Skip to main content

On the Meanings of Argumentation, Justification, and Proof: General Insights from Analyses of Elementary Classroom Episodes

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Conceptions and Consequences of Mathematical Argumentation, Justification, and Proof

Part of the book series: Research in Mathematics Education ((RME))

Abstract

The terms (mathematical) argumentation, justification, and proof are or can be related, and they have been used in various ways in the mathematics education literature, often without an explicit definition. In this chapter we reflect on issues of terminology with regard to these terms, and we explore implications of using alternative definitions thereof when analyzing the same classroom episodes. Our discussion highlights the importance of researchers making their definitions of argumentation, justification, and proof explicit so as to enable proper interpretation of their conclusions and facilitate comparisons across studies. Our discussion raises also the question of what the range of acceptable definitions might be and how that range might depend on the research context. Reflecting on the implications of using alternative terms and definitions to analyze the same classroom episodes can help deepen understanding about and sensitivity to issues of terminology and meaning in mathematics education research.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 139.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 179.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 179.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Balacheff, N. (2002). The researcher epistemology: A deadlock for educational research on proof. In F. L. Lin (Ed.), Proceedings of the 2002 International conference on Mathematics: understanding proving and proving to understand (pp. 23–44). NSC and NTNU. Pre-publication version retrieved November 25, 2011, from www.tpp.umassd.edu/proofcolloquium07/reading/Balachef_Taiwan2002.pdf

    Google Scholar 

  • Ball, D. L. (1993). With an eye on the mathematical horizon: Dilemmas of teaching elementary school mathematics. The Elementary School Journal, 93(4), 373–397.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bell, A. W. (1976). A study of pupils’ proof-explanations in mathematical situations. Educational Studies in Mathematics, 7(1), 23–40.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bieda, K. N., & Staples, M. (2020). Justification as an equity practice. Mathematics Teacher: Learning and Teaching PK-12, 113(2), 102–108.

    Google Scholar 

  • Boero, P., Garuti, R., & Mariotti, M. A. (1996). Some dynamic mental processes underlying producing and proving conjectures. In Proceedings of the 20th conference of the International Group for the Psychology of Mathematics Education (Vol. 2, pp. 121–128). PME.

    Google Scholar 

  • de Villiers, M. (1999). The role and function of proof. In M. de Villiers (Ed.), Rethinking proof with the Geometer’s Sketchpad (pp. 3–10). Key Curriculum Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hanna, G. (1990). Some pedagogical aspects of proof. Interchange, 21(1), 6–13.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Harel, G., & Sowder, L. (2007). Toward comprehensive perspectives on the learning and teaching of proof. In F. K. Lester (Ed.), Second handbook of research on mathematics teaching and learning (pp. 805–842). Information Age Publishing.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mariotti, M. A. (2006). Proof and proving in mathematics education. In A. Gutiérrez & P. Boero (Eds.), Handbook of research on the PME: Past, present and future (pp. 173–204). Sense Publishers.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stylianides, A. J. (2007). Proof and proving in school mathematics. Journal for Research in Mathematics Education, 38, 289–321.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stylianides, A. J. (2016). Proving in the elementary mathematics classroom. Oxford University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Stylianides, A. J., Bieda, K., & Morselli, F. (2016). Proof and argumentation in mathematics education research. In A. Gutiérrez, G. C. Leder, & P. Boero (Eds.), The second handbook of research on the psychology of mathematics education (pp. 315–351). Sense Publishers.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Stylianides, G. J. (2009). Reasoning-and-proving in school mathematics textbooks. Mathematical Thinking and Learning, 11, 258–288.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stylianides, G. J., Stylianides, A. J., & Weber, K. (2017). Research on the teaching and learning of proof: Taking stock and moving forward. In J. Cai (Ed.), Compendium for research in mathematics education (pp. 237–266). National Council of Teachers of Mathematics.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weber, K. (2014). Proof as a cluster concept. In C. Nicol, S. Oesterle, P. Liljedahl, & D. Allan (Eds.), Proceedings of the Joint meeting of PME 38 and PME-NA 36 (Vol. 5, pp. 353–360). PME.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Andreas J. Stylianides .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2022 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Stylianides, A.J., Stylianides, G.J. (2022). On the Meanings of Argumentation, Justification, and Proof: General Insights from Analyses of Elementary Classroom Episodes. In: Bieda, K.N., Conner, A., Kosko, K.W., Staples, M. (eds) Conceptions and Consequences of Mathematical Argumentation, Justification, and Proof . Research in Mathematics Education. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-80008-6_6

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-80008-6_6

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-030-80007-9

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-030-80008-6

  • eBook Packages: EducationEducation (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics