Skip to main content

Fire Resistance

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Fire Safety for Very Tall Buildings

Part of the book series: The Society of Fire Protection Engineers Series ((SFPES))

  • 882 Accesses

Abstract

Maintaining structural stability and limiting the spread of fire/smoke throughout the duration of a credible, structurally-severe design fire scenario (e.g., total burnout) are important requirements to satisfying overall fire life safety objectives for any very tall building design. This chapter describes how structural fire safety engineering approaches provide sufficient time for building occupants to exit the building or reach a place of relative safety with minimal fire exposure, enable fire fighting and search-and-rescue activities, and limit fire exposure to people and buildings in the surrounding area.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 79.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 99.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 159.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. ICC®, International Building Code®, Washington, DC, 2021.

    Google Scholar 

  2. UL 263 Fire Tests of Building Construction and Materials, Thirteenth Edition, Northbrook: Underwriters Laboratories Inc, 2003.

    Google Scholar 

  3. NFPA, “NFPA 241, Standard for Safeguarding Construction, Alteration, and Demolition Operations,” NFPA, Quincy, MA, 2019.

    Google Scholar 

  4. CAN/ULC S101, Standard Methods of Fire Endurance Tests of Building Construction and Materials, Fifth Edition, Ottawa: Underwriters Laboratories Canada, 2014.

    Google Scholar 

  5. “Method for determination of the fire resistance of elements of construction,” in BS476 Fire Tests, London, British Standards Institution, 1987, p. Part 20.

    Google Scholar 

  6. ISO 834-11: Fire resistance tests — Elements of building construction, International Organization for Standarization, 2014.

    Google Scholar 

  7. “Part 4: Fire-resistance test of elements of construction,” in Australian Standard, Methods for fire tests on building materials, components and structures, Sydney, Standards Australia, 2005.

    Google Scholar 

  8. NFPA, NFPA 251 Standard Methods of Tests of Fire Endurance of Building Construction and Materials, Quincy, MA: NFPA, 2006.

    Google Scholar 

  9. British Standards Institution , “BS EN 1363-1:2020: Fire resistance tests. General requirements,” BSI, London, February 2020.

    Google Scholar 

  10. British Standards Institution , “BS EN 1364-2:2018: Fire resistance tests for non-loadbearing elements. Ceilings,” BSI, London, February 2018.

    Google Scholar 

  11. British Standards Institution , “BS EN 1365-2:2014: Fire resistance tests for loadbearing elements. Floors and roofs,” BSI, London, February 2014.

    Google Scholar 

  12. British Standards Institute, “BS EN 1366-11:2018: Fire resistance tests for service installations,” BSI, London, February 2018.

    Google Scholar 

  13. UL, “UL Product iQ™,” [Online]. Available: https://www.ul.com/resources/apps/product-iq. [Accessed 17 11 2020].

    Google Scholar 

  14. ASCE/SFPE/SEI 29, Standard Calculations Methods for Structural Fire Protection, Reston: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2005.

    Google Scholar 

  15. J. A. Milke, “Analytical Methods for Determining Fire Resistance of Steel Members,” in SFPE Handbook of Fire Protection Engineering, Gaithersburg, MD, Society of Fire Protection Engineering, 2016.

    Google Scholar 

  16. J. A. Milke, V. Kodur and C. Marrioon, “Appendix A: Overview of Fire Protection in Buildings,” in FEMA 403 - World Trade Center Building Performance Study, Federal Emergency Management Agency, 2002, pp. A1-A28.

    Google Scholar 

  17. “Eurocode 1: Actions on structures (abbreviated (EN 1991), Part 1-2: Actions on structures exposed to fire,” European Commission, Brussels, Belgium, 2002.

    Google Scholar 

  18. BS 5950, Structural Use of Steelwork in Building, London: British Standards Institution, 2003.

    Google Scholar 

  19. BS 8110, Structural Use of Concrete, London: British Standards Institution, 1985.

    Google Scholar 

  20. AS 4100, Steel Structures, Sydney: Standards Australia, 1998/2016.

    Google Scholar 

  21. Standards New Zealand, “AS/NZS 2327:2017: Composite structures - Composite steel-concrete construction in buildings,” Standards New Zealand, Wellington, 2017.

    Google Scholar 

  22. NZS 3404, Steel Structures, Wellington: Standards New Zealand, 2009.

    Google Scholar 

  23. A. S. Usami, Behavior of Steel Framed Structures Under Fire Conditions, Edinburgh: University of Edinburgh, 2000.

    Google Scholar 

  24. SFPE, S.01, Engineering Standard on Calculating Fire Exposures to Structures, Gaithersburg, MD: SFPE, 2010.

    Google Scholar 

  25. SFPE, S.02,Engineering Standard on Calculation Methods to Predict the Thermal Performance of Structural and Fire Resistive Assemblies, Gaithersburg, MD: SFPE, 2015.

    Google Scholar 

  26. ASCE, SEI/ASCE 7 - Minimum Design Loads and Associated Criteria for Buildings and Other Structures, Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2016.

    Google Scholar 

  27. J. M. Franssen and N. Iwankiw, “Structural Fire Engineering of Building Assemblies and Frames,” in SFPE Handbook of Fire Protection Engineering, Gaithersburg, MD, Society of Fire Protection Engineers, 2016.

    Google Scholar 

  28. European Commission, “Eurocode 2: Design of concrete structures,” European Commission, Brussels, 1992.

    Google Scholar 

  29. European Commission, “Eurocode 4: Design of composite steel and concrete structures,” European Commission, Brussels, 1994.

    Google Scholar 

  30. D. Parkinson, V. Kodur and P. D. Sullivan, Performance-Based Design of Structural Steel for Fire Conditions: A Calculation Methodology, Reston: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2008.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  31. A. Buchanan and A. Abu, Structural Design for Fire Safety 2nd ed, West Sussex: John Wiley & Sons, 2017.

    Google Scholar 

  32. ISO, ISO/TR 3956:1975 Principles of structural fire-engineering design with special regard to the connection between real fire exposure and the heating conditions of the standard fire-resistance test, International Organization for Standardization, 1975.

    Google Scholar 

  33. ASCE Manuals and Report on Engineering Practice No. 138, Structural Fire Engineering, American Society of Civil Engineering, 2018.

    Google Scholar 

  34. ASCE Manuals and Report on Engineering Practice No. 78, Structural Fire Engineering, American Society of Civil Engineers, 1992.

    Google Scholar 

  35. Joint ACI/TMS Comm, ACI 216.1-14 Code Requirements for Determining Fire Resistance of Concrete and Masonry Construction Assemblies, American Concrete Institute, 2019.

    Google Scholar 

  36. ASCE, Performance-Based Structural Fire Design: Exemplar Designs of Four Regionally Diverse Buildings using ASCE 7-16, Appendix E, Reston, VA, 2020.

    Google Scholar 

  37. AISC, “AISC 360-16. Specification for Structural Steel Buildings,” Specification for Structural Steel Buildings, Chicago, IL, 2016.

    Google Scholar 

  38. J. Gross, N. Iwankiw and M. Johann, “Structural Fire Engineering: Overview and Application Examples of Appendix 4 of AISC Specification,” Engineering Journal, American Institute of Steel Construction, vol. 50, pp. 273-290, 2013.

    Google Scholar 

  39. D. Moore, C. Bailey, T. Lennon and Y. Wang, Designers' Guide to EN 1991-1-2, EN 1992-1-2, EN 1993-1-2 and EN 1994-1-2, London: ICE Publishing, 2007.

    Google Scholar 

  40. S. P. Hunt, J. Cutonilli and M. J. Hurley, “Evaluation of Enclosure Temperature Empirical Models,” Society of Fire protection Engineers, Bethesda, 2010.

    Google Scholar 

  41. O. Pettersson, S. Magnusson and J. Thor, “Fire Engineering Design of Steel Structures,” Swedish Institute of Steel Construction, 1976.

    Google Scholar 

  42. V. Babrauskas and R. B. Williamson, “Post-Flashover Compartment Fires—Application of a Theoretical Model,” Fire and Materials, vol. 3, no. 1, 1976.

    Google Scholar 

  43. J. F. Cadorin and J. M. Franssen, “A Tool to Design Steel Elements Submitted to Compartment Fires - Ozone V2 - Part 1: Pre and Post-Flashover Compartment Fire Mode,” Fire Safety Journal, vol. 38, no. 5, pp. 395-427, 2003.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  44. S. E. Magnusson and S. Thelandersson, “Temperature-time curves of complete process of fire development,” Lund Institute of Technology, Stockholm, 1970.

    Google Scholar 

  45. ASTM, “ASTM E119-19: Standard Test Methods for Fire Tests of Building Construction and Materials,” ASTM, West Conshohocken, PA, 2019.

    Google Scholar 

  46. V. Babrauskas, “Post-Flashover Compartment Fires—Application of a Theoretical Model,” Fire Safety Journal, vol. 4, pp. 63-73, 1981.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  47. “Part 1.2 General Actions – Actions on Structures Exposed to Fire,” in Eurocode 1: Actions on Structures, London, British Standard Institute, 2002.

    Google Scholar 

  48. T. T. Lie, “Characteristic Temperature Curves for Various Fire Severities,” Fire Technology, vol. 10, no. 4, pp. 15-326, 1974.

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  49. Z. Ma and P. Mäkeläinen, “Parametric Temperature-Time Curves of Medium Compartment Fires for Structural Design,” Fire Safety Journal, vol. 34, no. 4, pp. 361-375, 2000.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  50. Fire Safe Structural Steel - A Design Guide, Washington, DC: American Iron and Steel Institute, 1979.

    Google Scholar 

  51. B. Y. Lattimer, “Heat Transfer from Fires to Surfaces,” in SFPE Handbook of Fire Protection Engineering, Gaithersburg, MD, Society of Fire Protection Engineers, 2016.

    Google Scholar 

  52. R. D. Peacock, W. W. Jone, G. P. Forney and P. A. Reneke, CFAST – Consolidated Model of Fire Growth and Smoke Transport (Version 6) User’s Guide, Gaithersburg: Nation Institute of Standards and Technology, 2005.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  53. C. A. Wade, “‘B-Risk User Guide and Technical Manual’ BRANZ Study Report SR282,” BRANZ Ltd, Porirua City, 2013.

    Google Scholar 

  54. K. B. McGrattan, R. McDermott, S. Hostikka and J. Floyd, Fire Dynamics Simulator (Version 5) User's Guide, Gaithersburg: National Institute of Standards and Technology, 2010.

    Google Scholar 

  55. J. Ewer, E. R. Galea, M. K. Patel, S. Taylor, B. Knight and M. Petridis, “SMARTFIRE: An Intelligent CFD Based Fire Model,” Journal of Fire Protection Engineering, vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 13-27, 1999.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  56. “Final Report on the Collapse of the World Trade Center Towers,” National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, 2005.

    Google Scholar 

  57. X. Dai, S. Welch and A. Usm, “A critical review of “travelling fire” scenarios for performance-based structural engineering,” Fire Safety Journal, pp. 568-578, 2017.

    Google Scholar 

  58. SFPE, SFPE Handbook of Fire Protection Engineering, 5th edition, Gaithersburg, MD: SFPE, 2016.

    Google Scholar 

  59. H. Mostafaei, P. Leroux and P. S. Lafrance, “Hybrid Fire Testing for Performance Evaluation of Structures in Fire - Part 2: Application,” NRC Canada, Ottawa, 2011.

    Google Scholar 

  60. R. Gerard, D. Barber and A. Wolski, Fire safety challenges of tall wood buildings – Part 1, Quincy: Fire Protection Research Foundation and Arup North America, 2013.

