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The COVID-19 Outbreak and the HIV Pandemic

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HIV Psychiatry

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Abstract

The global outbreak of COVID-19 has imposed considerable stress on healthcare systems throughout the world, further complicating treatment of HIV and access to care for HIV patients. The many challenges that persons living with HIV must negotiate daily are now accentuated by COVID-19 imposed constraints. This includes the repetition and magnification of stigma, loss, isolation, psychological trauma complicated by healthcare disparities, additional barriers to accessing care, and depletion of already strained healthcare resources. The COVID-19 outbreak also introduces a new and perilous threat of COVID-19 and HIV comorbidity. Numerous challenges that arise with the COVID-19 pandemic also provide opportunities for persons with HIV to strengthen their individual coping skills, build resilience, and become a resource for their communities.

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Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Psychiatry, Zucker-Hillside Hospital, North Shore University Hospital, Manhasset, NY, USA

    Damir Huremović

  2. Department of Psychiatry, Rhode Island Hospital, Butler Hospital, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA

    Paulo Marcelo Gondim Sales

Authors
  1. Damir Huremović
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  2. Paulo Marcelo Gondim Sales
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Paulo Marcelo Gondim Sales .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Baylor Scott & White Health, Texas A&M University, Temple, TX, USA

    James A. Bourgeois

  2. Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA

    Mary Ann Adler Cohen

  3. School of Medicine, Georgetown University, District of Columbia, Washington, DC, USA

    Getrude Makurumidze

Multiple Choice Questions

Multiple Choice Questions

  1. 1.

    SARS-CoV-2 invades human cells by means of a specific receptor highly expressed in lungs and the gastrointestinal system, namely:

    1. (a)

      CXCR4

    2. (b)

      ACE1

    3. (c)

      ACE2

    4. (d)

      Toll-like receptor

    Answer: (c)

  2. 2.

    COVID-19 and HIV disease are often associated with stigma, isolation, and psychological distress. Which of these is a unique consequence associated with COVID-19?

    1. (a)

      Reporting its diagnosis to the health authorities, as it is a communicable disease

    2. (b)

      Increasing stress and stigma in local communities

    3. (c)

      Risk of fatal outcome if untreated

    4. (d)

      Separating individuals who are seriously ill from those who are relatively healthy

    Answer: (d)

  3. 3.

    Which of the following are considered at-risk populations for death due to COVID-19?

    1. (a)

      Young adults with no comorbidities

    2. (b)

      Elderly smokers with multiple comorbidities

    3. (c)

      Children with allergic rhinitis

    4. (d)

      Nonsmoker middle-aged adults

    Answer: (b)

  4. 4.

    Which of the following is often present in HIV populations and may increase mortality during COVID-19 infection?

    1. (a)

      Coinfection with HSV

    2. (b)

      Positive anti-HBsAg antibodies

    3. (c)

      Use of antiretroviral medications

    4. (d)

      Obesity and metabolic disturbances

    Answer: (d)

  5. 5.

    Which of the following uniquely predisposes discrimination against people living with HIV, when compared with those affected with COVID-19?

    1. (a)

      Being infected with a virus that is potentially fatal

    2. (b)

      Self-stigma, shame, and blame after being diagnosed with a lifelong medical condition

    3. (c)

      Being isolated by the community after being diagnosed with an infectious disease

    4. (d)

      Having a lack of understanding on the true pathophysiology of the condition

    Answer: (b)

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Huremović, D., Sales, P.M.G. (2022). The COVID-19 Outbreak and the HIV Pandemic. In: Bourgeois, J.A., Cohen, M.A.A., Makurumidze, G. (eds) HIV Psychiatry. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-80665-1_22

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-80665-1_22

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  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-030-80664-4

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-030-80665-1

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