Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Liver Transplantation in Critically Ill Children

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Liver Diseases in the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit

  • 392 Accesses

Abstract

In children as in adults, liver transplantation (LT) is the standard of care for end-stage liver disease. Over the last 20 years, advancement of surgical techniques, with growing surgical expertise with graft reduction and implementation of living-donor LT programs, and improvement of immunosuppression regimens led to a very significant improvement in short- and long-term graft and patient survival. Specialized pre- and posttransplant pediatric intensive care is pivotal to improve pretransplant care and allow for quick identification and management of posttransplant complications, thus playing a crucial role in increasing the overall survival and reducing morbidity. In this chapter we address the main aspects to consider when caring for infants, children, and adolescents before and after LT, with special focus on surgical approaches, patient evaluation and donor selection, pretransplant care and nutritional management, biliary and vascular complications, and immunosuppression and prevention of rejection.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 89.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 119.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Starzl TE, Koep LJ, Schröter GP, Halgrimson CG, Porter KA, Weil R. Liver replacement for pediatric patients. Pediatrics. 1979;63:825–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Colledan M, Camagni S. In: D’Antiga L, editor. Pediatric hepatology and liver transplantation. Springer; 2019. p. 465–85. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-96400-3_27.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  3. Society of Pediatric Liver Transplantation. SPLIT Registry. 2016. Accessed in March 2021 at https://splitdcc.org (data updated to September 21, 2020).

  4. Mogul DB, Luo X, Bowring MG, Chow EK, Massie AB, Schwarz KB, Cameron AM, Bridges JFP, Segev DL. Fifteen-year trends in pediatric liver transplants: split, whole deceased, and living donor grafts. J Pediatrics. 2018;196:148–153.e2.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Kasahara M, Umeshita K, Inomata Y, Uemoto S, Society JLT. Long-term outcomes of pediatric living donor liver transplantation in Japan: an analysis of more than 2200 cases listed in the registry of the Japanese Liver Transplantation Society. Am J Transplant. 2013;13:1830–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Raia S, Nery J, Mies S. Liver transplantation from live donors. Lancet. 1989;334:497.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Kasahara M, Sakamoto S, Fukuda A. In: D’Antiga L, editor. Pediatric hepatology and liver transplantation; 2019. p. 487–513. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-96400-3_28.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  8. Rogiers X, Malagó M, Gawad K, Jauch KW, Olausson M, Knoefel WT, Gundlach M, Bassas A, Fischer L, Sterneck M, Burdelski M, Broelsch CE. In situ splitting of cadaveric livers: the ultimate expansion of a limited donor pool. Ann Surg. 1996;224:331–41.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  9. Rela M, Kaliamoorthy I, Reddy MS. Current status of auxiliary partial orthotopic liver transplantation for acute liver failure. Liver Transpl. 2016;22:1265–74.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Dahm F, Georgiev P, Clavien P. Small-for-size syndrome after partial liver transplantation: definition, mechanisms of disease and clinical implications. Am J Transplant. 2005;5:2605–10.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Urata K, Kawasaki S, Matsunami H, Hashikura Y, Ikegami T, Ishizone S, Momose Y, Komiyama A, Makuuchi M. Calculation of child and adult standard liver volume for liver transplantation. Hepatology. 1995;21:1317–21.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Hsu EK, Shaffer ML, Gao L, Sonnenday C, Volk ML, Bucuvalas J, Lai JC. Analysis of liver offers to pediatric candidates on the transplant wait list. Gastroenterology. 2017;153:988–95.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Rana A, Kueht ML, Nicholas SK, Jindra PT, Himes RW, Desai MS, Cotton RT, Galvan NTN, O’Mahony CA, Goss JA. Pediatric liver transplantation across the ABO blood group barrier: is it an obstacle in the modern era? J Am Coll Surg. 2016;222:681–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Battula NR, Platto M, Anbarasan R, Perera MTPR, Ong E, Roll GR, Neto B-HF, Mergental H, Isaac J, Muiesan P, Sharif K, Mirza DF. Intention to split policy. Ann Surg. 2017;265:1009–15.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Pirenne J, Monbaliu D, Gelder FV, Hees DV, Aerts R, Verslype C, Steenbergen WV, Ferdinande P, Fevery J, Nevens F, Coosemans W, Stockman W, Lormans P. Liver transplantation using livers from septuagenarian and octogenarian donors: an underused strategy to reduce mortality on the waiting list. Transplant Proc. 2005;37:1180–1.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Lüthold SC, Kaseje N, Jannot A, Mentha G, Majno P, Toso C, Belli DC, McLin VA, Wildhaber BE. Risk factors for early and late biliary complications in pediatric liver transplantation. Pediatr Transplant. 2014;18:822–30.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Spitzer AL, Lao OB, Dick AAS, Bakthavatsalam R, Halldorson JB, Yeh MM, Upton MP, Reyes JD, Perkins JD. The biopsied donor liver: incorporating macrosteatosis into high-risk donor assessment. Liver Transpl. 2010;16:874–84.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Everhart JE, Lombardero M, Lake JR, Wiesner RH, Zetterman RK, Hoofnagle JH. Weight change and obesity after liver transplantation: incidence and risk factors. Liver Transpl Surg. 1998;4:285–96.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Cuende N, Miranda B, Cañón JF, Garrido G, Matesanz R. Donor characteristics associated with liver graft survival. Transplantation. 2005;79:1445–52.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Kaseje N, McLin V, Toso C, Poncet A, Wildhaber BE. Donor hypernatremia before procurement and early outcomes following pediatric liver transplantation. Liver Transpl. 2015;21:1076–81.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Feng S, Goodrich NP, Bragg-Gresham JL, Dykstra DM, Punch JD, DebRoy MA, Greenstein SM, Merion RM. Characteristics associated with liver graft failure: the concept of a donor risk index. Am J Transplant. 2006;6:783–90.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Mataya L, Aronsohn A, Thistlethwaite JR, Ross LF. Decision making in liver transplantation—limited application of the liver donor risk index. Liver Transpl. 2014;20:831–7.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  23. Volk ML, Goodrich N, Lai JC, Sonnenday C, Shedden K. Decision support for organ offers in liver transplantation. Liver Transpl. 2015;21:784–91.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  24. Martinelli J, Habes D, Majed L, Guettier C, Gonzalès E, Linglart A, Larue C, Furlan V, Pariente D, Baujard C, Branchereau S, Gauthier F, Jacquemin E, Bernard O. Long-term outcome of liver transplantation in childhood: a study of 20-year survivors. Am J Transplant. 2018;18:1680–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Venick RS, Farmer DG, Soto JR, Vargas J, Yersiz H, Kaldas FM, Agopian VG, Hiatt JR, McDiarmid SV, Busuttil RW. One thousand pediatric liver transplants during thirty years: lessons learned. J Am Coll Surg. 2018;226:355–66.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Kasahara M, Umeshita K, Sakamoto S, Fukuda A, Furukawa H, Sakisaka S, Kobayashi E, Tanaka E, Inomata Y, Kawasaki S, Shimada M, Kokudo N, Egawa H, Ohdan H, Uemoto S, Society, the J. L. T. Living donor liver transplantation for biliary atresia: an analysis of 2085 cases in the registry of the Japanese Liver Transplantation Society. Am J Transplant. 2018;18:659–68.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Cauley RP, Vakili K, Potanos K, Fullington N, Graham DA, Finkelstein JA, Kim HB. Deceased donor liver transplantation in infants and small children: are partial grafts riskier than whole organs? Liver Transpl. 2013;19:721–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Bourdeaux C, Darwish A, Jamart J, Tri TT, Janssen M, Lerut J, Otte J-B, Sokal E, de Goyet JDV, Reding R. Living-related versus deceased donor pediatric liver transplantation: a multivariate analysis of technical and immunological complications in 235 recipients. Am J Transplant. 2007;7:440–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Alexopoulos SP, Nekrasov V, Cao S, Groshen S, Kaur N, Genyk YS, Matsuoka L. Effects of recipient size and allograft type on pediatric liver transplantation for biliary atresia. Liver Transpl. 2017;23:221–33.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Kim WR, Lake JR, Smith JM, Schladt DP, Skeans MA, Noreen SM, Robinson AM, Miller E, Snyder JJ, Israni AK, Kasiske BL. OPTN/SRTR 2017 annual data report: liver. Am J Transplant. 2019;19:184–283.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Diamond IR, Fecteau A, Millis JM, Losanoff JE, Ng V, Anand R, Song C, Group, S. R. Impact of graft type on outcome in Pediatric liver transplantation. Ann Surg. 2007;246:301–10.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  32. Darius T, Rivera J, Fusaro F, Lai Q, de Magnée C, Bourdeaux C, Janssen M, Clapuyt P, Reding R. Risk factors and surgical management of anastomotic biliary complications after pediatric liver transplantation. Liver Transpl. 2014;20:893–903.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Laurence JM, Sapisochin G, DeAngelis M, Seal JB, Miserachs MM, Marquez M, Zair M, Fecteau A, Jones N, Hrycko A, Avitzur Y, Ling SC, Ng V, Cattral M, Grant D, Kamath BM, Ghanekar A. Biliary complications in pediatric liver transplantation: incidence and management over a decade. Liver Transpl. 2015;21:1082–90.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Feier FH, Chapchap P, Pugliese R, da Fonseca EA, Carnevale FC, Moreira AM, Zurstrassen C, Santos AC, Miura IK, Baggio V, Porta A, Guimarães T, Cândido H, Benavides M, Godoy A, Leite KMR, Porta G, Kondo M, Seda-Neto J. Diagnosis and management of biliary complications in pediatric living donor liver transplant recipients. Liver Transpl. 2014;20:882–92.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Bekker J, Ploem S, Jong KPD. Early hepatic artery thrombosis after liver transplantation: a systematic review of the incidence, outcome and risk factors. Am J Transplant. 2009;9:746–57.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Ye H, Zhao Q, Wang Y, Wang D, Zheng Z, Schroder PM, Lu Y, Kong Y, Liang W, Shang Y, Guo Z, He X. Outcomes of technical variant liver transplantation versus whole liver transplantation for pediatric patients: a meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2015;10:e0138202.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Li J, Zu C, Li S, Gao W, Shen Z, Cai J. Effect of graft size matching on pediatric living-donor liver transplantation at a single center. Clin Transpl. 2018;32:e13160.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  38. Ackermann O, Branchereau S, Franchi-Abella S, Pariente D, Chevret L, Debray D, Jacquemin E, Gauthier F, Hill C, Bernard O. The long-term outcome of hepatic artery thrombosis after liver transplantation in children: role of urgent revascularization. Am J Transplant. 2012;12:1496–503.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Kenari SKH, Mirzakhani H, Eslami M, Saidi RF. Current state of the art in management of vascular complications after pediatric liver transplantation. Pediatr Transplant. 2015;19:18–26.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  40. Ueda M, Egawa H, Ogawa K, Uryuhara K, Fujimoto Y, Kasahara M, Ogura Y, Kozaki K, Takada Y, Tanaka K. Portal vein complications in the long-term course after pediatric living donor liver transplantation. Transplant Proc. 2005;37:1138–40.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. de Magnée C, Bourdeaux C, Dobbeleer FD, Janssen M, Menten R, Clapuyt P, Reding R. Impact of pre-transplant liver hemodynamics and portal reconstruction techniques on post-transplant portal vein complications in pediatric liver transplantation. Ann Surg. 2011;254:55–61.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Alvarez F. Portal vein complications after pediatric liver transplantation. Curr Gastroenterol Rep. 2012;14:270–4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. de Magnée C, Veyckemans F, Pirotte T, Menten R, Dumitriu D, Clapuyt P, Carbonez K, Barrea C, Sluysmans T, Sempoux C, Leclercq I, Zech F, Stephenne X, Reding R. Liver and systemic hemodynamics in children with cirrhosis: impact on the surgical management in pediatric living donor liver transplantation. Liver Transpl. 2017;23:1440–50.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Herzog D, Martin SR, Lallier M, Alvarez F. Ascites after orthotopic liver transplantation in children. Pediatr Transplant. 2005;9:74–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Squires RH, Ng V, Romero R, Ekong U, Hardikar W, Emre S, Mazariegos GV. Evaluation of the pediatric patient for liver transplantation: 2014 practice guideline by the american association for the study of liver diseases, american society of transplantation and the north american society for pediatric gastroenterology, hepatolo. Hepatology. 2014;60:362–98.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Wiesner R, Edwards E, Freeman R, Harper A, Kim R, Kamath P, Kremers W, Lake J, Howard T, Merion RM, Wolfe RA, Krom R, Committee, T. U. N. for O. S. L. D. S. S. Model for end-stage liver disease (MELD) and allocation of donor livers. Gastroenterology. 2003;124:91–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. McDiarmid SV, Anand R, Lindblad AS, Group, P. I. and I. of the S. of P. L. T. (SPLIT) R. Development of a pediatric end-stage liver disease score to predict poor outcome in children awaiting liver transplantation. Transplantation. 2002;74:173–81.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Bourdeaux C, Tri TT, Gras J, Sokal E, Otte J-B, de Goyet J, Reding R. PELD score and posttransplant outcome in pediatric liver transplantation: a retrospective study of 100 recipients. Transplantation. 2005;79:1273–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Hsu EK, Mazariegos GV. Global lessons in graft type and pediatric liver allocation: a path toward improving outcomes and eliminating wait-list mortality. Liver Transpl. 2017;23:86–95.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Swenson SM, Roberts JP, Rhee S, Perito ER. Impact of the Pediatric End-Stage Liver Disease (PELD) growth failure thresholds on mortality among pediatric liver transplant candidates. Am J Transplant. 2019;19:3308–18.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  51. Carey EJ, Lai JC, Sonnenday C, Tapper EB, Tandon P, Duarte-Rojo A, Dunn MA, Tsien C, Kallwitz ER, Ng V, Dasarathy S, Kappus M, Bashir MR, Montano-Loza AJ. A North American expert opinion statement on sarcopenia in liver transplantation. Hepatology. 2019;70:1816–29.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Jindal A, Jagdish RK. Sarcopenia: ammonia metabolism and hepatic encephalopathy. Clin Mol Hepatol. 2019;25:270–9.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  53. Córdoba J, López-Hellin J, Planas M, Sabin P, Sanpedro F, Castro F, Esteban R, Guardia J. Normal protein diet for episodic hepatic encephalopathy: results of a randomized study. J Hepatol. 2004;41:38–43.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Nacoti M, Cazzaniga S, Lorusso F, Naldi L, Brambillasca P, Benigni A, Corno V, Colledan M, Bonanomi E, Vedovati S, Buoro S, Falanga A, Lussana F, Barbui T, Sonzogni V. The impact of perioperative transfusion of blood products on survival after pediatric liver transplantation. Pediatr Transplant. 2012;16:357–66.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Shepherd RW, Turmelle Y, Nadler M, Lowell JA, Narkewicz MR, McDiarmid SV, Anand R, Song C, Group, the S. R. Risk factors for rejection and infection in pediatric liver transplantation. Am J Transplant. 2007;8:396–403.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Charlton MR. How important is acute cellular rejection? Liver Transpl. 2013;19:S9–S13.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Kelly D, Jara P, Rodeck B, Lykavieris P, Burdelski M, Becker M, Gridelli B, Boillot O, Manzanares J, Reding R. Tacrolimus and steroids versus ciclosporin microemulsion, steroids, and azathioprine in children undergoing liver transplantation: randomised European multicentre trial. Lancet. 2004;364:1054–61.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Kim WR, Lake JR, Smith JM, Skeans MA, Schladt DP, Edwards EB, Harper AM, Wainright JL, Snyder JJ, Israni AK, Kasiske BL. OPTN/SRTR 2015 annual data report: liver. Am J Transplant. 2017;17:174–251.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Kelly DA, Bucuvalas JC, Alonso EM, Karpen SJ, Allen U, Green M, Farmer D, Shemesh E, McDonald RA, Diseases, A. A. for the S. of L. & Transplantation, A. S. of. Long-term medical management of the pediatric patient after liver transplantation: 2013 practice guideline by the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases and the American Society of Transplantation. Liver Transpl. 2013;19:798–825.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Marc SE, Henedina A, Claire B, Monique B, Pierre W, Ville, de G. J. de, Raymond, R., Magda, J., Paul, B. J. & Bernard, O. J. Early signs and risk factors for the increased incidence of Epstein-Barr virus-related posttransplant lymphoproliferative diseases in pediatric liver transplant recipients treated with tacrolimus. Transplantation. 1997;64:1438–42.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  61. Wisniewski J, Lieberman J, Nowak-Węgrzyn A, Kerkar N, Arnon R, Iyer K, Miloh T. De novo food sensitization and eosinophilic gastrointestinal disease in children post-liver transplantation. Clin Transpl. 2012;26:E365–71.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  62. Spada M, Petz W, Bertani A, Riva S, Sonzogni A, Giovannelli M, Torri E, Torre G, Colledan M, Gridelli B. Randomized trial of basiliximab induction versus steroid therapy in pediatric liver allograft recipients under tacrolimus immunosuppression. Am J Transplant. 2006;6:1913–21.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Reding R, Gras J, Sokal E, Otte J-B, Davies HF. Steroid-free liver transplantation in children. Lancet. 2003;362:2068–70.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Gras JM, Gerkens S, Beguin C, Janssen M, Smets F, Otte J-B, Sokal EM, Reding R. Steroid-free, tacrolimus-basiliximab immunosuppression in pediatric liver transplantation: clinical and pharmacoeconomic study in 50 children. Liver Transpl. 2008;14:469–77.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Segev DL, Sozio SM, Shin EJ, Nazarian SM, Nathan H, Thuluvath PJ, Montgomery RA, Cameron AM, Maley WR. Steroid avoidance in liver transplantation: meta-analysis and meta-regression of randomized trials. Liver Transpl. 2008;14:512–25.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Ng VL, Fecteau A, Shepherd R, Magee J, Bucuvalas J, Alonso E, Mcdiarmid S, Cohen G, Anand R, Group, and the S. of P. L. T. R. Outcomes of 5-year survivors of pediatric liver transplantation: report on 461 children from a North American Multicenter Registry. Pediatrics. 2008;122:e1128–35.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Rubik J, Debray D, Kelly D, Iserin F, Webb NJA, Czubkowski P, Vondrak K, Sellier-Leclerc A, Rivet C, Riva S, Tönshoff B, D’Antiga L, Marks SD, Reding R, Kazeem G, Undre N. Efficacy and safety of prolonged-release tacrolimus in stable pediatric allograft recipients converted from immediate-release tacrolimus – a phase 2, open-label, single-arm, one-way crossover study. Transpl Int. 2019;32:1182–93.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Vondrak K, Parisi F, Dhawan A, Grenda R, Webb NJA, Marks SD, Debray D, Holt RCL, Lachaux A, Kelly D, Kazeem G, Undre N. Efficacy and safety of tacrolimus in de novo pediatric transplant recipients randomized to receive immediate- or prolonged-release tacrolimus. Clin Transpl. 2019;33:e13698.

    Google Scholar 

  69. Demetris AJ, Bellamy C, Hübscher SG, O’Leary J, Randhawa PS, Feng S, Neil D, Colvin RB, McCaughan G, Fung JJ, Bello AD, Reinholt FP, Haga H, Adeyi O, Czaja AJ, Schiano T, Fiel MI, Smith ML, Sebagh M, Tanigawa RY, Yilmaz F, Alexander G, Baiocchi L, Balasubramanian M, Batal I, Bhan AK, Bucuvalas J, Cerski CTS, Charlotte F, Vera ME, ElMonayeri M, Fontes P, Furth EE, Gouw ASH, Hafezi-Bakhtiari S, Hart J, Honsova E, Ismail W, Itoh T, Jhala NC, Khettry U, Klintmalm GB, Knechtle S, Koshiba T, Kozlowski T, Lassman CR, Lerut J, Levitsky J, Licini L, Liotta R, Mazariegos G, Minervini MI, Misdraji J, Mohanakumar T, Mölne J, Nasser I, Neuberger J, O’Neil M, Pappo O, Petrovic L, Ruiz P, Sağol Ö, Fueyo AS, Sasatomi E, Shaked A, Shiller M, Shimizu T, Sis B, Sonzogni A, Stevenson HL, Thung SN, Tisone G, Tsamandas AC, Wernerson A, Wu T, Zeevi A, Zen Y. 2016 comprehensive update of the Banff Working Group on liver allograft pathology: introduction of antibody-mediated rejection. Am J Transplant. 2016;16:2816–35.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Wozniak LJ, Naini BV, Hickey MJ, Bhattacharyya S, Reed EF, Busuttil RW, Farmer DG, Vargas JH, Venick RS, McDiarmid SV. Acute antibody-mediated rejection in ABO-compatible pediatric liver transplant recipients: case series and review of the literature. Pediatr Transplant. 2017;21:e12791.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Bourdeaux C, Pire A, Janssen M, Stéphenne X, Smets F, Sokal EM, de Magnée C, Fusaro F, Reding R. Prope tolerance after pediatric liver transplantation. Pediatr Transplant. 2012;17:59–64.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Feng S, Sanchez-Fueyo A. In: D’Antiga L, editor. Pediatric hepatology and liver transplantation. Springer; 2019. p. 625–52. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-96400-3_36.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  73. Ohe H, Waki K, Yoshitomi M, Morimoto T, Nafady-Hego H, Satoda N, Li Y, Zhao X, Sakaguchi S, Uemoto S, Bishop GA, Koshiba T. Factors affecting operational tolerance after pediatric living-donor liver transplantation: impact of early post-transplant events and HLA match. Transpl Int. 2012;25:97–106.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Feng S, Bucuvalas JC, Demetris AJ, Burrell BE, Spain KM, Kanaparthi S, Magee JC, Ikle D, Lesniak A, Lozano JJ, Alonso EM, Bray RA, Bridges NE, Doo E, Gebel HM, Gupta NA, Himes RW, Jackson AM, Lobritto SJ, Mazariegos GV, Ng VL, Rand EB, Sherker AH, Sundaram S, Turmelle YP, Sanchez-Fueyo A. Evidence of chronic allograft injury in liver biopsies from long-term pediatric recipients of liver transplants. Gastroenterology. 2018;155:1838–1851.e7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Pediatric Hepatology, CHU Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada

    Massimiliano Paganelli

  2. Liver Tissue Engineering and Cell Therapy Laboratory, CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montreal, QC, Canada

    Massimiliano Paganelli

Authors
  1. Massimiliano Paganelli
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Massimiliano Paganelli .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Pediatric Intensive Care Unit - Department of Pediatrics of Sainte Justine Hospital, University of Montreal, Montréal, QC, Canada

    Philippe Jouvet

  2. Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics of Sainte Justine Hospital, University of Montreal, Montréal, QC, Canada

    Fernando Alvarez

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2021 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Paganelli, M. (2021). Liver Transplantation in Critically Ill Children. In: Jouvet, P., Alvarez, F. (eds) Liver Diseases in the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-79132-2_10

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-79132-2_10

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-030-79131-5

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-030-79132-2

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation