury through Nrf2/PPARα signals. Oxidative Med Cell Longev. 2021 Feb 2:2021.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tay-Agbozo S. Characterization of the Carotenoid cis-Bixin. The University of Alabama; 2018. chapter 2, pp.22

    Google Scholar 

  • Tsuruma K, Shimazaki H, Nakashima KI, Yamauchi M, Sugitani S, Shimazawa M, Iinuma M, Hara H. Annatto prevents retinal degeneration induced by endoplasmic reticulum stress in vitro and in vivo. Mol Nutr Food Res. 2012 May;56(5):713–24.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Us-Camas R, Aguilar-Espinosa M, Rodríguez-Campos J, Vallejo-Cardona AA, Carballo-Uicab VM, Serrano-Posada H, Rivera-Madrid R. Identifying Bixa orellana L. new carotenoid cleavage dioxygenases 1 and 4 potentially involved in bixin biosynthesis. Front Plant Sci. 2022;13:829089.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Varzakas T, Kiokias S. HPLC analysis and determination of carotenoid pigments in commercially available plant extracts. Curr Res Nutr Food Sci J. 2016 Mar 25;4(Special Issue Carotenoids March 2016):01–14.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Xu Z, Kong XQ. Bixin ameliorates high fat diet-induced cardiac injury in mice through inflammation and oxidative stress suppression. Biomed Pharmacother. 2017 May 1;89:991–1004.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Xue L, Zhang H, Zhang J, Li B, Zhang Z, Tao S. Bixin protects against particle-induced long-term lung injury in an NRF2-dependent manner. Toxicol Res. 2018 Mar 5;7(2):258–70.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yu Y, Wu DM, Li J, Deng SH, Liu T, Zhang T, He M, Zhao YY, Xu Y. Bixin attenuates experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by suppressing TXNIP/NLRP3 inflammasome activity and activating NRF2 signaling. Front Immunol. 2020:3223.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zarza-García AL, Moo-Huchín VM, Toledo-López VM, Godoy-Hernández GREGORIO, Rivera-Cabrera FERNANDO, Aarland RC, Sauri-Duch ENRIQUE, Mendoza-Espinoza JA. Chemical, nutritional, and biological composition of three seed morphotypes of Bixa orellana L. Bixaceae (Achiote) in the Yucatan peninsula, Mexico. Pak J Bot. 2021;53(6):2199–205.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang H, Xue L, Li B, Tian H, Zhang Z, Tao S. Therapeutic potential of bixin in PM2. 5 particles-induced lung injury in an Nrf2-dependent manner. Free Radic Biol Med. 2018 Oct 1;126:166–76.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zhu Y, Sun D, Liu H, Sun L, Jie J, Luo J, Peng L, Song L. Bixin protects mice against bronchial asthma though modulating PI3K/Akt pathway. Int Immunopharmacol. 2021 Dec 1;101:108266.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Ischemic Disorders Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran

    Ayesheh Enayati

  2. Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Analytical and Food Chemistry Department. Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University of Vigo, Ourense, Spain

    Elham Assadpour

  3. Department of Food Materials and Process Design Engineering, Gorgan University of Agricultural Science and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran

    Seid Mahdi Jafari

  4. Universidade de Vigo, Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Department of Analytical Chemistry and Food Science, Faculty of Science, Ourense, Spain

    Seid Mahdi Jafari

Authors
  1. Ayesheh Enayati
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Elham Assadpour
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Seid Mahdi Jafari
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Seid Mahdi Jafari .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. International Iberian Food Laboratory, University of Vigo, Vigo, Spain

    Seid Mahdi Jafari

  2. Massey University, Riddet Institute, Palmerston North, New Zealand

    Ali Rashidinejad

  3. Nutrition and Food Science Group, University of Vigo, Vigo, Spain

    Jesus Simal-Gandara

Section Editor information

  1. International Iberian Food Laboratory, University of Vigo, Vigo, Spain

    Seid Mahdi Jafari

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2023 This is a U.S. Government work and not under copyright protection in the U.S.; foreign copyright protection may apply

About this entry

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this entry

Enayati, A., Assadpour, E., Jafari, S.M. (2023). Bixin. In: Jafari, S.M., Rashidinejad, A., Simal-Gandara, J. (eds) Handbook of Food Bioactive Ingredients. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-81404-5_56-1

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-81404-5_56-1

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-030-81404-5

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-030-81404-5

  • eBook Packages: Springer Reference Biomedicine and Life SciencesReference Module Biomedical and Life Sciences

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation