Titanium Dioxide/Graphene Nanocomposites as High-Performance Anode Material for Lithium Ion Batteries

Raphael, Leya Rose; M A, Krishnan; Joyner, Jarin D.; Das, Akhila; Balakrishnan, Neethu T. M.; Ahn, Jou-Hyeon; M J, Jabeen Fatima; Raghavan, Prasanth

doi:10.1007/978-3-030-79899-4_2

Leya Rose Raphael⁸,
Krishnan M A^8,9,
Jarin D. Joyner¹⁰,
Akhila Das⁸,
Neethu T. M. Balakrishnan⁸,
Jou-Hyeon Ahn^11,12,
Jabeen Fatima M J ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-9537-9388⁸ &
…
Prasanth Raghavan ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-9888-665X^8,11

Part of the book series: Environmental Chemistry for a Sustainable World ((ECSW,volume 69))

357 Accesses

Abstract

In the present scenario, the requirement for an efficient and reliable energy storage device is of prime importance. Even though several energy storage devices are under consideration like supercapacitors, fuel cells etc. lithium ion batteries are more prioritized since the system is commercially available. The potential of lithium intercalation was initially proposed in 1975, but Sony first introduced commercial lithium ion battery in 1991. From the commercialization, researchers are focusing on the enhancement of specific capacity, rate capability, cycle stability, cost-effectiveness, safety and eco-friendly materials. Advancement in research have brought about an improvement in the performance, but still, the focus is pointed on to the development of a better system. Graphene has been extensively studied as electrode material in energy storage devices ever since the discovery, i.e. 2004 (which was awarded Nobel prize in 2010), owing to the flexibility, transparency, intercalation property etc. These two-dimensional nanosheets show a conductivity almost equivalent to that of metal and is known to have a quasi-metallic conductivity. Simulation studies on lithium ion insertion of graphene revealed that dual Li⁺ can be intercalated on either face of the six-membered hexagonal carbon ring of graphene enhancing the capacitance of battery compared to the currently employed graphite sheets. Metal oxide composite preparation will result in a synergistic performance of both the compounds further enhancing the properties of the base materials. TiO₂-graphene composite is a widely investigated metal oxide-based composite of graphene owing to their surplus performance than individual systems.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution

Chapter: USD 29.95; Price excludes VAT (USA)

eBook: USD 129.00; Price excludes VAT (USA)

Softcover Book: USD 169.99; Price excludes VAT (USA)

Hardcover Book: USD 169.99; Price excludes VAT (USA)

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Abbreviations

1-D:: One-dimensional
2-D:: Two-dimensional
3-D:: Three-dimensional
APCVD:: Atmospheric pressure CVD
BET:: Brunauer–Emmett–Teller
CNT:: Carbon nanotubes
CNT:: Carbon nanotubes
CVD:: Chemical vapor deposition
DEC:: Diethyl carbonate
DMC:: Dimethyl Carbonate
EC:: Ethylene carbonate
FGS:: Functionalized graphene sheets
GNR:: Graphene nanoribbon
GNS:: Graphene nanosheets
GO:: Graphene oxide
LIB:: Lithium ion battery
LiTFSI:: Lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide
PC:: Propylene carbonate
rGO:: Reduced graphene oxide
SEI :: Solid electrolyte interface
TGR:: TiO₂ mesocrystals/reduced graphene oxide composite
m² g^-1:: Meter square per gram
cm² V^-1s^-1:: Centimeter square per volt per second
°C:: Degree Celsius
mAh g^-1:: Milliampere hour per gram
A g^-1:: Ampere per gram
mA g^-1:: Milliampere per gram
cm³ g^-1:: Centimeter cube per gram
eV :: Electron volt
Ωcm^-1:: Ohm per centimeter
Wm^-1 K^-1:: Watts per meter-kelvin
N m^-1:: Newton per meter
TPa:: Tetra Pascal
GPa:: Giga Pascal
psi :: Pound per square inch
MPa√m:: megapascal square root meter
(NH₄)₂TiF₆:: Ammonium hexafluorotitanate
LiPF₆:: Lithium hexafluorophosphate
LiAsF₆:: Lithium hexafluoroarsenate
LiBF₄:: Lithium tetrafluoroborate
LiCF₃SO₃:: Lithium triflate
LiClO₄:: Lithium perchlorate
LiCoO₂:: Lithium cobalt oxide
LiMn₂O₄:: Lithium manganese oxide
LiMnO₂:: Lithium manganese oxide
SnO₂:: Tin dioxide
Ti(OH)₄:: Titanium hydroxide
TiCl₃:: Titanium chloride
TiO₂:: Titanium dioxide
TiOSO₄:: Titanium oxy sulphate

References

Agbossou K, Member S, Kolhe M et al (2004) Performance of a stand-alone renewable energy system based on energy storage as hydrogen. IEEE Trans ENERGY Convers 19:633–640
Article ADS Google Scholar
Al Hassan MR, Sen A, Zaman T, Mostari MS (2019) Emergence of graphene as a promising anode material for rechargeable batteries: a review. Mater Today Chem 11:225–243. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mtchem.2018.11.006
Article CAS Google Scholar
Augustyn V, Come J, Lowe MA et al (2013) High-rate electrochemical energy storage through Li⁺ intercalation pseudocapacitance. Nat Mater 12:518–522. https://doi.org/10.1038/nmat3601
Article CAS PubMed ADS Google Scholar
Benjamin CB (1859) On the atomic weight of graphite. Philos Trans R Soc London:249–259
Google Scholar
Besenhard JO (1976) The electrochemical preparation and properties of ionic alkali metal and NR⁴⁻ graphite intercalation compounds in organic electrolytes. Carbon N Y 14:111–115. https://doi.org/10.1016/0008-6223(76)90119-6
Article CAS Google Scholar
Besenhard JO, Fritz HP (1974) Cathodic reduction of graphite in organic solutions of alkali and NR⁴⁺ salts. J Electroanal Chem Interfacial Electrochem 53:329–333. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-0728(74)80146-4
Article CAS Google Scholar
Bhaskar A, Deepa M, Ramakrishna M, Rao TN (2014) Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) sheath over a SnO2 hollow spheres/graphene oxide hybrid for a durable anode in Li-ion batteries. J Phys Chem C 118:7296–7306. https://doi.org/10.1021/jp412038y
Article CAS Google Scholar
Black SSB (1991) Phase diagram of LixC₆. Phys Rev B 44:9170. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.44.9170
Article ADS Google Scholar
Blake P, Hill EW, Brimicombe PD et al (2008) Graphene-based liquid crystal device. Nano Lett 8:1704–1708. https://doi.org/10.1021/nl080649i
Article PubMed ADS Google Scholar
Bondarenko GN, Nalimova VA, Fateev OV et al (1998) Vibrational spectra of superdense lithium graphite intercalation compounds. Carbon N Y 36:1107–1112. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0008-6223(98)00084-0
Article CAS Google Scholar
Botas C, Álvarez P, Blanco P et al (2013) Graphene materials with different structures prepared from the same graphite by the Hummers and Brodie methods. Carbon N Y 65:156–164. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2013.08.009
Article CAS Google Scholar
Brownson DAC, Banks CE (2010) Graphene electrochemistry: an overview of potential applications. Analyst 135:2768–2778. https://doi.org/10.1039/c0an00590h
Article CAS PubMed ADS Google Scholar
Bruce PG (2008) Energy storage beyond the horizon: rechargeable lithium batteries. Solid State Ionics 179:752–760. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssi.2008.01.095
Article CAS Google Scholar
Campos-Delgado J, Botello-Méndez AR, Algara-Siller G et al (2013) CVD synthesis of mono- and few-layer graphene using alcohols at low hydrogen concentration and atmospheric pressure. Chem Phys Lett 584:142–146. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cplett.2013.08.031
Article CAS ADS Google Scholar
Cao H, Li B, Zhang J et al (2012) Synthesis and superior anode performance of TiO₂@reduced graphene oxide nanocomposites for lithium ion batteries. J Mater Chem 22:9759. https://doi.org/10.1039/c2jm00007e
Article CAS Google Scholar
Chen D, Tang L, Li J (2010) Graphene-based materials in electrochemistry. Chem Soc Rev 39:3157–3180. https://doi.org/10.1039/b923596e
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Chen JS, Wang Z, Dong XC et al (2011) Graphene-wrapped TiO₂ hollow structures with enhanced lithium storage capabilities. Nanoscale 3:2158–2161. https://doi.org/10.1039/c1nr10162e
Article CAS PubMed ADS Google Scholar
Chen T, Pan L, Liu X, et al (2012) One-step synthesis of SnO2–reduced graphene oxide–carbon nanotube composites via microwave assistance for lithium ion batteries. RSC Adv 11719–11724. https://doi.org/10.1039/c2ra21740f
Chen Z, Xie K, Hong X (2013) Anode behavior of Sn/WC/graphene triple layered composite for lithium-ion batteries. Electrochim Acta 108:674–679. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2013.07.015
Article CAS Google Scholar
Chen Y, Song B, Chen RM et al (2014) A study of the superior electrochemical performance of 3nm SnO₂ nanoparticles supported by graphene. J Mater Chem A 2:5688–5695. https://doi.org/10.1039/c3ta14745b
Article CAS Google Scholar
Cheng J, Xin H, Zheng H, Wang B (2013) One-pot synthesis of carbon coated-SnO₂/graphene-sheet nanocomposite with highly reversible lithium storage capability. J Power Sources 232:152–158. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2013.01.025
Article CAS Google Scholar
Choi JW, Cheruvally G, Kim YH et al (2007) Poly(ethylene oxide)-based polymer electrolyte incorporating room-temperature ionic liquid for lithium batteries. Solid State Ionics 178:1235–1241. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssi.2007.06.006
Article CAS Google Scholar
Choi D, Wang D, Viswanathan VV et al (2010) Li-ion batteries from LiFePO 4 cathode and anatase/graphene composite anode for stationary energy storage. Electrochem Commun 12:378–381. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.elecom.2009.12.039
Article CAS Google Scholar
Choi H, Lim Y, Park M et al (2015) Precise control of chemical vapor deposition graphene layer thickness using Ni_xCu_1−x alloys. J Mater Chem C 3:1463–1467. https://doi.org/10.1039/C4TC01979B
Article CAS Google Scholar
Compagnini G, Russo P, Tomarchio F et al (2012) Laser assisted green synthesis of free standing reduced graphene oxides at the water-air interface. Nanotechnology:23. https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-4484/23/50/505601
Conway BE, Birss V, Wojtowicz J (1997) The role and utilization of pseudocapacitance for energy storage by supercapacitors. J Power Sources 66:1–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-7753(96)02474-3
Article CAS Google Scholar
Cui X, Chen J, Wang T, Chen W (2014) Rechargeable batteries with high energy storage activated by in-situ induced fluorination of carbon nanotube cathode. Sci Rep 4:5310. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep05310
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central ADS Google Scholar
Damljanović V, Popov I, Gajić R (2017) Fortune teller fermions in two-dimensional materials. Nanoscale 9:19337–19345. https://doi.org/10.1039/c7nr07763g
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Débart A, Bao J, Armstrong G, Bruce PG (2007) An O₂ cathode for rechargeable lithium batteries: the effect of a catalyst. J Power Sources 174:1177–1182. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2007.06.180
Article CAS Google Scholar
Dellieu L, Lawarée E, Reckinger N et al (2015) Do CVD grown graphene films have antibacterial activity on metallic substrates? Carbon N Y 84:310–316. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2014.12.025
Article CAS Google Scholar
Deng D, Kim MG, Lee JY, Cho J (2009) Green energy storage materials: nanostructured TiO2 and Sn-based anodes for lithium-ion batteries. Energy Environ Sci 2:818. https://doi.org/10.1039/b823474d
Article CAS Google Scholar
Ding S, Chen JS, Luan D et al (2011a) Graphene-supported anatase TiO₂ nanosheets for fast lithium storage. Chem Commun 47:5780–5782. https://doi.org/10.1039/c1cc10687b
Article CAS Google Scholar
Ding YH, Zhang P, Ren HM et al (2011b) Preparation of graphene/TiO₂ anode materials for lithium-ion batteries by a novel precipitation method. Mater Res Bull 46:2403–2407. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.materresbull.2011.08.046
Article CAS Google Scholar
Diouf B, Pode R (2015) Potential of lithium-ion batteries in renewable energy. Renew Energy 76:375–380. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2014.11.058
Article Google Scholar
Du Z, Yin X, Zhang M et al (2010) In situ synthesis of SnO₂/ graphene nanocomposite and their application as anode material for lithium ion battery. Mater Lett 64:2076–2079. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2010.06.039
Article CAS Google Scholar
Etacheri V, Yourey JE, Bartlett BM (2014) Chemically bonded TiO₂-Bronze nanosheet/reduced graphene oxide hybrid for high-power lithium ion batteries. ACS Nano 8:1491–1499. https://doi.org/10.1021/nn405534r
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Geim AK, Novoselov KS (2007) The rise of graphene. Nat Mater 6:183–191. https://doi.org/10.1038/nmat1849
Article CAS PubMed ADS Google Scholar
Gomez De Arco L, Zhang Y, Schlenker CW, Ryu K, Thompson MEZC (2010) Continuous, highly flexible, and transparent graphene films by chemical vapor deposition for organic photovoltaics. ACS Nano 4:2865–2873
Article CAS Google Scholar
González Z, Botas C, Álvarez P et al (2012) Thermally reduced graphite oxide as positive electrode in vanadium redox flow batteries. Carbon N Y 50:828–834. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2011.09.041
Article CAS Google Scholar
Han P, Wang H, Liu Z et al (2011) Graphene oxide nanoplatelets as excellent electrochemical active materials for VO²⁺/VO²⁺ and V²⁺/V³⁺ redox couples for a vanadium redox flow battery. Carbon N Y 49:693–700. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2010.10.022
Article CAS Google Scholar
Hao B, Yan Y, Wang X, Chen G (2013) Synthesis of anatase TiO₂ nanosheets with enhanced pseudocapacitive contribution for fast lithium storage. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 5:6285–6291. https://doi.org/10.1021/am4013215
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Hasnain SM (1998) Review on sustainable thermal energy storage technologies, part I: heat storage materials and techniques. Energy Convers Manag 39:1127–1138. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0196-8904(98)00025-9
Article CAS Google Scholar
Hou J, Wu R, Zhao P et al (2013) Graphene-TiO₂(B) nanowires composite material: synthesis, characterization and application in lithium-ion batteries. Mater Lett 100:173–176. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2013.03.004
Article CAS Google Scholar
Hu M, Pang X, Zhou Z (2013) Recent progress in high-voltage lithium ion batteries. J Power Sources 237:229–242. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2013.03.024
Article CAS Google Scholar
Huang H, Wang X (2014) Recent progress on carbon-based support materials for electrocatalysts of direct methanol fuel cells. J Mater Chem A 2:6249–6670. https://doi.org/10.1039/c3ta14754a
Article CAS Google Scholar
Huang X, Zhou X, Zhou L, et al (2011) A Facile One-Step Solvothermal Synthesis of SnO₂ / Graphene Nanocomposite and Its Application as an Anode Material for Lithium-Ion Batteries. 278–281. https://doi.org/10.1002/cphc.201000376
Huang H, Yu J, Gan Y et al (2017) Hybrid nanoarchitecture of TiO₂ nanotubes and graphene sheet for advanced lithium ion batteries. Mater Res Bull 96:425–430. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.materresbull.2017.05.009
Article CAS Google Scholar
Hummers WS, Offeman RE (1958) Preparation of graphitic oxide. J Am Chem Soc 80:1339. https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01539a017
Article CAS Google Scholar
Ishikawa M, Kamohara H, Morita M, Matsuda Y (1996) Li(CF₃SO₂)₂N as an electrolytic salt for rechargeable lithium batteries with graphitized mesocarbon microbeads anodes. J Power Sources 62:229–232. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-7753(96)02413-5
Article Google Scholar
Jiang X, Yang X, Zhu Y et al (2013) Designed synthesis of graphene–TiO₂–SnO₂ ternary nanocomposites as lithium-ion anode materials. New J Chem 37:3671. https://doi.org/10.1039/c3nj00797a
Article CAS Google Scholar
Jiao W, Li N, Wang L et al (2013) High-rate lithium storage of anatase TiO₂ crystals doped with both nitrogen and sulfur. Chem Commun 49:3461–3463. https://doi.org/10.1039/c3cc40568k
Article CAS Google Scholar
Jung HG, Yoon CS, Prakash J, Sun YK (2009) Mesoporous anatase TiO₂ with high surface area and controllable pore size by f-ion doping: applications for high-power li-ion battery anode. J Phys Chem C 113:21258–21263. https://doi.org/10.1021/jp908719k
Article CAS Google Scholar
Kado Y, Soneda Y, Hatori H, Kodama M (2019) Advanced carbon electrode for electrochemical capacitors. J Solid State Electrochem 23:1061–1081. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10008-019-04211-x
Article CAS Google Scholar
Karden E, Ploumen S, Fricke B et al (2007) Energy storage devices for future hybrid electric vehicles. J Power Sources 168:2–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2006.10.090
Article CAS Google Scholar
Kim H, Kim S, Park Y et al (2010) SnO₂/graphene composite with high Lithium storage capability for Lithium rechargeable batteries. Nano Res 3:813–821. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12274-010-0050-4
Article CAS Google Scholar
Kim H, Seo DH, Kim SW et al (2011) Highly reversible Co₃O₄/graphene hybrid anode for lithium rechargeable batteries. Carbon N Y 49:326–332. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2010.09.033
Article CAS Google Scholar
Kosynkin DV, Higginbotham AL, Sinitskii A et al (2009) Longitudinal unzipping of carbon nanotubes to form graphene nanoribbons. Nature 458:872–876. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature07872
Article CAS PubMed ADS Google Scholar
Kumar RK, Bandurin DA, Pellegrino FMD et al (2017) Superballistic flow of viscous electron fluid through graphene constrictions. Nat Phys 13:1182–1185. https://doi.org/10.1038/nphys4240
Article CAS Google Scholar
Lan T, Qiu H, Xie F et al (2015a) Rutile TiO₂ mesocrystals/reduced graphene oxide with high-rate and long-term performance for lithium-ion batteries. Sci Rep 5:3–8. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep08498
Article CAS Google Scholar
Lan T, Qiu H, Xie F et al (2015b) Rutile TiO₂ Mesocrystals/reduced graphene oxide with high-rate and long-term performance for Lithium-ion batteries. Sci Rep 5:8498. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep08498
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Li N, Liu G, Zhen C et al (2011) Battery performance and photocatalytic activity of mesoporous anatase TiO₂ nanospheres/graphene composites by template-free self-assembly. Adv Funct Mater 21:1717–1722. https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201002295
Article CAS Google Scholar
Li W, Wang F, Feng S et al (2013a) Sol-gel design strategy for ultradispersed TiO₂ nanoparticles on graphene for high-performance lithium ion batteries. J Am Chem Soc 135:18300–18303. https://doi.org/10.1021/ja4100723
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Li N, Zhou G, Fang R et al (2013b) TiO₂/graphene sandwich paper as an anisotropic electrode for high rate lithium ion batteries. Nanoscale 5:7780–7784. https://doi.org/10.1039/c3nr01349a
Article CAS PubMed ADS Google Scholar
Li Z, Xu Z, Tan X et al (2013c) Mesoporous nitrogen-rich carbons derived from protein for ultra-high capacity battery anodes and supercapacitors. Energy Environ Sci 6:871. https://doi.org/10.1039/c2ee23599d
Article CAS Google Scholar
Li J, Ji H, Zhang X et al (2014a) Controllable atmospheric pressure growth of mono-layer, bi-layer and tri-layer graphene. Chem Commun 50:11012–11015. https://doi.org/10.1039/C4CC04928D
Article CAS Google Scholar
Li J, Cheng X, Sun J, et al (2014b) Paper-based ultracapacitors with carbon nanotubes-graphene composites. J Appl Phys 115:0–5. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4871290
Li N, Song H, Cui H et al (2014c) Self-assembled growth of Sn@CNTs on vertically aligned graphene for binder-free high Li-storage and excellent stability. J Mater Chem A 2:2526. https://doi.org/10.1039/c3ta14217e
Article CAS Google Scholar
Lin L, Li M, Jiang L et al (2014) A novel iron (II) polyphthalocyanine catalyst assembled on graphene with significantly enhanced performance for oxygen reduction reaction in alkaline medium. J Power Sources 268:269–278. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2014.06.062
Article CAS Google Scholar
Liu E, Wang J, Shi C et al (2014) Anomalous interfacial lithium storage in graphene/TiO₂ for lithium ion batteries. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 6:18147–18151. https://doi.org/10.1021/am5050423
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Meyer JC, Geim AK, Katsnelson MI et al (2007) The structure of suspended graphene sheets. Nature 446:60–63. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature05545
Article CAS PubMed ADS Google Scholar
Min BH, Kim DW, Kim KH et al (2014) Bulk scale growth of CVD graphene on Ni nanowire foams for a highly dense and elastic 3D conducting electrode. Carbon N Y 80:446–452. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2014.08.084
Article CAS Google Scholar
Mishra AK, Ramaprabhu S (2011) Functionalized graphene-based nanocomposites for supercapacitor application. J Phys Chem C 115:14006–14013. https://doi.org/10.1021/jp201673e
Article CAS Google Scholar
Murdock AT, Koos A, Ben BT et al (2013) Controlling the orientation, edge geometry, and thickness of chemical vapor deposition graphene. ACS Nano 7:1351–1359. https://doi.org/10.1021/nn3049297
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Mutoro E, Crumlin EJ, Biegalski MD et al (2011) Enhanced oxygen reduction activity on surface-decorated perovskite thin films for solid oxide fuel cells. Energy Environ Sci 4:3689. https://doi.org/10.1039/c1ee01245b
Article CAS Google Scholar
Nag A, Mitra A, Mukhopadhyay SC (2018) Graphene and its sensor-based applications: a review. Sensors Actuators A Phys 270:177–194. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sna.2017.12.028
Article CAS Google Scholar
Novoselov KS, Geim AK, Morozov SV, Jiang D, Zhang Y, Dubonos SV, Grigorieva IV, Firsov AA (2004) Electric field effect in atomically thin carbon films. Science (80-) 306:666–670. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1102896
Article CAS ADS Google Scholar
Novoselov KS, Fal’ko VI, Colombo L et al (2012) A roadmap for graphene. Nature 490:192–200. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature11458
Article CAS PubMed ADS Google Scholar
Paek S, Yoo E, Honma I (2009) Enhanced cyclic performance and lithium storage capacity of SnO₂/graphene nanoporous electrodes with three-dimensionally delaminated flexible structure. Nano Lett 9:72–75. https://doi.org/10.1021/nl802484w
Article CAS PubMed ADS Google Scholar
Park MS, Wang GX, Kang YM et al (2007) Preparation and electrochemical properties of SnO₂ nanowires for application in lithium-ion batteries. Angew Chemie – Int Ed 46:750–753. https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.200603309
Article CAS Google Scholar
Patil A, Patil V, Wook Shin D et al (2008) Issue and challenges facing rechargeable thin film lithium batteries. Mater Res Bull 43:1913–1942. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.materresbull.2007.08.031
Article CAS Google Scholar
Peled E (1996) Improved graphite anode for Lithium-ion batteries chemically. J Electrochem Soc 143:L4. https://doi.org/10.1149/1.1836372
Article CAS Google Scholar
Prasanth R, Shubha N, Hng HH, Srinivasan M (2013) Effect of nano-clay on ionic conductivity and electrochemical properties of poly(vinylidene fluoride) based nanocomposite porous polymer membranes and their application as polymer electrolyte in lithium ion batteries. Eur Polym J 49:307–318. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2012.10.033
Article CAS Google Scholar
Priyadarsini S, Mohanty S, Mukherjee S et al (2018) Graphene and graphene oxide as nanomaterials for medicine and biology application. J Nanostructure Chem 8:123–137. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40097-018-0265-6
Article CAS Google Scholar
Qiu Y, Yan K, Yang S, Jin L, Hong Deng WL (2010) Synthesis of size-tunable anatase TiO₂ nanospindles and their assembly into rechargeable lithium ion batteries with nitride-graphene nanocomposites for anatase@titanium oxynitride/titanium high cycling performance. ACS Nano 4:6515–6526. https://doi.org/10.1021/nn101603g
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Qiu J, Zhang P, Ling M et al (2012) Photocatalytic synthesis of TiO₂ and reduced graphene oxide nanocomposite for lithium ion battery. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 4:3636–3642. https://doi.org/10.1021/am300722d
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Qiu J, Lai C, Wang Y et al (2014a) Resilient mesoporous TiO₂/graphene nanocomposite for high rate performance lithium-ion batteries. Chem Eng J 256:247–254. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2014.06.116
Article CAS Google Scholar
Qiu B, Xing M, Zhang J (2014b) Mesoporous TiO₂ nanocrystals grown in-situ on graphene aerogels for high photocatalysis and lithium ion batteries. J Am Chenical Soc:8–11. https://doi.org/10.1021/ja500873u
Qiu B, Xing M, Zhang J (2014c) Mesoporous TiO₂ nanocrystals grown in situ on graphene aerogels for high photocatalysis and lithium-ion batteries. J Am Chem Soc 136:5852–5855. https://doi.org/10.1021/ja500873u
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Qiu J, Lai C, Wang Y et al (2014d) Resilient mesoporous TiO 2 / graphene nanocomposite for high rate performance lithium-ion batteries. Chem Eng J. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2014.06.116
Qu L, He C, Yang Y et al (2005) Hydrothermal synthesis of alumina nanotubes templated by anionic surfactant. Mater Lett 59:4034–4037. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2005.07.059
Article CAS Google Scholar
Raghavan P, Zhao X, Kim JK et al (2008) Ionic conductivity and electrochemical properties of nanocomposite polymer electrolytes based on electrospun poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene) with nano-sized ceramic fillers. Electrochim Acta 54:228–234. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2008.08.007
Article CAS Google Scholar
Raghavan P, Manuel J, Zhao X et al (2011) Preparation and electrochemical characterization of gel polymer electrolyte based on electrospun polyacrylonitrile nonwoven membranes for lithium batteries. J Power Sources 196:6742–6749. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2010.10.089
Article CAS Google Scholar
Raghavan P, Lim DH, Ahn JH et al (2012) Electrospun polymer nanofibers: the booming cutting edge technology. React Funct Polym 72:915–930. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2012.08.018
Article CAS Google Scholar
Randviir EP, Brownson DAC, Banks CE (2014) A decade of graphene research: production, applications and outlook. Mater Today 17:426–432. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mattod.2014.06.001
Article CAS Google Scholar
Reddy TB, S H (2002) Rechargeable lithium batteries at ambient temperature. In: Handbook of batteries. pp 34.1–34.62
Google Scholar
Rümmeli MH, Rocha CG, Ortmann F et al (2011) Graphene: piecing it together. Adv Mater 23:4471–4490. https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201101855
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Sato S, Harada N, Kondo D, Ohfuchi M (2010) Graphene – novel material for nanoelectronics. Fujitsu Sci Tech J 46:103–110
CAS Google Scholar
Scrosati B, Garche J (2010) Lithium batteries: status, prospects and future. J Power Sources 195:2419–2430. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2009.11.048
Article CAS Google Scholar
Shao Y, Jiang Z, Zhang Q, Guan J (2019) Progress in nonmetal-doped graphene Electrocatalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction. ChemSusChem 12:2133–2146. https://doi.org/10.1002/cssc.201900060
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Shen L, Zhang X, Li H et al (2011) Design and tailoring of a three-dimensional TiO₂-graphene-carbon nanotube nanocomposite for fast lithium storage. J Phys Chem Lett 2:3096–3101. https://doi.org/10.1021/jz201456p
Article CAS Google Scholar
Shen T, Zhou X, Cao H et al (2015) TiO₂(B)-CNT-graphene ternary composite anode material for lithium ion batteries. RSC Adv 5:22449–22454. https://doi.org/10.1039/C5RA01337B
Article CAS ADS Google Scholar
Shibuta Y, Arifin R, Shimamura K et al (2013) Ab initio molecular dynamics simulation of dissociation of methane on nickel(1 1 1) surface: unravelling initial stage of graphene growth via a CVD technique. Chem Phys Lett 565:92–97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cplett.2013.02.038
Article CAS ADS Google Scholar
Shih C-J, Vijayaraghavan A, Krishnan R et al (2011) Bi- and trilayer graphene solutions. Nat Nanotechnol 6:439–445. https://doi.org/10.1038/nnano.2011.94
Article CAS PubMed ADS Google Scholar
Shin JY, Samuelis D, Maier J (2011) Sustained lithium-storage performance of hierarchical, nanoporous anatase TiO₂ at high rates: emphasis on interfacial storage phenomena. Adv Funct Mater 21:3464–3472. https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201002527
Article CAS Google Scholar
Shubha N, Prasanth R, Hng HH, Srinivasan M (2014) Study on effect of poly (ethylene oxide) addition and in-situ porosity generation on poly (vinylidene fluoride)-glass ceramic composite membranes for lithium polymer batteries. J Power Sources 267:48–57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2014.05.074
Article CAS Google Scholar
Sinclair RC, Suter JL, Coveney PV (2019) Micromechanical exfoliation of graphene on the atomistic scale. Phys Chem Chem Phys 21:5716–5722. https://doi.org/10.1039/c8cp07796g
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Soldano C, Mahmood A, Dujardin E (2010) Production, properties and potential of graphene. Carbon N Y 48:2127–2150. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2010.01.058
Article CAS Google Scholar
Stankovich S, Dikin DA, Piner RD et al (2007) Synthesis of graphene-based nanosheets via chemical reduction of exfoliated graphite oxide. Carbon N Y 45:1558–1565. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2007.02.034
Article CAS Google Scholar
Sun Z, Raji ARO, Zhu Y et al (2012) Large-area Bernal-stacked bi-, tri-, and tetralayer graphene. ACS Nano 6:9790–9796. https://doi.org/10.1021/nn303328e
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Tian P, Tang L, Teng KS et al (2019) Recent advances in graphene homogeneous p–n junction for optoelectronics. Adv Mater Technol 1900007:1–30. https://doi.org/10.1002/admt.201900007
Article CAS ADS Google Scholar
Trinsoutrot P, Rabot C, Vergnes H et al (2013) High quality graphene synthesized by atmospheric pressure CVD on copper foil. Surf Coatings Technol 230:87–92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2013.06.050
Article CAS Google Scholar
Tse WK, Hwang EH, Das Sarma S (2008) Ballistic hot electron transport in graphene. Appl Phys Lett 93:100–103. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.2956669
Article CAS Google Scholar
Vazquez S, Lukic SM, Galvan E et al (2010) Energy storage systems for transport and grid applications. IEEE Trans Ind Electron 57:3881–3895. https://doi.org/10.1109/TIE.2010.2076414
Article Google Scholar
Wagner L (2007) Overview of energy storage methods
Google Scholar
Wallace PR (1947) The band theory of graphite. Phys Rev 71:622–634. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRev.71.622
Article CAS MATH ADS Google Scholar
Wan S, Jiang X, Guo B et al (2015) A stable fluorinated and alkylated lithium malonatoborate salt for lithium ion battery application. Chem Commun 51:9817–9820. https://doi.org/10.1039/C5CC01428J
Article CAS Google Scholar
Wang D, Choi D, Li J et al (2009) Self-assembled TiO₂–graphene hybrid nanostructures for enhanced Li-ion insertion. ACS Nano 3:907–914. https://doi.org/10.1021/nn900150y
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Wang Z, Zhang H, Li N et al (2010) Laterally confined graphene Nanosheets and graphene /SnO₂ composites as high-rate anode materials for Lithium-ion batteries. Nano Res 3:748–756. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12274-010-0041-5
Article CAS Google Scholar
Wang X, Zhou X, Yao K et al (2011a) A SnO₂/graphene composite as a high stability electrode for lithium ion batteries. Carbon N Y 49:133–139. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2010.08.052
Article CAS Google Scholar
Wang J, Du N, Zhang H et al (2011b) Large-scale synthesis of SnO₂ nanotube arrays as high-performance anode materials of Li-ion batteries. J Phys Chem C 115:11302–11305. https://doi.org/10.1021/jp203168p
Article CAS Google Scholar
Wang Z, Zhou L, Lou XW (2012a) Metal oxide hollow nanostructures for lithium-ion batteries. Adv Mater 24:1903–1911. https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201200469
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Wang W, Hao Q, Lei W et al (2012b) Graphene/SnO₂/polypyrrole ternary nanocomposites as supercapacitor electrode materials. RSC Adv 2:10268. https://doi.org/10.1039/c2ra21292g
Article CAS ADS Google Scholar
Wang J, Jin X, Li C et al (2019) Graphene and graphene derivatives toughening polymers: toward high toughness and strength. Chem Eng J:831–854. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2019.03.229
Whittingham MS, Gamble FR (1975) The lithium intercalates of the transition metal dichalcogenides. Mater Res Bull 10:363–371. https://doi.org/10.1016/0025-5408(75)90006-9
Article CAS Google Scholar
William S, Hummers J, Offeman RE (1958) Preparation of graphitic oxide. J Am Chem Soc 80:1339. https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01539a017
Article Google Scholar
Wu W, Yu Q, Peng P et al (2011) Control of thickness uniformity and grain size in graphene films for transparent conductive electrodes. Nanotechnology 23:035603. https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-4484/23/3/035603
Article CAS PubMed ADS Google Scholar
Wu ZS, Zhou G, Yin LC et al (2012) Graphene/metal oxide composite electrode materials for energy storage. Nano Energy 1:107–131. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2011.11.001
Article CAS Google Scholar
Wu C, Zhuang Q, Tian L et al (2013) Facile synthesis of Fe @ Fe₂O₃ core-shell nanoparticles attached to carbon nanotubes and their application as high performance anode in lithium-ion batteries. Mater Lett 107:27–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2013.05.113
Article CAS Google Scholar
Xin X, Zhou X, Wu J et al (2012) Scalable synthesis of TiO₂/graphene nanostructured composite with high-rate performance for lithium ion batteries. ACS Nano 6:11035–11043. https://doi.org/10.1021/nn304725m
Article CAS PubMed ADS Google Scholar
Yang S, Feng X, Müllen K (2011) Sandwich-like, graphene-based titania nanosheets with high surface area for fast lithium storage. Adv Mater 23:3575–3579. https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201101599
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Yao J, Shen X, Wang B et al (2009) In situ chemical synthesis of SnO ₂ – graphene nanocomposite as anode materials for lithium-ion batteries. Electrochem Commun 11:1849–1852. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.elecom.2009.07.035
Article CAS Google Scholar
Yazami R, Touzain P (1983) A reversible graphite-lithium negative electrode for electrochemical generators. J Power Sources 9:365–371. https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-7753(83)87040-2
Article CAS Google Scholar
Yazyev OV, Louie SG (2010) Electronic transport in polycrystalline graphene. Nat Mater 9:806–809. https://doi.org/10.1038/nmat2830
Article CAS PubMed ADS Google Scholar
Yoo E, Kim J, Hosono E et al (2008) Large reversible Li storage of graphene nanosheet families for use in. Nano Lett 8:2277–2282. https://doi.org/10.1021/nl800957b
Article CAS PubMed ADS Google Scholar
Yoshio M, Wang H, Fukuda K et al (2000) Effect of carbon coating on electrochemical performance of treated natural graphite as Lithium-ion battery anode material. J Electrochem Soc 147:1245. https://doi.org/10.1149/1.1393344
Article CAS Google Scholar
Yu H, Zhou H (2013) High-energy cathode materials (Li₂MnO₃–LiMO₂) for Lithium-ion batteries. J Phys Chem Lett 4:1268–1280. https://doi.org/10.1021/jz400032v
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Yu P, Lowe SE, Simon GP, Zhong YL (2015) Electrochemical exfoliation of graphite and production of functional graphene. Curr Opin Colloid Interface Sci 20:329–338. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cocis.2015.10.007
Article CAS Google Scholar
Yuan S, Chen S, Hu Z et al (2017) Reduced graphene oxide and carbon/elongated TiO₂ nanotubes composites as anodes for Li-ion batteries. Nano-Structures and Nano-Objects 12:27–32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoso.2017.08.015
Article CAS Google Scholar
Zhan N, Olmedo M, Wang G, Liu J (2011) Layer-by-layer synthesis of large-area graphene films by thermal cracker enhanced gas source molecular beam epitaxy. Carbon N Y 49:2046–2052. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2011.01.033
Article CAS Google Scholar
Zhang M, Lei D, Du Z et al (2011a) Fast synthesis of Sn₂/ graphene composites by reducing graphene oxide with stannous ions. J Mater Chem:1673–1676. https://doi.org/10.1039/c0jm03410j
Zhang B, Zheng QB, Huang ZD et al (2011b) SnO₂ – graphene – carbon nanotube mixture for anode material with improved rate capacities. Carbon N Y 49:4524–4534. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2011.06.059
Article CAS Google Scholar
Zhang Z, Chu Q, Li H et al (2013) One-pot solvothermal synthesis of graphene-supported TiO₂ (B) nanosheets with enhanced lithium storage properties. J Colloid Interface Sci 409:38–42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2013.07.053
Article CAS PubMed ADS Google Scholar
Zhang Z, Zhang L, Li W et al (2015) Carbon-coated mesoporous TiO₂ nanocrystals grown on graphene for lithium-ion batteries. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 7:10395–10400. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.5b01450
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Zhao W, Fang M, Wu F et al (2010a) Preparation of graphene by exfoliation of graphite using wet ball milling. J Mater Chem 20:5817–5819. https://doi.org/10.1039/c0jm01354d
Article CAS Google Scholar
Zhao X, Kim D-S, Raghavan P et al (2010b) Effect of processing parameters on the electrochemical properties of a polymer electrolyte prepared by the phase inversion process. Phys Scr T139:014036. https://doi.org/10.1088/0031-8949/2010/T139/014036
Article CAS ADS Google Scholar
Zhen M, Sun M, Gao G et al (2015) Synthesis of mesoporous wall-structured TiO₂ on reduced graphene oxide nanosheets with high rate performance for lithium-ion batteries. Chem – A Eur J 300071:n/a–n/a. https://doi.org/10.1002/chem.201406678
Article CAS Google Scholar
Zheng H, Kim M-S (2011) Performance of modified graphite as anode material for lithium-ion secondary battery. Carbon Lett 12:243–248. https://doi.org/10.5714/CL.2011.12.4.243
Article Google Scholar
Zhong YL, Tian Z, Simon GP, Li D (2015) Scalable production of graphene via wet chemistry: progress and challenges. Mater Today 18:73–78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mattod.2014.08.019
Article CAS Google Scholar
Zhu X, Zhu Y, Murali S et al (2011) Reduced graphene oxide / tin oxide composite as an enhanced anode material for lithium ion batteries prepared by homogenous coprecipitation. J Power Sources 196:6473–6477. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2011.04.015
Article CAS Google Scholar
Zhu J, Yang D, Yin Z et al (2014) Graphene and graphene-based materials for energy storage applications. Small 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.201303202

Download references

Acknowledgement

Authors Dr. Jabeen Fatima M. J. and Dr. Prasanth Raghavan, would like to acknowledge Kerala State Council for Science, Technology and Environment (KSCSTE), Government of Kerala for financial assistance.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Department of Polymer Science and Rubber Technology, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Cochin, India
Leya Rose Raphael, Krishnan M A, Akhila Das, Neethu T. M. Balakrishnan, Jabeen Fatima M J & Prasanth Raghavan
Department of Electrical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
Krishnan M A
Department of Materials Science and Nano Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
Jarin D. Joyner
Department of Materials Engineering and Convergence Technology, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea
Jou-Hyeon Ahn & Prasanth Raghavan
Department of Chemical Engineering, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea
Jou-Hyeon Ahn

Authors

Leya Rose Raphael
View author publications
You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar
Krishnan M A
View author publications
You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar
Jarin D. Joyner
View author publications
You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar
Akhila Das
View author publications
You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar
Neethu T. M. Balakrishnan
View author publications
You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar
Jou-Hyeon Ahn
View author publications
You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar
Jabeen Fatima M J
View author publications
You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar
Prasanth Raghavan
View author publications
You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Jabeen Fatima M J or Prasanth Raghavan .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Tarapacá, Arica, Chile
Saravanan Rajendran
Department of Chemistry, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Mu. Naushad
Center of Excellence for Green Energy and Environmental Nanomaterials, Nguyen Tat Thanh University, Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam
Dai-Viet N. Vo
Aix Marseille University, CNRS, IRD, INRA, Coll France, CEREGE, Aix en Provence, France
Eric Lichtfouse

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Raphael, L.R. et al. (2022). Titanium Dioxide/Graphene Nanocomposites as High-Performance Anode Material for Lithium Ion Batteries. In: Rajendran, S., Naushad, M., Vo, DV.N., Lichtfouse, E. (eds) Inorganic Materials for Energy, Medicine and Environmental Remediation. Environmental Chemistry for a Sustainable World, vol 69. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-79899-4_2

Download citation

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-79899-4_2
Published: 26 November 2021
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-79898-7
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-79899-4
eBook Packages: Earth and Environmental ScienceEarth and Environmental Science (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics