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Science, Technology, Innovation, and Inclusive Development: A Country Comparison Between Colombia and Mexico

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Abstract

This chapter reflects upon the role of science, technology, and innovation in boosting inclusive development in two top-three economies in Latin America. In fact, Mexico and Colombia—the second and third economies of the region—drag a bulk of long-time social unrest and face serious challenges concerning the construction of inclusive development based on knowledge generation and usage, just like many other countries in the Latin American and Caribbean region. Even if both countries have made attempts at closing the socio-economic inequality gaps characteristic of emerging economies, the current state of affairs shows that these nations have still a long way to go to build strong knowledge-based economies where opportunities and superior performance help drive a change in equality and wealth concentration into greater and better-distributed resources, opportunities, and social welfare in general. This text analyses some why’s and how’s in each case and, when possible, compares structural issues that affect both countries in order to identify the most relevant underlying causes that need to be addressed here and now. Finally, the chapter states the main challenges identified in the analysis and advances some lines of action that might help improve the transition towards a more inclusive, fair, and stable society in both, Colombia and Mexico.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Which often are not even well-known enough so that their exploitation and international trade at low value-added levels is all the more so sub-optimal (Mejía, 2020).

  2. 2.

    Such policies refer to instruments which “aim to remove barriers to the participation of individuals, social groups, firms, sectors and regions that are underrepresented in innovation activities in order to ensure that all segments of society have the capacities and opportunities to successfully participate in and benefit from innovation” (Planes-Satorra & Paunov, 2017, p. 4). Understood as a process, inclusive innovation involves the coordination of several actors from specific contexts for sharing information and, ideally, generating knowledge (Sampedro, 2013).

  3. 3.

    At the end of 2005, Mexico amended its Securities Market Law and introduced the Sociedad Anónima Promotora de Inversion a new form of a fiscal corporation which increases the alignment of interest among shareholders as well as control and transparency.

  4. 4.

    Under such perspective, the Functions building block (defined as a set of competences that determine the system’s performance) helps secure the Triple Helix system’s main function which essentially involves the generation, diffusion, and utilisation of knowledge and innovation by making use of all available competencies embedded in the Triple Helix knowledge, innovation, and consensus spaces.

  5. 5.

    No similar data were found on Colombia for comparison purposes.

  6. 6.

    Index with values ranging from 0 to 1 measuring absolute diversification or concentration. Values closer to 1 mean a less diversified economy (CPC, 2020).

  7. 7.

    The car industry, for example, benefited since 1994 of several assembly plants moving to Mexico, thanks in part to low operative costs and easy market access to the USA and Canada. This trend helped Mexico to become (by 2015) the seventh largest manufacturer of vehicles in the world, the first of Latin America, and the fourth largest exporter in the world (Cuevas, 2016 cited by Chiquar & Tobal, 2019).

  8. 8.

    Share of foreign value added in a country gross export.

  9. 9.

    A study that analyses the six industries that contributed most to the change in the difference between the average human capital intensity of export and imports over the period 1995–2017.

  10. 10.

    One of the firsts TTOs to be established in Mexico was the Centre for Technological Innovation in 1984 in UNAM, the largest public university of the country (Ibarra et al., 2015).

  11. 11.

    Latest available figure.

  12. 12.

    An IT and automation collaboration between Pontificia Universidad Javeriana (HEI) and Heinsohn Business Technologies, which is co-financed through former Colciencias (currently, Minciencias).

  13. 13.

    This classification excludes independent professionals and government employees.

  14. 14.

    The configuration of the informally employed population by employing economic unit reveals that about 48.9% are employed in the informal sector. Additionally, 7.5% is made up of paid domestic workers, 24.8% are those linked to companies, government, and institutions, and 18.8% are individuals in the agricultural field (INEGI, 2019).

  15. 15.

    This discussion is actually much more complex as another possible reason for such high levels of informality may have to do with the fact that some informal workers obtain a higher income than many formal workers who only receive a minimum salary compensation.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Business Department, School of Business and Economics, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia

    Jaime Humberto Sierra-González & Carlos Eugenio Ramos-Pérez

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  1. Jaime Humberto Sierra-González
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  2. Carlos Eugenio Ramos-Pérez
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Correspondence to Jaime Humberto Sierra-González .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Universidad Externado de Colombia, Bogota, Colombia

    Luis Antonio Orozco

  2. Universidad Externado de Colombia, Bogota, Colombia

    Gonzalo Ordóñez-Matamoros

  3. Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogota, Colombia

    Jaime Humberto Sierra-González

  4. Universidad de Los Andes, Bogota, Colombia

    Javier García-Estévez

  5. Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay

    Isabel Bortagaray

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Sierra-González, J.H., Ramos-Pérez, C.E. (2021). Science, Technology, Innovation, and Inclusive Development: A Country Comparison Between Colombia and Mexico. In: Orozco, L.A., Ordóñez-Matamoros, G., Sierra-González, J.H., García-Estévez, J., Bortagaray, I. (eds) Science, Technology, and Higher Education. Palgrave Studies in Democracy, Innovation, and Entrepreneurship for Growth. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-80720-7_11

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