Abstract
Starting from the triumvirate of Durkheim, Marx, and Weber, this chapter examines the various ways the category of “experience” operates in classical theoretical understandings and explanations of religion. Despite important differences, we argue that what the classical forebearers share is an understanding of “religious experience” as a product of a sociocultural mediation between situated subjectivities and transcendent meaning structures. We then take these early proto-theorizations of religious experience and connect them to more contemporary studies, illustrating how the passage between subjectivity and symbolism is itself mediated via complex configurations of interpretive forms, bodily practices and techniques, and material artifacts. Religious experience, in this view, is neither completely individualistic nor culturally universal, but can be theorized as socially and culturally assembled via its passage through various material, corporeal, and interpretive media. Building from but also extending the classics, we advocate for a revived sociology of religious experience that approaches the phenomena in medias res. We argue that such an approach not only helps reclaim the category of “religious experience” for sociological analysis, but also opens up new questions and lines of inquiry for the sociology of religion more generally.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Ammerman, N.T. 2003. Religious identities and religious institutions. In Handbook of the sociology of religion, ed. M. Dillon, 207–224. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Antonova, C. 2010. Space, time, and presence in the icon: seeing the world with the eyes of God. Burlington, VT: Ashgate.
Archer, M.S. 2003. Structure, agency, and the internal conversation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Asad, T. 1993. Genealogies of religion: disciplines and reasons of power in Christianity and Islam. Baltimore, MD: John Hopkins University Press.
———. 2003. Formations of the secular: Christianity, Islam, modernity. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
Asad, T., W. Brown, J. Butler, and S. Mahmood. 2013. Is critique secular?: Blasphemy, injury, and free speech. Bronx, NY: Fordham University Press.
Beckford, J.A. 1978. Accounting for conversion. British Journal of Sociology 29: 249–262.
Bender, Courtney. 2007. Touching the transcendent: rethinking religious experience in the sociological study of religion. In Everyday religion: observing modern religious lives, ed. N. Ammerman, 201–218. New York: Oxford University Press.
Bender, C. 2010. The new metaphysicals: spirituality and the American religious imagination. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Bender, C., P. Levitt, D. Smilde, and W. Cadge. 2013. Religion on the edge: de-centering and re-centering the sociology of religion. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Berger, P. 1967. The sacred canopy: elements of a sociological theory of religion. Garden City, NY: Doubleday.
Berger, P., and T. Luckmann. 1966. The social construction of reality: a treatise in the sociology of knowledge. Garden City, NY: Doubleday.
Bourdieu, P. 1977. Outline of a theory of practice. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Brenneman, R., and B.J. Miller. 2016. When bricks matter: four arguments for the sociological study of religious buildings. Sociology of Religion 77 (1): 82–101.
Bruner, Jerome S. 1986. Actual minds, possible worlds. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Butler, J. 2011. Is Judaism Zionism? In The power of religion in the public sphere, ed. E. Mendieta and J. Vanantwerpen, 70–91. New York: Columbia University Press.
Carr, D. 1991. Time, narrative, and history. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
Chen, C. 2008. Getting saved in America: Taiwanese immigration and religious experience. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Christensen, H.R., I.M. Hoeg, L. Kuhle, and M. Nordin. 2019. Rooms of silence at three universities in Scandinavia. Sociology of Religion 80: 299–322.
Collins, R. 2004. Interaction ritual chains. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
———. 2011. The micro-sociology of religion: religious practices, collective and individual. The Association of Religion Data Archives Guiding Paper Series. http://www.thearda.com/rrh/papers/guidingpapers.asp. Accessed 1 August 2019.
Daniel, V.E. 1984. Fluid signs: being a person the Tamil way. Berkeley: University of California Press.
DeGloma, T. 2014. Seeing the light: the social logic of personal discovery. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
DeNora, T. 2000. Music in everyday life. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Durkheim, E. 1961. The elementary forms of the religious life. New York: Collier Books.
———. 2010. Sociology and philosophy. New York: Routledge.
Edgell, P. 2012. A cultural sociology of religion: new directions. Annual Review of Sociology 38: 247–265.
Fessenden, T. 2006. Culture and redemption: religion, the secular, and American literature. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Foucault, M. 1997. Technologies of the self. In Ethics: subjectivity and truth, ed. Paul Rabinow, 223–251. New York: New Press.
Gallagher, S.K. 2005. Building traditions: comparing space, ritual, and community in three congregations. Review of Religious Research 47: 70–85.
Geertz, C. 1973. The interpretation of cultures. New York: Basic books.
———. 1983. Local knowledge: further essays in interpretive anthropology. New York: Basic Books.
Goffman, E. 1967. Interaction ritual: essays on face -to-face behavior. New York: Pantheon Books.
———. 1974. Frame analysis: an essay on the organization of experience. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Gorski, P., and J. Guhin. 2017. The ongoing plausibility of Peter Berger: sociological thoughts on The Sacred Canopy at fifty. Journal of the American Academy of Religion 85: 1118–1131.
Harding, Susan. 1987. Convicted by the holy spirit: the rhetoric of fundamental Baptist conversion. American Ethnologist 14: 167–181.
Heider, A., and R.S. Warner. 2010. Bodies in sync: interaction ritual theory applied to Sacred Harp singing. Sociology of Religion 71: 76–97.
Hurd, E.S. 2015. Beyond religious freedom: the new global politics of religion. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Jain, A. 2014. Selling yoga: from counterculture to pop culture. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
James, W. 2003. The varieties of religious experience: a study in human nature. London: Routledge.
Keane, W. 2003. Semiotics and the social analysis of material things. Language and Communication 23: 409–425.
———. 2007. Christian moderns: freedom and fetish in the mission encounter. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Kilde, J. H. 2008. Sacred power, sacred space: An introduction to Christian architecture and worship. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Konieczny, M.E. 2009. Sacred places, domestic spaces: material culture, church, and home at our lady of the assumption and St. Brigitta. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 48: 419–442.
Kucinskas, J. 2018. The mindful elite: mobilizing from the inside out. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Lakoff, G., and M. Johnson. 2008. Metaphors we live by. Chicago: University of Chicago press.
Latour, B. 1999. Pandora’s hope: essays on the reality of science studies. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
———. 2005. Reassembling the social: an introduction to actor-network-theory. New York: Oxford University Press.
Lester, R.J. 2005. Jesus in our wombs: embodying modernity in a Mexican convent. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Lofland, J., and R. Stark. 1965. Becoming a world-saver: a theory of conversion to a deviant perspective. American Sociological Review 30: 862–875.
Mahmood, S. 2005. Politics of piety: the Islamic revival and the feminist subject. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Mahmood, S., and P.G. Danchin. 2014. Immunity or regulation? Antinomies of religious freedom. South Atlantic Quarterly 113: 129–159.
Marx, Karl. 1977. Critique of Hegel’s ‘philosophy of right’. New York: Cambridge University Press.
———. 1990. Capital: Volume 1. New York: Penguin Classics.
Mauss, M. 1973. Techniques of the body. Economy and Society 2: 70–88.
McDonnell, T. 2010. Cultural objects as objects: materiality, urban space, and the interpretation of AIDS campaigns in Accra, Ghana. American Journal of Sociology 115: 1800–1852.
McKinnon, A.M. 2005. Reading ʽopium of the peopleʼ: expression, protest and the dialectics of religion. Critical Sociology 31: 15–38.
McRoberts, O.M. 2004. Beyond Mysterium Tremendum: thoughts toward an aesthetic study of religious experience. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 595: 190–203.
Mead, G. Herbert. 1934. Mind self and society: from the standpoint of a social behaviorist. Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago press.
Meyer, B. 2009. Aesthetic formations: media, religion, and the senses. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Miller, N.P. 2012. The religious roots of the first amendment: dissenting protestants and the separation of Church and state. New York: Oxford University Press.
Morgan, D. 1998. Visual piety: a history and theory of popular religious images. Berkeley: University of California Press.
———. 2010. Religion and material culture: the matter of belief. New York: Routledge.
———. 2012. The embodied eye: religious visual culture and the social life of feeling. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Neitz, M.J., and J.V. Spickard. 1990. Steps toward a sociology of religious experience: the theories of Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi and Alfred Schutz. Sociological Analysis 51: 15–33.
Nelson, T. 2005. Every time I fell the spirit: religious experience and ritual in an African American Church. New York: New York University Press.
Orsi, R.A. 1998. Thank you, St. Jude: women’s devotion to the patron saint of hopeless causes. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
———. 2005. Between heaven and earth: the religious worlds people make and the scholars who study them. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Otto, R. [1917] 1958. The idea of the Holy (Das Heilige). London: Oxford University Press.
Pagis, M. 2009. Embodied self-reflexivity. Social Psychology Quarterly 72 (3): 265–283.
———. 2010. From abstract concepts to experiential knowledge: embodying enlightenment in a meditation center. Qualitative Sociology 33: 469–489.
———. 2013. Religious self-constitution: a relational perspective. In Religion on the edge, ed. C. Bender, P. Levitt, D. Smilde, and W. Cadge. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
———. 2015. Evoking equanimity: silent interaction rituals in Vipassana meditation retreats. Qualitative Sociology 38: 37–56.
———. 2019. Inward: Vipassana meditation and the embodiment of the self. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Preston, D. 1988. The social organization of Zen practice: constructing transcultural reality. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Proudfoot, W. 1985. Religious experience. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
Richardson, J.T. 1978. Conversion careers: in and out of the new religions. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Ricoeur, P. 1984. Time and narrative. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
———. 1992. Oneself as another. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Riesebrodt, M. 2010. The promise of salvation: a theory of religion. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Sharf, R.H. 1998. Experience. In Critical terms in religious studies, ed. M.C. Taylor, 94–116. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Smilde, D. 2013. Reason to believe: cultural agency in Latin American Evangelicalism. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
Smilde, D., and M. May. 2010. The emerging strong program in the sociology of religion. In Social Science Research Council Working Papers. New York: Social Science Research Council.
———. 2015. Causality, normativity, and diversity in 40 years of U.S. sociology of religion: contributions to paradigmatic reflection. Sociology of Religion 76: 369–388.
Stark, R., and W.S. Bainbridge. 1980. Networks of faith: interpersonal bonds and recruitment to cults. American Journal of Sociology 85: 1376–1395.
Stromberg, P.G. 1993. Language and self-transformation: a study of the Christian conversion narrative. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Sullivan, Winnifred Fallers. 2005. The impossibility of religious freedom. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Summers-Effler, E. 2010. Laughing saints and righteous heroes: emotional rhythms in social movement groups. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Surak, K. 2012. Making tea, making Japan: cultural nationalism in practice. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
Taves, A. 2009. Religious experience reconsidered: a building-block approach to the study of religion and other special things. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
———. 2016. Revelatory events: three case studies in the emergence of new spiritual paths. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Tavory, I., and D. Winchester. 2012. Experiential careers: the routinization and de-routinization of religious life. Theory and Society 41: 351–373.
Taylor, Bryan. 1976. Conversion and cognition: an area for empirical study in the microsociology of religious knowledge. Social Compass 23 (1): 5–22.
Weber, M. [1922] 1991. The sociology of religion. Boston, MA: Beacon Press.
———. 1958. From Max Weber: essays in sociology. New York: Oxford University Press.
Winchester, D. 2008. Embodying the faith: religious practice and the making of a Muslim moral habitus. Social Forces 86: 1753–1780.
———. 2015. Converting to continuity: temporality and self in Eastern Orthodox conversion narratives. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 54 (3): 439–460.
———. 2016a. Religion as theoretical case, lens, and resource for critique: three ways social theory can learn from the study of religion. Sociology of Religion 77: 241–260.
———. 2016b. A hunger for God: embodied metaphor as cultural cognition in action. Social Forces 95: 585–606.
———. 2017. “A part of who I am”: material objects as “plot devices” in the formation of religious selves. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 56 (1): 83–103.
Winchester, D., and K. Green. 2019. Talking your self into it: how and when accounts shape motivation for action. Sociological Theory 37: 257–281.
Winchester, D., and M. Pagis. 2021. Sensing the sacred: religious experience, somatic inversions, and the religious education of attention. Sociology of Religion. https://doi.org/10.1093/socrel/srab004
Yamane, D. 2000. Narrative and religious experience. Sociology of Religion 61: 171–189.
Zubrzycki, G. 2013. Aesthetic revolt and the remaking of national identity in Quebec, 1960–1969. Theory and Society 42 (5): 423–475.
———. 2016. Beheading the Saint: nationalism, religion, and secularism in Quebec. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2021 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Pagis, M., Winchester, D. (2021). Mediating the Sacred: Thinking Through Religious Experience in the Classics and Beyond. In: Abrutyn, S., Lizardo, O. (eds) Handbook of Classical Sociological Theory. Handbooks of Sociology and Social Research. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-78205-4_13
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-78205-4_13
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-78204-7
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-78205-4
eBook Packages: Social SciencesSocial Sciences (R0)