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Conflict Over Peace in the Southern Cone Borderlands: Hybrid Formations of Security Governance from a Brazilian Perspective

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Peace and Violence in Brazil

Part of the book series: Rethinking Peace and Conflict Studies ((RCS))

Abstract

This chapter examines the changing dynamics of conflict and peace in South America and, based on empirical findings grounded in fieldwork analysis, develops a theoretical framework that addresses the emergence of hybrid forms of security governance. It analyzes on the changing dynamics of conflict and peace, focusing on the Southern Cone borderlands between Brazil and its neighboring countries: Argentina, Paraguay, and Bolivia and advances a dual typology in security governance, considering the formation of complex social systems oriented towards conflict formation and peace formation. The two are shown not to be mutually exclusive but rather tending to overlap and intertwine. The resulting dynamics are, thus, captured by the notion of hybridity, advancing the concept of hybrid security governance.

This work was prepared during the research stay funded by the Maria Sibylla Merian Center for Advanced Latin American Studies in Humanities and Social Sciences (CALAS), having participated in the Laboratory “Visions of peace: Transitions between violence and peace in Latin America”, at the Center for Historical Research of Central America (CIHAC) of the University of Costa Rica. The research was also supported by grant #2017/25163-0, São Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP).

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Notes

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    Based on Rafael Duarte Villa and Camila Macedo Braga’s research project, “Stable peace, training and conflict resolution in Latin America: representation of regional security systems.” São Paulo, Fundação de Apoio à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP), 2018–2020.

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    Wæver, O., Securitization and Desecuritization (Copenhagen: Centre for Peace and Conflict Research, 1993); Buzan, B., People, States & Fear: An Agenda for International Security Studies in the Post-Cold War Era, 2. ed (Colchester: ECPR Press, 2007); Buzan and Wæver, Regions and Powers.

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    Herring (2008, 48), cited in MacGinty, “Hybrid Peace,” p. 393.

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    Richmond, Oliver. P., “The Dilemmas of a Hybrid Peace Negative or Positive?” Cooperation and Conflict 50, no.1 (2015), pp. 50–68. Available at https://www.jstor.org/stable/45084282. Accessed August 7, 2021.

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    MacGinty, “Hybrid Peace.”

  34. 34.

    Kapoor (2003, 568); cited in Richmond “The Dilemmas of a Hybrid Peace,” p. 52.

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    Deckard, Kuortti, and Nyman, Jopi, Reconstructing Hybridity: Post-Colonial Studies in Transition (Amsterdam, Brill, 2007); reviewed in The Modern Language Review 103, no.3 (2008), p. 815.

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    Krause, K., “Hybrid Violence: Locating the Use of Force in Postconflict Settings,” Global Governance: A Review of Multilateralism and International Organizations 18, no. 1 (2012), p. 39.

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    Krause, K., “Hybrid Violence,” p. 40.

  38. 38.

    Ibidem.

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    Ibidem.

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    Ibidem.

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    Bauman, Zygmunt. “El Eterno Retorno de La Violencia,” in Modernidad y Violencia Colectiva, Josetxo Beriain (ed.) (Colección Academia. Madrid: Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas, 2004), pp. 17–48.

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    Villa, Rafael Duarte, Braga, Camila de Macedo and Ferreira, Marcos Alan S. V., “Violent Nonstate Actors and the Emergence of Hybrid Governance in South America,” Latin American Research Review 56(1) (2021), pp.36–49.

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    G1., “De Rafaat a Minotauro, entenda a guerra pelo tráfico na fronteira entre Brasil e Paraguai.” Available at https://g1.globo.com/ms/mato-grosso-do-sul/noticia/2019/02/08/de-rafaat-a-minotauro-entenda-a-guerra-pelo-trafico-na-fronteira-entre-brasil-e-paraguai.ghtml. Accessed 17 November 2020.

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    Villa, R. D., “Brazilian Hybrid Security in South America,” Revista Brasileira de Política Internacional 60 (2017), pp. 1–22.

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    Cucolo, Eduardo, “Brasil nega invasão de território paraguaio em ação.” Folhapress (August 2015), Available at https://www.defesanet.com.br/fronteiras/noticia/19953/Marinha-do-Paraguai-diz-que-Brasil-fez-duas-incursoes-em-suas-aguas/. Accessed August 7, 2021. More about Operation Ágata in Chap. 4.

  46. 46.

    Under the coordination of the Integrated Border and Frontiers Management Office (GGIFON/DIV) of Sejusp, the following forces participated in the operation: the Brazilian Army (11th Mechanized Cavalry Regiment), the Municipal Guard, the Federal Police, the Federal Highway Police, the Border Operations Department (DOF), and other specialized police forces from the federative unit. Commissioners of the Paraguayan National Police were also present and reinforced the actions in the neighboring country. Motta, T.C.A. Operação Fronteira Segura ganha apoio das Forças Federais de Segurança, Portal do Governo de Mato Grosso do Sul, 2019, Available at http://www.ms.gov.br/operacao-fronteira-segura-ganha-apoio-das-forcas-federais-de-seguranca/. Accessed August 7, 2021.

  47. 47.

    Atlas da Política Brasileira de Defesa, 1 ed. (Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires—CLACSO, Rio de Janeiro: Latitude Sul 2017) pp. 3–7.

  48. 48.

    Interview with members of the Sociedade Civil Nossa Senhora Aparecida in Foz do Iguaçu, border with Paraguay, September 27, 2018.

  49. 49.

    Interview with the Secretary of Public Security of Corumbá, border with Bolivia, February 27, 2019.

  50. 50.

    Interview with Paraguayan journalist in the city of Pedro Juan Caballero (Paraguay), February 7, 202019.

  51. 51.

    Interview with the Secretary of Public Security (CC), Marcelino Oliveira de Ponta Porã, on the border between Brazil and Paraguay, February 7, 2019.

  52. 52.

    The Brazilian cities of Corumbá and Ponta Porã in Mato Grosso do Sul (MS); and Foz de Iguaçu in Paraná (PR), have consistently presented homicide rates above the national average between 2015–2016, which was 27.5 per 100,000. IDESF, Diagnóstico do Desenvolvimento das Cidades Gêmeas do Brasil (2018), pp. 1–32.

  53. 53.

    Atlas da Política Brasileira de Defesa, p. 46.

  54. 54.

    In reference to the Complementary Law no. 117, from 2004 (117/04), and Complementary Law no.136, from 2010 (136/10): Castro, Helena Salim de, “O Combate ao Tráfico de Drogas na Fronteira Brasil-Bolívia (2008–2012),” Carta Internacional, Belo Horizonte, 14(2) (2019), p. 209.

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    Atlas da Política Brasileira de Defesa, p. 47.

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    Rodrigues, Thiago, Kalil, Mariana and Acácio, Augusto, “Brazil: Violence and Public (Un)Safety,” in Violence in the Americas, Jonathan D. Rosen and Hanna Samir Kassab (eds.) (Lanham, MD, Lexington Books, 2018) pp. 13–32.

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    Interview with the indigenous leadership, indigenous village on the outskirts of the City of Dourados, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil, on February 6, 2019.

  58. 58.

    Villa, Braga and Ferreira, “Violent Nonstate Actors and the Emergence of Hybrid Governance in South America.”

  59. 59.

    Interview with the Commander of the 6th battalion of the Military Police on September 6, 2019, in Corumba (Brazil)

  60. 60.

    Interview with former Secretary of Public Security of Corumbá, border with Bolivia, September 4, 2019.

  61. 61.

    Interview with an Official Police, Regional Precinct of the Civil Police, Dourados, border region between Brazil and Paraguay, February 5, 2019.

  62. 62.

    Focus group discussion with elected municipal authorities, Ponta Porã, February 7, 2019.

  63. 63.

    Villa, Braga and Ferreira, “Violent Nonstate Actors and the Emergence of Hybrid Governance in South America.”

  64. 64.

    Suchman, Mark C., “Managing Legitimacy: Strategic and Institutional Approaches,” Academy of Management Review 20, no. 3 (1995), p. 575.

  65. 65.

    Interview with Diana Vargas, a social leader from Cúcuta, Colombia, on December 14, 2019.

  66. 66.

    Villa, Braga and Ferreira, “Violent Non-State Actors and the Emergence of Hybrid Governance in South America”; Duyvesteyn, Isabelle, “Rebels and Legitimacy; An Introduction,” Small Wars & Insurgencies 28 nos. 4–5 (2017),pp. 669–685); Podder, Sukanya, “Understanding the Legitimacy of Armed Groups: A Relational Perspective” Small Wars & Insurgencies 28, nos.4–5 (2017), pp. 686–708.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute of International Relations, Center for Conflict and Peace Studies, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil

    Camila de Macedo Braga

  2. Centre on Conflict, Development and Peacebuilding (CCDP), Graduate Institute, Geneva, Switzerland

    Camila de Macedo Braga

  3. Department of Political Science, Universidade de São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil

    Rafael Antônio Duarte Villa

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  1. Camila de Macedo Braga
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  2. Rafael Antônio Duarte Villa
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  1. Department of International Relations, Federal University of Paraíba (UFPB), João Pessoa, Brazil

    Marcos Alan Ferreira

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Braga, C.d.M., Villa, R.A.D. (2022). Conflict Over Peace in the Southern Cone Borderlands: Hybrid Formations of Security Governance from a Brazilian Perspective. In: Ferreira, M.A. (eds) Peace and Violence in Brazil. Rethinking Peace and Conflict Studies. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-79209-1_2

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