Abstract
Although cancer is a multifactorial disease, evidence indicates that the occupational environment is the predominant contributor to many types of cancer. It has been reported that approximately 2–8% of all cancers are linked to occupational hazards. Therefore, occupational environment and safety are now considered the most significant concern for human health and wellbeing. As people spend a substantial part of their daily hours in the workplace, ensuring safety in the workplace or environment can be helpful for health promotion, especially in developing countries, like Bangladesh. In this chapter, different topics, especially types of professions, indoor and outdoor work environments, categories of the causative carcinogenic agents, workers’ health outcomes upon acute or chronic exposures to agents, and cancers linked to different industries will be discussed. We believe immediate identification, monitoring, and control of workplace-related problems will help ensure occupational safety. Moreover, this chapter also addressed the association of occupational cancer with individual genome sequences because studying the role of genomics in the context of occupational hazards will certainly allow designing effective strategies to improve the quality of the work environment, ensure health safety, and improve the quality of life of employees by preventing different workplace-associated diseases.
Background
Occupational health describes the health of people in workplaces. This area of study includes the workers’ safety and the betterment of their health in the workplace. Due to rapid industrial growth and development, occupational health-related issues are now considered a significant health concern. Thus, it is essential to tackle the emerging occupational health problems with other public health issues like inadequate health care, overall environmental hygiene, communicable or non-communicable diseases, and malnutrition.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
References
Alamgir H, Cooper SP, Delclos GL (2013) Garments fire: history repeats itself. Am J Ind Med 56:1113–1115. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajim.22196
Armstrong BK (1988) Epidemiology of malignant melanoma: intermittent or total accumulated exposure to the sun? J Dermatol Surg Oncol 14:835–849. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1524-4725.1988.tb03588.x
ATSDR (2001) Toxicological profile for asbestos. U.S. Department of Health And Human Services. https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp61.pdf
Baan R, Grosse Y, Straif K, Secretan B, El Ghissassi F, Bouvard V, Benbrahim-Tallaa L, Guha N, Freeman C, Galichet L et al (2009) A review of human carcinogens – Part F: chemical agents and related occupations. Lancet Oncol 10:1143–1144. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1470-2045(09)70358-4
Band PR, Le ND, Fang R, Deschamps M, Gallagher RP, Yang P (2000) Identification of occupational cancer risks in British Columbia. A population-based case-control study of 995 incident breast cancer cases by menopausal status, controlling for confounding factors. J Occup Environ Med 42:284–310. https://doi.org/10.1097/00043764-200003000-00010
Bates MN, Rey OA, Biggs ML, Hopenhayn C, Moore LE, Kalman D, Steinmaus C, Smith AH (2004) Case-control study of bladder cancer and exposure to arsenic in Argentina. Am J Epidemiol 159:381–389. https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwh054
Blair A, Marrett L, Beane Freeman L (2011) Occupational cancer in developed countries. Environ Health 10(Suppl 1):S9. https://doi.org/10.1186/1476-069X-10-S1-S9
Boyle P, Levin B (2008) World cancer report. International Agency for Research on Cancer. https://publications.iarc.fr/Non-Series-Publications/World-Cancer-Reports/World-Cancer-Report-2008
Brophy JT, Keith MM, Watterson A, Park R, Gilbertson M, Maticka-Tyndale E, Beck M, Abu-Zahra H, Schneider K, Reinhartz A et al (2012) Breast cancer risk in relation to occupations with exposure to carcinogens and endocrine disruptors: a Canadian case-control study. Environ Health 11:87. https://doi.org/10.1186/1476-069X-11-87
Burki T (2010) Health experts concerned over India’s asbestos industry. Lancet 375:626–627. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(10)60251-6
Cantor KP, Stewart PA, Brinton LA, Dosemeci M (1995) Occupational exposures and female breast cancer mortality in the United States. J Occup Environ Med 37:336–348. https://doi.org/10.1097/00043764-199503000-00011
Cardis E, Vrijheid M, Blettner M, Gilbert E, Hakama M, Hill C, Howe G, Kaldor J, Muirhead CR, Schubauer-Berigan M et al (2005) Risk of cancer after low doses of ionising radiation: retrospective cohort study in 15 countries. BMJ 331:77. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.38499.599861.E0
Chen J, McLaughlin JK, Zhang JY, Stone BJ, Luo J, Chen RA, Dosemeci M, Rexing SH, Wu Z, Hearl FJ et al (1992) Mortality among dust-exposed Chinese mine and pottery workers. J Occup Med 34:311–316. https://doi.org/10.1097/00043764-199203000-00017
Cohen AJ (2000) Outdoor air pollution and lung cancer. Environ Health Perspect 108(Suppl 4):743–750. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.00108s4743
Cooper WC (1981) Epidemiologic study of vinyl chloride workers: mortality through December 31, 1972. Environ Health Perspect 41:101–106. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.8141101
Costantini AS, Gorini G, Consonni D, Miligi L, Giovannetti L, Quinn M (2009) Exposure to benzene and risk of breast cancer among shoe factory workers in Italy. Tumori 95:8–12
Creech JL Jr, Johnson MN (1974) Angiosarcoma of liver in the manufacture of polyvinyl chloride. J Occup Med 16:150–151
Danaei G, Vander Hoorn S, Lopez AD, Murray CJ, Ezzati M, Comparative Risk Assessment Collaborating Group (2005) Causes of cancer in the world: comparative risk assessment of nine behavioural and environmental risk factors. Lancet 366:1784–1793. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(05)67725-2
de Gruijl FR, Longstreth J, Norval M, Cullen AP, Slaper H, Kripke ML, Takizawa Y, van der Leun JC (2003) Health effects from stratospheric ozone depletion and interactions with climate change. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2:16–28. https://doi.org/10.1039/b211156j
DEQ (2022) Erionite. https://deq.nd.gov/erionite/
Dietz A, Senneweld E, Maier H (1995) Indoor air pollution by emissions of fossil fuel single stoves: possibly a hitherto underrated risk factor in the development of carcinomas in the head and neck. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 112:308–315. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0194-5998(95)70254-7
Dolapsakis G, Vlachonikolis IG, Varveris C, Tsatsakis AM (2001) Mammographic findings and occupational exposure to pesticides currently in use on Crete. Eur J Cancer 37:1531–1536. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0959-8049(01)00159-9
Dollard GJ, Dore CJ, Jenkin ME (2001) Ambient concentrations of 1,3-butadiene in the UK. Chem Biol Interact 135-136:177–206. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0009-2797(01)00190-9
Dong W, Vaughan P, Sullivan K, Fletcher T (1995) Mortality study of construction workers in the UK. Int J Epidemiol 24:750–757. https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/24.4.750
Doody MM, Freedman DM, Alexander BH, Hauptmann M, Miller JS, Rao RS, Mabuchi K, Ron E, Sigurdson AJ, Linet MS (2006) Breast cancer incidence in U.S. radiologic technologists. Cancer 106:2707–2715. https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.21876
Dosemeci M, Rothman N, Yin SN, Li GL, Linet M, Wacholder S, Chow WH, Hayes RB (1997) Validation of benzene exposure assessment. Ann N Y Acad Sci 837:114–121. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1997.tb56868.x
El Ghissassi F, Baan R, Straif K, Grosse Y, Secretan B, Bouvard V, Benbrahim-Tallaa L, Guha N, Freeman C, Galichet L et al (2009) A review of human carcinogens – Part D: radiation. Lancet Oncol 10:751–752. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1470-2045(09)70213-x
Elwood JM, Gallagher RP, Hill GB, Pearson JC (1985) Cutaneous melanoma in relation to intermittent and constant sun exposure – the Western Canada Melanoma Study. Int J Cancer 35:427–433. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijc.2910350403
EPA (1998) Toxicological review of beryllium and compounds. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. https://iris.epa.gov/static/pdfs/0012tr.pdf
EPA (2001) Toxics release inventory executive summary. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. www.epa.gov/tri/tridata/tri01
Fanning F (2003) Basic safety administration: a handbook for the new safety specialist. American Society of Safety Engineers
Ferlay J, Shin HR, Bray F, Forman D, Mathers C, Parkin DM (2010) Estimates of worldwide burden of cancer in 2008: GLOBOCAN 2008. Int J Cancer 127:2893–2917. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijc.25516
Ferrera A, Velema JP, Figueroa M, Bulnes R, Toro LA, Claros JM, de Barahona O, Melchers WJ (2000) Co-factors related to the causal relationship between human papillomavirus and invasive cervical cancer in Honduras. Int J Epidemiol 29:817–825. https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/29.5.817
Finkelstein MM, Verma DK (2005) Mortality among Ontario members of the International Union of Bricklayers and Allied Craftworkers. Am J Ind Med 47:4–9. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajim.20116
Forastiere F, Perucci CA, Di Pietro A, Miceli M, Rapiti E, Bargagli A, Borgia P (1994) Mortality among urban policemen in Rome. Am J Ind Med 26:785–798. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajim.4700260607
Garshick E, Laden F, Hart JE, Rosner B, Davis ME, Eisen EA, Smith TJ (2008) Lung cancer and vehicle exhaust in trucking industry workers. Environ Health Perspect 116:1327–1332. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.11293
Glass DC, Pircher S, Del Monaco A, Hoorn SV, Sim MR (2016) Mortality and cancer incidence in a cohort of male paid Australian firefighters. Occup Environ Med 73:761–771. https://doi.org/10.1136/oemed-2015-103467
Hansson SO (2009) Should we protect the most sensitive people? J Radiol Prot 29:211–218. https://doi.org/10.1088/0952-4746/29/2/008
Higginson J (1993) Environmental carcinogenesis. Cancer 72:971–977. https://doi.org/10.1002/1097-0142(19930801)72:3+<971::aid-cncr2820721304>3.0.co;2-g
IARC (1982) The rubber industry. International Agency for Research on Cancer
IARC. (1989). Diesel and Gasoline Engine Exhausts and Some Nitroarenes
IARC (1992) Solar and ultraviolet radiation. World Health Organization. https://publications.iarc.fr/Book-And-Report-Series/Iarc-Monographs-On-The-Identification-Of-Carcinogenic-Hazards-To-Humans/Solar-And-Ultraviolet-Radiation-1992
IARC (1997) IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans: silica, some silicates, coal dust and para-aramid fibrils. Lyon, 15–22 October 1996. IARC Monogr Eval Carcinog Risks Hum 68:1–475
IARC (2000) Ionizing radiation, Part 1: X- and gamma (γ)-radiation, and neutrons. World Health Organization. https://publications.iarc.fr/Book-And-Report-Series/Iarc-Monographs-On-The-Identification-Of-Carcinogenic-Hazards-To-Humans/Ionizing-Radiation-Part-1-X%2D%2DAnd-Gamma-γ%2D%2DRadiation-And-Neutrons-2000
IARC (2010a) Painting, Firefghting, and Shiftwork. International Agency for Research on Cancer
IARC (2010b) Some non-heterocyclic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and some related exposures. IARC Monogr Eval Carcinog Risks Hum 92:1–853
IARC (2012a) Asbestos (chrysotile, amosite, crocidolite, tremolite, actinolite and anthophyllite). International Agency for Research on Cancer. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK304374/
IARC (2012b) Occupational exposures in the rubber manufacturing industry. International Agency for Research on Cancer
IARC. Monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans. World Health Organization
IRIS (1998) Beryllium and compounds. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. https://iris.epa.gov/static/pdfs/0012_summary.pdf
Janssen S, Solomon G, Schettler T (2017) Chemical contaminants and human disease: a summary of evidence. Collaborative on Health and the Environment. www.HealthandEnvironment.org
Jartti P, Pukkala E, Uitti J, Auvinen A (2006) Cancer incidence among physicians occupationally exposed to ionizing radiation in Finland. Scand J Work Environ Health 32:368–373. https://doi.org/10.5271/sjweh.1032
Jemal A, Bray F, Center MM, Ferlay J, Ward E, Forman D (2011) Global cancer statistics. CA Cancer J Clin 61:69–90. https://doi.org/10.3322/caac.20107
Kliukiene J, Tynes T, Andersen A (2003) Follow-up of radio and telegraph operators with exposure to electromagnetic fields and risk of breast cancer. Eur J Cancer Prev 12:301–307. https://doi.org/10.1097/00008469-200308000-00010
Kuzmickiene I, Stukonis M (2010) Cancer incidence among women flax textile manufacturing workers in Lithuania. Occup Environ Med 67:500–502. https://doi.org/10.1136/oem.2009.048058
LaDou J (2003) International occupational health. Int J Hyg Environ Health 206:303–313. https://doi.org/10.1078/1438-4639-00226
Lane RSD, Tomasek L, Zablotska LB, Rage E, Momoli F, Little J (2019) Low radon exposures and lung cancer risk: joint analysis of the Czech, French, and Beaverlodge cohorts of uranium miners. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 92:747–762. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00420-019-01411-w
LeMasters G, Lockey JE, Hilbert TJ, Levin LS, Burkle JW, Shipley R, Perme C, Meyer CA, Rice CH (2017) A 30-year mortality and respiratory morbidity study of refractory ceramic fiber workers. Inhal Toxicol 29:462–470. https://doi.org/10.1080/08958378.2017.1394931
Lerro CC, Koutros S, Andreotti G, Friesen MC, Alavanja MC, Blair A, Hoppin JA, Sandler DP, Lubin JH, Ma X et al (2015) Organophosphate insecticide use and cancer incidence among spouses of pesticide applicators in the Agricultural Health Study. Occup Environ Med 72:736–744. https://doi.org/10.1136/oemed-2014-102798
Li P, Deng SS, Wang JB, Iwata A, Qiao YL, Dai XB, Boffetta P (2012) Occupational and environmental cancer incidence and mortality in China. Occup Med (Lond) 62:281–287. https://doi.org/10.1093/occmed/kqs016
Linet MS, Kim KP, Miller DL, Kleinerman RA, Simon SL, Berrington de Gonzalez A (2010) Historical review of occupational exposures and cancer risks in medical radiation workers. Radiat Res 174:793–808. https://doi.org/10.1667/RR2014.1
Lipsett M, Campleman S (1999) Occupational exposure to diesel exhaust and lung cancer: a meta-analysis. Am J Public Health 89:1009–1017. https://doi.org/10.2105/ajph.89.7.1009
Liu YT (1986) The epidemiological study of occupational lung cancer in workers exposed to arsenic. Zhonghua Lao Dong Wei Sheng Zhi Ye Bing Za Zhi 4:200–203
Lloyd AC, Cackette TA (2001) Diesel engines: environmental impact and control. J Air Waste Manag Assoc 51:809–847. https://doi.org/10.1080/10473289.2001.10464315
Lubin JH (2003) Studies of radon and lung cancer in North America and China. Radiat Prot Dosimetry 104:315–319. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.rpd.a006194
Lucas R, McMichael T, Smith W, Armstrong B (2006) Solar Ultraviolet Radiation: Global burden of disease from solar ultraviolet radiation. World Health Organization. https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/43505/9241594403_eng.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y
Mastrangelo G, Fedeli U, Fadda E, Milan G, Turato A, Pavanello S (2003) Lung cancer risk in workers exposed to poly(vinyl chloride) dust: a nested case-referent study. Occup Environ Med 60:423–428. https://doi.org/10.1136/oem.60.6.423
Mohan AK, Hauptmann M, Freedman DM, Ron E, Matanoski GM, Lubin JH, Alexander BH, Boice JD Jr, Doody MM, Linet MS (2003) Cancer and other causes of mortality among radiologic technologists in the United States. Int J Cancer 103:259–267. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijc.10811
Mundt KA, Dell LD, Austin RP, Luippold RS, Noess R, Bigelow C (2000) Historical cohort study of 10 109 men in the North American vinyl chloride industry, 1942-72: update of cancer mortality to 31 December 1995. Occup Environ Med 57:774–781. https://doi.org/10.1136/oem.57.11.774
National Toxicology P (2004) NTP 11th report on carcinogens. Rep Carcinog 11:1–A32
NIOSH (2013). Asbestos. https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/asbestos/default.html
Park J, Hisanaga N, Kim Y (2009) Transfer of occupational health problems from a developed to a developing country: lessons from the Japan-South Korea experience. Am J Ind Med 52:625–632. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajim.20723
Petralia SA, Vena JE, Freudenheim JL, Dosemeci M, Michalek A, Goldberg MS, Brasure J, Graham S (1999) Risk of premenopausal breast cancer in association with occupational exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and benzene. Scand J Work Environ Health 25:215–221. https://doi.org/10.5271/sjweh.426
Pilidis GA, Karakitsios SP, Kassomenos PA, Kazos EA, Stalikas CD (2009) Measurements of benzene and formaldehyde in a medium sized urban environment. Indoor/outdoor health risk implications on special population groups. Environ Monit Assess 150:285–294. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-008-0230-9
Pollan M, Gustavsson P (1999) High-risk occupations for breast cancer in the Swedish female working population. Am J Public Health 89:875–881. https://doi.org/10.2105/ajph.89.6.875
Pruss-Ustun A, Rapiti E, Hutin Y (2005) Estimation of the global burden of disease attributable to contaminated sharps injuries among health-care workers. Am J Ind Med 48:482–490. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajim.20230
Prüss-Üstün, A., Corvalán, C., and WHO (2006). Preventing disease through healthy environments : towards an estimate of the environmental burden of disease. https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/43457.
Pukkala E, Martinsen JI, Weiderpass E, Kjaerheim K, Lynge E, Tryggvadottir L, Sparen P, Demers PA (2014) Cancer incidence among firefighters: 45 years of follow-up in five Nordic countries. Occup Environ Med 71:398–404. https://doi.org/10.1136/oemed-2013-101803
Ramkissoon A, Navaranjan G, Berriault C, Villeneuve PJ, Demers PA, Do MT (2018) Histopathologic analysis of lung cancer incidence associated with radon exposure among ontario uranium miners. Int J Environ Res Public Health 15. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15112413
Repullo Junior R, Gomes Jda R (2005) Brazilian union actions for workers’ health protection. Sao Paulo Med J 123:24–29. https://doi.org/10.1590/s1516-31802005000100006
Sankila R, Karjalainen S, Pukkala E, Oksanen H, Hakulinen T, Teppo L, Hakama M (1990) Cancer risk among glass factory workers: an excess of lung cancer? Br J Ind Med 47:815–818. https://doi.org/10.1136/oem.47.12.815
Sapkota A, Gajalakshmi V, Jetly DH, Roychowdhury S, Dikshit RP, Brennan P, Hashibe M, Boffetta P (2008) Indoor air pollution from solid fuels and risk of hypopharyngeal/laryngeal and lung cancers: a multicentric case-control study from India. Int J Epidemiol 37:321–328. https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dym261
Satpathy SR, Jala VR, Bodduluri SR, Krishnan E, Hegde B, Hoyle GW, Fraig M, Luster AD, Haribabu B (2015) Crystalline silica-induced leukotriene B4-dependent inflammation promotes lung tumour growth. Nat Commun 6:7064. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms8064
Schulte P, Howard J (2011) Genetic susceptibility and the setting of occupational health standards. Annu Rev Public Health 32:149–159. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-publhealth-031210-101144
Seddon JM, Gragoudas ES, Glynn RJ, Egan KM, Albert DM, Blitzer PH (1990) Host factors, UV radiation, and risk of uveal melanoma. A case-control study. Arch Ophthalmol 108:1274–1280. https://doi.org/10.1001/archopht.1990.01070110090031
Shannon H, Muir A, Haines T, Verma D (2005) Mortality and cancer incidence in Ontario glass fiber workers. Occup Med (Lond) 55:528–534. https://doi.org/10.1093/occmed/kqi124
Siemiatycki J, Richardson L, Straif K, Latreille B, Lakhani R, Campbell S, Rousseau MC, Boffetta P (2004) Listing occupational carcinogens. Environ Health Perspect 112:1447–1459. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.7047
Simonato L, L’Abbe KA, Andersen A, Belli S, Comba P, Engholm G, Ferro G, Hagmar L, Langard S, Lundberg I et al (1991) A collaborative study of cancer incidence and mortality among vinyl chloride workers. Scand J Work Environ Health 17:159–169. https://doi.org/10.5271/sjweh.1715
Skammeritz E, Omland LH, Johansen JP, Omland O (2011) Asbestos exposure and survival in malignant mesothelioma: a description of 122 consecutive cases at an occupational clinic. Int J Occup Environ Med 2:224–236
Smith KR, Liu Y (1994) Indoor air pollution in developing countries. Marcel Dekker
Smith KR, Mehta S, Feuz M (2004) Indoor smoke from household solid fuels. World Health Organization
Smith AH, Marshall G, Yuan Y, Ferreccio C, Liaw J, von Ehrenstein O, Steinmaus C, Bates MN, Selvin S (2006) Increased mortality from lung cancer and bronchiectasis in young adults after exposure to arsenic in utero and in early childhood. Environ Health Perspect 114:1293–1296. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.8832
Steenland K, Palu S (1999) Cohort mortality study of 57,000 painters and other union members: a 15 year update. Occup Environ Med 56:315–321. https://doi.org/10.1136/oem.56.5.315
Steenland K, Sanderson W (2001) Lung cancer among industrial sand workers exposed to crystalline silica. Am J Epidemiol 153:695–703. https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/153.7.695
Steenland K, Deddens J, Stayner L (1998) Diesel exhaust and lung cancer in the trucking industry: exposure-response analyses and risk assessment. Am J Ind Med 34:220–228. https://doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1097-0274(199809)34:3<220::aid-ajim3>3.0.co;2-z
Stern F, Haring-Sweeney M (1997) Proportionate mortality among unionized construction operating engineers. Am J Ind Med 32:51–65. https://doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1097-0274(199707)32:1<51::aid-ajim7>3.0.co;2-u
Stern F, Lehman E, Ruder A (2001) Mortality among unionized construction plasterers and cement masons. Am J Ind Med 39:373–388. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajim.1028
Straif K (2008) The burden of occupational cancer. Occup Environ Med 65:787–788. https://doi.org/10.1136/oem.2007.038224
Straif K, Benbrahim-Tallaa L, Baan R, Grosse Y, Secretan B, El Ghissassi F, Bouvard V, Guha N, Freeman C, Galichet L et al (2009) A review of human carcinogens – Part C: metals, arsenic, dusts, and fibres. Lancet Oncol 10:453–454. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1470-2045(09)70134-2
Surdu S, Fitzgerald EF, Bloom MS, Boscoe FP, Carpenter DO, Haase RF, Gurzau E, Rudnai P, Koppova K, Fevotte J et al (2013) Occupational exposure to ultraviolet radiation and risk of non-melanoma skin cancer in a multinational European study. PLoS One 8:e62359. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0062359
Takala J (2015) Eliminating occupational cancer. Ind Health 53:307–309. https://doi.org/10.2486/indhealth.53-307
Thrasher DL, Von Derau K, Burgess J (2009) Health effects from reported exposure to methamphetamine labs: a poison center-based study. J Med Toxicol 5:200–204. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03178267
Thuret A, Geoffroy-Perez B, Luce D, Goldberg M, Imbernon E (2007) A 26-year cohort mortality study of French construction workers aged 20 to 64 years. J Occup Environ Med 49:546–556. https://doi.org/10.1097/JOM.0b013e3180577714
Tomatis L, Aitio A, Day NE, Heseltine E, Kaldor J, Miller AB, Parkin DM, Riboli E (1990) Cancer: causes, occurrence and control. World Health Organization. https://publications.iarc.fr/Book-And-Report-Series/Iarc-Scientific-Publications/Cancer-Causes-Occurrence-And-Control-1990
U.S. Department of the Interior. https://www.luc.edu/media/lucedu/environmentalservices/images/facilities/asbestos_fact_sheet_usgs.pdf
UNPD (2007) World population prospects: the 2008 revision
Valavanidis A, Fiotakis K, Vlachogianni T (2008) AirborneAirborne particulate matter and human health: toxicological assessment and importance of size and composition of particles for oxidative damage and carcinogenic mechanisms. J Environ Sci Health C Environ Carcinog Ecotoxicol Rev 26:339–362. https://doi.org/10.1080/10590500802494538
Virta RL (2001) Some facts about asbestos. U.S. Geological Survey
Vlaanderen J, Lan Q, Kromhout H, Rothman N, Vermeulen R (2011) Occupational benzene exposure and the risk of lymphoma subtypes: a meta-analysis of cohort studies incorporating three study quality dimensions. Environ Health Perspect 119:159–167. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1002318
Wang X, Lin S, Yu I, Qiu H, Lan Y, Yano E (2013a) Cause-specific mortality in a Chinese chrysotile textile worker cohort. Cancer Sci 104:245–249. https://doi.org/10.1111/cas.12060
Wang X, Yano E, Lin S, Yu IT, Lan Y, Tse LA, Qiu H, Christiani DC (2013b) Cancer mortality in Chinese chrysotile asbestos miners: exposure-response relationships. PLoS One 8:e71899. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0071899
Ward E, Boffetta P, Andersen A, Colin D, Comba P, Deddens JA, De Santis M, Engholm G, Hagmar L, Langard S et al (2001) Update of the follow-up of mortality and cancer incidence among European workers employed in the vinyl chloride industry. Epidemiology 12:710–718. https://doi.org/10.1097/00001648-200111000-00021
Wernli KJ, Ray RM, Gao DL, Fitzgibbons ED, Camp JE, Astrakianakis G, Seixas N, Wong EY, Li W, De Roos AJ et al (2008) Occupational exposures and ovarian cancer in textile workers. Epidemiology 19:244–250. https://doi.org/10.1097/EDE.0b013e31816339f9
WHO (1973) Some inorganic and organometallic compounds. World Health Organization
WHO (1998) Chrysotile asbestos. World Health Organization. https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/42104
WHO (2000) The world health report 2000: health systems: improving performance. World Health Organization
WHO (2002) National cancer control programmes : policies and managerial guidelines. World Health Organization. https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/42494
WHO (2009) WHO handbook on indoor radon. World Health Organization. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK143216/
WHO (2010) Cancer Prevention Programme
WHO (2011) Global status report on noncommunicable diseases 2010. World Health Organization. https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/44579
Wichmann HE (2007) Diesel exhaust particles. Inhal Toxicol 19(Suppl 1):241–244. https://doi.org/10.1080/08958370701498075
Williams JH, Phillips TD, Jolly PE, Stiles JK, Jolly CM, Aggarwal D (2004) Human aflatoxicosis in developing countries: a review of toxicology, exposure, potential health consequences, and interventions. Am J Clin Nutr 80:1106–1122. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/80.5.1106
Wingren G, Englander V (1990) Mortality and cancer morbidity in a cohort of Swedish glassworkers. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 62:253–257. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00379443
Wong O, Foliart D, Trent LS (1991) A case-control study of lung cancer in a cohort of workers potentially exposed to slag wool fibres. Br J Ind Med 48:818–824. https://doi.org/10.1136/oem.48.12.818
Yuan Y, Marshall G, Ferreccio C, Steinmaus C, Liaw J, Bates M, Smith AH (2010) Kidney cancer mortality: fifty-year latency patterns related to arsenic exposure. Epidemiology 21:103–108. https://doi.org/10.1097/EDE.0b013e3181c21e46
Zhu HL, Wang ZM (1996) The epidemiological survey of lung cancer among the asbestos workers. In: Wang J, Yu DW, Liu YT (eds) The data compilation of epidemiological survey of the national important occupational tumors. Ministry of Health of the People’s Republic of China, pp 26–43
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2022 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this entry
Cite this entry
Ahmed, S., Islam, M.M.T., Kabir, Y. (2022). Cancer: A Major Public Health Issue Associated with Occupational Environment and Safety. In: Rezaei, N. (eds) Handbook of Cancer and Immunology. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-80962-1_101-1
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-80962-1_101-1
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-80962-1
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-80962-1
eBook Packages: Springer Reference Biomedicine and Life SciencesReference Module Biomedical and Life Sciences