    Google Scholar 

  61. D. Brandon and B. Ostman, Fire safety challenges of tall wood buildings – Part 2, Quincy: Fire Protection Research Foundation and Arup North America, 2016.

    Google Scholar 

  62. J. Su and P. Lafrance, “Fire safety challenges of tall wood buildings – Phase 2: Task 2 & 3 – Development and Implementation of Cross Laminated Timber (CLT) Compartment Fire Tests,” Fire Protection Research Foundation, Quincy, MA, 2018.

    Google Scholar 

  63. “Fire safety challenges of tall wood buildings – Phase 2: Task 4 – Engineering Methods,” Fire Protection Research Foundation, Quincy, MA, 2018.

    Google Scholar 

  64. “Fire safety challenges of tall wood buildings – Phase 2: Task 5 – Experimental Study of Delamination of Cross Laminated Timber (CLT) in Fire,” Fire Protection Research Foundation, Quincy, MA, 2018.

    Google Scholar 

  65. E. Rackauskaite, P. Kotsovinos and D. Barber, “Letter to the Editor: Design Fires for Open-Plan Buildings with Exposed Mass-Timber Ceiling,” ire Technology, 2020.

    Google Scholar 

  66. J. Su, P. Leroux, P. Lafrance, R. Berzins, K. Gratton, E. Gibbs and M. Weinfurter, “Fire Testing of Rooms withExposed Wood Surfaces inEncapsulated Mass TimberConstruction,” NRC Canada, Ottawa, 2018.

    Google Scholar 

  67. S. Zelinka, L. E. Hasburgh, K. J. Bourne, D. Tucholski and J. P. Ouellette, “Compartment Fire Testing of a Two-story Mass Timber Building, Gen. Tech. Rep. FPL-GTR-247,” U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, WI, 2018.

    Google Scholar 

  68. C. Fleischmann, “Analytical Methods for Determining Fire Resistance of Concrete Members,” in SFPE Handbook of Fire Protection Engineering, Gaithersburg, Society of Fire Protection Engineers, 2016.

    Google Scholar 

  69. ASTM, ASTM E 605/E605M-19, Standard Test Methods for Thickness and Density of Sprayed Fire-Resistive Material Applied to Structural Members, West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM, 2019.

    Google Scholar 

  70. ASTM, ASTM E 736/E736M—19, Test Method for Cohesion/Adhesion of Sprayed Fire-Resistive Materials Applied to Structural Members, West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM, 2019.

    Google Scholar 

  71. ASTM, ASTM E 759/E759M—92 (2020), Test Method for Effect of Deflection of Sprayed Fire-Resistive Material Applied to Structural Members. (NOTE: Laboratory test for SFRM applied to the underside of roof decks and structural members), West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM, 2020.

    Google Scholar 

  72. ASTM, ASTM E 760/E760M-92 (2020), Test Method for Effect of Impact on Bonding of Sprayed Fire-Resistive Material Applied to Structural Members. (NOTE: Laboratory test for SFRM applied to the underside of roof decks and structural members), West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM, 2020.

    Google Scholar 

  73. ASTM, ASTM E 761/E761M-92 (2020), Test Method for Compressive Strength of Sprayed Fire-Resistive Material Applied to Structural Members. NOTE: Laboratory procedure., West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM, 2020.

    Google Scholar 

  74. ASTM, ASTM E 859/E859M—93 (2020), Test Method for Air Erosion of Sprayed Fire-Resistive Materials Applied to Structural Members. NOTE: Laboratory procedure, West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM, 2020.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Consortia

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2022 Society for Fire Protection Engineers

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

International Code Council. (2022). Fire Resistance. In: Fire Safety for Very Tall Buildings. The Society of Fire Protection Engineers Series. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-79014-1_12

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-79014-1_12

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-030-79013-4

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-030-79014-1

  • eBook Packages: EngineeringEngineering (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics