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Part of the book series: Amsterdam Studies in Jewish Philosophy ((ASJT,volume 18))

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Abstract

The chapter presents a translation, revision, and update of the chapter on Christian philosophical writings in Hebrew from Moritz Steinschneider’s 1893 Die hebraeischen Uebersetzungen des Mittelalters und die Juden als Dolmetscher (The Hebrew Translations of the Middle Ages and Jews as Interpreters). Steinschneider presented an alphabetical listing of Christian philosophers whose works were translated into Hebrew in the Middle Ages and a report of the manuscript findings. Since the Hebrew translations of Christian philosophy have been the subject of much research in the past few decades, the chapter provides a complete inventory of the manuscripts, up-to-date identifications of works and authors, and a summary of the scholarship since Steinschneider.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Steinschneider 1883a, 81 (Schorr 1880, 82, has עלי); cf. Isaac Albalag (Schorr 1859b, 90); see §165 and §280.

  2. 2.

    According to Reuter 1875, II, 31, the disputations held during the reign of Frederic II served purposes other than religious understanding. – Helfferich 1858, 98, talks about translations from Latin “in the hundreds!”

    2b Joseph ibn Shem Tov’s commentary on Crescas 1860, 28 [Crescas 1990, 65]; Bibago 1521, 47; Steinschneider 1883a, 81.

    2c Cf. Neubauer and Cowley 1886, 673/4 עם היות אחריתם דרכי מות; Levi b. Abraham, (Geiger 1853), 21, refers the ambitious Jewish hair-splitters to the Christian legal compendia. On the other hand, Reuter 1875, II, 14, characterizes Abelard’s dialectical theology, innovation-crazy as it was, as the source of all evil.

  3. 3.

    Zunz 1875, 181; כתב ג’ Güdemann 1880, III, 84; לשון טומאה; Steinschneider 1881d, 105; cf. §26, n. 194 above.

  4. 4.

    Various authors cite Latin translations of the Bible; one is, however, not entitled to deduce from this a knowledge of Latin for everyone of them (Steinschneider 1857a, 318 n. 30a). Joseph Kaspi wrote an apologetical treatise that demonstrates, on the occasion of a discussion with a הגמון (Peyron 1880, 120: Episcopus nomine ut videtur Massiminus?), the inferiority of the Latin Bible translation (Steinschneider 1855b, 65; cf. Wolf 1715–1733, IV, 855 no. 11, not noted by Pasinus); for Joseph’s knowledge of Latin cf. also Steinschneider 1855b, 61 n. 3 רתוקות (identical with פרקים), quoted in the dictionary (Dukes 1857b, 103, 104, where Dukes identifies צרור הכסף; however, in Steinschneider 1855b, 71 n. 261 l. 16: “the books”, read: the פרקים in רתוקות; Rome, Biblioteca Angelica Or. 60 has פרקים before שרשרות); cf. also Schiller-Szinessy 1876, 206, 208, 209.

  5. 5.

    See the quotations in Steinschneider 1880d, 87; cf. Steinschneider 1852a, 140.

  6. 6.

    See Steinschneider 1884b, 49.

  7. 7.

    According to Joseph (Crescas 1860, 18 [Crescas 1990, 53]) the treatise is earlier than אור ה′ (composed 1405, hardly 1410); Abravanel, שמים חדשים f. 28, on the other hand, presumes that Ḥasdai learned the הפלת ההפלה after writing the אור ה’ and therefore returned to Levi’s view, which had been rejected in אור. Joël 1866, (cf. p. 82) does not know of the polemical writing. Ḥasdai died before the [Tortosa] disputation; his successor was Zerehiah b. Isaac ha-Levy, called Saladin and Ferrer; Loeb 1888, 9, 73 (reprinted from REJ) overlooked the citations above, p. 328, where one should read אנפיריר, etc. in Neubauer and Cowley 1886, no. 1984, p. 676 D.15, E.1.

  8. 8.

    The title מאמר הנבדל in Munk represents an erroneous reading of הנכבד; Steinschneider 1883b, 476.

  9. 9.

    For the epigraph, missing from the printed edition, cf. Steinschneider 1860c, 3.

  10. 10.

    Ḥasdai quotes from the Ethics, Physics, and Metaphysics of Aristotle (12, 15, 47–49) and talks about the antipopes (37, read: ראשים). Joseph quotes Aristotle, Posterior Analytics (29, read: בא’), De caelo (19, 32), De anima (30), Metaphysics (21, 29 30) ; Averroes, Commentary on the Physics (27), De anima (27), the Compendium (29), Metaphysics XI (19) אגרת אפשרות הדבקות (29), Abū Ḥāmid (al-Ghazālī) and Averroes in הפלת הפיל’ and הפלת ההפלות (17, 19); שהבדילנו מן התועים (preface, line 5) is from al-Ghazālī.

  11. 11.

    Zedner 1867, 175 [suggests the 1860 date for the printed edition], whereas Steinschneider 1860c: “1862b?”

  12. 12.

    In the end of the printed edition read באגרת אנפר’ and .. והיתי... לפ’ אגרת (?) עשה לקיים סברתו.

  13. 13.

    References: Jourdain and Jourdain 1843, 99, 283 (mss.), 301; Steinschneider 1864h, 172; Cantor 1863, 268; Leclerc 1876, II, 394; Wüstenfeld 1877, 20; Kindī has to be substituted by Jaʿfar in Steinschneider 1871e, 362 note. On Euclid, see Part II [below, i.e., Mathematics].

  14. 14.

    Liber aggregationis, seu Liber secretorum, etc., of which the Bodleian Catalogue (Bandinel 1843–1851, I, 34) indicates Naples 1493; London without year; Quarto ed. without place and year; and Antwerp (?). Whether all these editions contain Adelard’s Quaestiones? See n. 15.

  15. 15.

    Bandinel 1843–1851 I, 16 sub Adelard (not sub Scotus III, 423); Hain 1826–1838, I, 59, no. 531, 532, 533, indicates three editions of Albert and Adelard in the Netherlands, without year, the latest around 1485, a reference sub Adelard, 11. According to the Bodleian catalogue, Adelard has been printed four times together with the lib. aggreg. of Albertus Magnus.

  16. 16.

    Quoted in Albert super mathem. (read: meteor.?).

  17. 17.

    Steinschneider 1879c, 92.

  18. 18.

    Chrysippus (!) Dukes 1839; cf. Steinschneider 1876g, 28; Qarsef in Zotenberg 1866, no. 1136.

  19. 19.

    For Berechiah ha-Naqdan see Steinschneider 1883c (separate publication in 25 copies), where more sources are given.

  20. 20.

    Steinschneider 1860b, 16; Steinschneider 1877a, 93; and ibid., 80, for Günther 1887, 113.

  21. 21.

    See Steinschneider 1852a, 31. – For Aegidius see Hauréau 1872, II, 2, 165.

    21b נוסח כתב ששלח מחברו.

  22. 22.

    For sources, see Günther 1887, 142. (Albert de Saxonia is a different person, ibid., 171); Bach 1881, in which he discusses Albert the Great’s relationship to the theory of knowledge of the Greeks, Latins, Arabs (85 ff.), and Jews (163–80) (cf. Bach’s celebratory speech in the Augsburger Allgemeine Zeitung 1880, no. 320–23); Haneberg 1866 (and separate offprint, 1866) quarto. On De causis (Bach, 182 ff.) see above §140 ff., on Maimonides (Joel) see above §250, for general information, cf. Sighart 1857. Cf. also Steinschneider 1871e, containing an identification of the writings quoted therein. Abravanel 1828, f. 15, calls Albert גדול מגדוליהם; but on f. 23b אל ברטוש read: אלבטרוגי, see §341.

  23. 23.

    נוה שלום, Shalom 1539, Shalom 1574. This work contains a wealth of quotations from the translation literature; for the writings of Aristotle (Posterior Analytics, Physica, De generatione, De caelo, Meteora, מחצבים, De animalibus, De anima, De sensu, De somno et vigilia, Metaphysica, Ethica) the intermediary source is probably Averroes whose Compendium De anima, Animalia, De substantia orbis, he quotes; more details elsewhere.

  24. 24.

    Brüll 1879, 178.

  25. 25.

    Benjacob and Steinschneider 1880, 22 n. 455.

  26. 26.

    Beginning (Hamburg) הפילוסופיא נחלק’ לג’ חלקים.

  27. 27.

    Rieti 1851, 107.

  28. 28.

    Commentary to סמים לביים (Cardiaca) of Avicenna, Oxford, Bodl. Ms. Mich. Add. 16.

  29. 29.

    בפלאות העולם (Alemanno 1790, f. 5b).

  30. 30.

    Messer Leon 1577, f. 12b.

  31. 31.

    לפי הנסחא החדשה, ibid. f. 86b. – Zunz 1841, 139 presents the passage.

    31b Neubauer and Cowley 1886, 679, for f. 165.

  32. 32.

    Wolf 1715–1733, I, 638; Steinschneider 1852a, 803 n. 1615; see n. 35.

    32b Jourdain 1861, also in Jourdain 1888, 1–68. De consolatione presents, according to Reuter 1875, I, 176, “arguments of eclectic popular philosophy rather than Christian ideas.”

  33. 33.

    Hottinger 1658, 28. Ben Banschat in Bartolocci and Wolf 1715–1733, no. 2051; De Rossi 1839, 56.

  34. 34.

    Steinschneider 1865c, Kayserling 1865, Steinschneider 1879c, 91, Steinschneider 1870f, 83; Steinschneider 1876g.

  35. 35.

    Benjacob and Steinschneider 1880, 340, no. 1490.

  36. 36.

    נעים is a eulogy; Neubauer 1882a, 42.

  37. 37.

    For Antonio, 355, he quotes “Catal. Barcin.” and indicates: “translated and furnished with a commentary”!

  38. 38.

    Dukes 1849, 315; cf. IV, 340, and Steinschneider 1865c, 85.

  39. 39.

    Neubauer 1882a, 43, reads Maestrata di Montefalatra.

  40. 40.

    Neubauer presumes: from the family of the translators which, however, continues to exist in 1399 in the Provence.

  41. 41.

    אשר שכל דבר (Dukes 1849, 315) read בלי שכל? See Maimonides §481, 4.

  42. 42.

    Cf. Steinschneider 1874f, 1875d, 1876h.

  43. 43.

    Begins: אמר...האחדות הוא שבו יאמר כל דבר אחד וזה כי אם יהיה פשוט ואם מורכב או רוחני או גופני הוא אחד באחדות; Latin (in Boethius 1860, 1075): “Unitas est qua unaquaeque res dicitur esse una: sive enim sit simplex, sive composita, sive spiritualis, sive corporea, res unitate una est”; ends: א”כ האחדת הוא מה שבו דבר אחד ומה שהוא; “Unitas igitur est qua unaquaeque res una est, et est id quod est; nix et cygnus” (1078) השלג והציגנוס; discretae and continuae מתפרקות and מתדבקות.

  44. 44.

    §31, 84, and above, 125.

  45. 45.

    ולזה יאמר בואיסיו בס’ ההבדלים במבוא שאינו צודק במציאות האיש; Berlin, SPK Or. Qu. 831/2a, f. 18, cf. §37 n. 305 above.

    45b Steinschneider 1883a, 133.

  46. 46.

    Nouvelle biographie générale 7, 1855, 378; cf. Fabricius 1858, VI, 540; Grässe 1858, 695. Logical writings in Steinschneider 1852a, I, 329; Physics in Panzer 1793, I, 547 no. 192, II, 305 and 306; Hain 1826–1838, I, 352, no. 3966.

  47. 47.

    Cf. Joseph הארוך, Steinschneider 1852a, 1466, read: Ker. VIII, 164 [Benjacob 1854]; cf. Steinschneider 1858, 190; Zunz 1856, 337; Abraham b. Aharon הארוך, scribe 1543 (Vatican, BA Cod. ebr. 176); Uri b. Joseph ארוך 1567 (Berliner 1874a, 65).

  48. 48.

    Cf. Steinschneider 1852a, 25.

  49. 49.

    Zunz 1875, n. p., read: 444.

  50. 50.

    הח’ בכולל הפיל’ האלהי Steinschneider 1852a, 2429; cf. Paris, BNF héb 895/1 (Carmoly 1842a, 122, Carmoly 1842b, 30); cf. Jellinek 1881, 34. – On Samuel b. Zadok ibn Shoshan, cf. Steinschneider 1852a, 2431; “Sam.” b. Jos. is probably Ḥayyim b. Jos., copyist of Paris, BNF héb 429; cf. Zunz 1856, 599, 725; Zunz 1858, 84 (= Zunz 1859, 213), Steinschneider 1864e, after Paris, BNF héb 444, in the fourteenth century.

  51. 51.

    Steinschneider 1864g, 125 (Joseph Naḥmias); could the commentary to Jeremiah (Dukes 1857a, Geiger 1857a, 226) belong to the same Joseph?

  52. 52.

    Bandinel 1843–1851, 671a, s. v. Magister Marsilius; missing in Nouvelle biographie générale 1863, 981. – These are apparently the Dialectics attributed to him, unavailable to me. Cf. Hauréau 1872, II, II, 453.

  53. 53.

    מבוא, מאמרות, מליצה.

  54. 54.

    Benjacob and Steinschneider 1880, 559, no. 127 (and Paris catalogue) does not know this edition. Cf. Schorr 1854, 63; Steinschneider 1852a, 2478 and Additamenta; Pinsker 1860, Appendix, 152: “Mars. ingenus”.

  55. 55.

    Page 4, referring to Moreh I, 30. On these disciplines see Steinschneider 1857a, 350 and above, General Remarks [Manekin et al. 2014, 55–68].

  56. 56.

    Jellinek 1859, 58.

  57. 57.

    Ibid., 7; cf. Steinschneider 1861c, 14 n. 1; Steinschneider 1877d, 55.

  58. 58.

    See §175 n. 333 above. For Ockham, see Hauréau 1872 II, II, 356.

  59. 59.

    Steinschneider 1852a, 1383. For על”י as an abbreviation, see Steinschneider 1879a, 117 n. 1.

  60. 60.

    חביליו, חבילייו, still in the sixteenth century, Samuel b. Judah; Steinschneider 1852a, 2611.

  61. 61.

    The first notice is in Munk 1845, 725; Munk 1859, 303; for details on Eli cf. the corresponding place.

  62. 62.

    See §35 n. 299.

  63. 63.

    We use: Textus septem tractatuu[m]..p[er] tractat[us] et capitula distinctus (Liptzk (sic): Lother, 1510), hereafter: Johannes 1510, unpaginated 40. On the book see Prantl 1855–1870, III, 35ff.; Hauréau 1872, II, II, 26.

  64. 64.

    Carmi, see Steinschneider 1878b, no. 170. Perreau presents the author’s name, as if it figures in the ms.!

  65. 65.

    At the end (Munich, BS Cod. hebr. 307/8 and Paris, BNF héb 929/3) והאחד כל שלם והאחד כל בכמות = V, beginning of chapter 5.

  66. 66.

    On Meshullam from Volterra, see Steinschneider 1881n, 76, which has 1420 instead of 1418.

  67. 67.

    Benjacob and Steinschneider 1880, 532 n. 455 has מאלבניטא in addition.

  68. 68.

    §26, 75.

  69. 69.

    הישפאנו in Benjacob and Steinschneider 1880, 133 n. 221, wrong conjecture.

  70. 70.

    Plural? as in Krafft and Deutsch 1847, 134, דראקטאטי, perhaps by the author of the explanation, d for t, as in Southern German?

  71. 71.

    Krafft 1847 has in the text the translation of Avigdor and our version as a variant reading.

  72. 72.

    Steinschneider 1874d, 66, cf. Steinschneider 1877b, 109.

  73. 73.

    Yoḥanan Alemanno, שער החשק, ms. f. 207 אם הוא בר(ב)ארה או צילארי או בארוקו; cf. 205b; Alemanno 1860, 6b, London, Mon. 305/5, f. 4b.

  74. 74.

    Bartolocci 1675, IV, 106, in Wolf 1715–1733 II, 1421, no. 644.

  75. 75.

    For the name Ḥalafta, see Steinschneider 1878c, 55.

  76. 76.

    אני.. הארמלי כי נער אנכי; the beginning has שפת המעתיק אוהב החכמה, see note 80. – The end of the book has ועושה אותם דינרי זהב, followed by the epigraph.

  77. 77.

    באור מה על המבא המקיף על כללי ההגיון.

  78. 78.

    The passage to which there is a reference here is not known to me.

  79. 79.

    נמשכתי בזה אחרי דרך המבאר כפי נסחתם; after which comes the passage in Steinschneider 1872c, 119.

  80. 80.

    The beginning has נדבת פי המבאר; cf. note 76.

  81. 81.

    In Löwy 1877; Steinschneider 1877c, 104; Steinschneider 1852a, 2195; Steinschneider 1852a, 357; already in Moses Taku, Kirchheim 1860, 67 (see ad New York, JTS Ms. 964); Reifmann 1864, 62, disputes the authenticity of the introduction [attributed to Ibn Ezra].

  82. 82.

    1550 in Steinschneider 1852a, 1766, is a misprint; see Bandinel 1843–1851, III, 115b. – The Instrumento is dated March 30, 1550, and dedicated to the Cardinal of Mendoza, book 2 to Pope Julius III, on April 8, 1556. For sources, cf. Baldi and Steinschneider 1874, 82 n. 5; cf. Boncompagni 1886, 625.

  83. 83.

    Beginning Oxford, Bodl. Ms. Reggio 48/3, f. 54, למה שהיה כל למוד והרגל טבע שני.

  84. 84.

    Since this translation is listed here only as an end piece, details may be reserved for another occasion.

  85. 85.

    Steinschneider 1877d, 135 and 225. Cf. Libro del gentil e del Savio, etc., Cod. Bodl. Canon. Ital. 147/3, in Mortara 1878, 290. – For Raimundus cf. Hauréau 1872, II, II, 292; Menéndez y Pelayo 1880, I, 513ff.; Académie des Inscriptions et Belles Lettres 1885. On his Logic, see Prantl 1855–1870, III, 145–177. Cf. also §156 at the end.

  86. 86.

    Coxe 1853–1858, 103, does not pay attention to this.

  87. 87.

    Begins: להודות ולכבד האדון י’ ית’ אתחיל בהקדמה הזאת מזאת החכמה והיא זאת.

  88. 88.

    להודות ולהלל...אשר עזרני להשלים זאת החכמה המפורסמת השלים רימונדינאש כנה (!) הספר בעיר סנגלייא (כך).

  89. 89.

    המכונה אכין זוכט אבן טורא חפץ חזק. – Wrongly, Menachem, Steinschneider 1857a, 97.

  90. 90.

    In chapter 12, קניין זאת החכמה is clearer than habituatio for appropriation.

    90b פי’ אגרת (f. 12), Geiger 1844; see Steinschneider 1855c, 88.

  91. 91.

    On the Ethics, cf. §110 n. 756, above. – Hauréau 1872. II, I, 174; Bardenhewer 1882, 228. Elia del Medigo criticizes “Linconiensis” and Burlaeus [Grosseteste and Walter Burley] in the annotations to Physics, for instance Jean of Jandun 1519, pars III, 43 f. 138/3. [I was unable to find references to “Linconiensis” in del Medigo’s text, but he refers several times to Burley.]

  92. 92.

    ליקוטאינסו in Bodl. Oxford, Bodl. Ms. Mich. 288/5, ליקויאינשיש in Paris, BNF héb 1004/9 and Oxford, Bodl. Ms. Reggio 44/3; at the end: נשלמה מלאכת לינקוטאינסי. In Oxford, Bodl. Ms. Mich. 549/2 (briefly described in Neubauer and Cowley 1886, no. 665/2) I found ח”ג מויכוח הדת ע”ד ההגיון הנקראת בל’ לאטין לוגיקא וכו’ עם פירוש ההגיון לוגיקאלנוס (!) מכל ההקש (כך) הטעאה לעזר להתווכח נגד הנוצרים העורכים פחים מהם. Earlier I considered the garbled word to be Lincolniensis, but it might be logicalis.

  93. 93.

    Above [Steinschneider 1893b], 126; not to be confused with Elia b. Menachem de Nola; see Steinschneider 1852a, 1767; Steinschneider 1870d, 97 ad Schönblum ms. 104; Steinschneider 1878b, no. 272 (113, first line, read: לכבוד); Paris, BNF héb 1041 belonged to Menaḥem b. Shabbethai de Nola and to his son Elia; Steinschneider 1881i, 269.

  94. 94.

    Tanner 1748, 346. The title Summa etc. does not figure in the ms., see Macray 1883, 235.

  95. 95.

    Expos. in Merton ms. 295 f. 120–154 (?); Coxe 1853–1858, 117, has in the beginning “cum scire et intellegere” (this is part of the text!): Comm. Munich. Ms. 402 (I, 76) f. 104–110 (a fragment?); Quaest., ibid. 279 (I, 52), 105 pages, the end is missing! “Summa super VIII lib. Phys.” in Neubauer is merely a translation of the Hebrew title.

  96. 96.

    Steinschneider 1857a 95, 96, 296.

    96b Hauréau 1872, II, II, 171. Not “interpreter”, as Güdemann 1880, II, 106, maintains.

  97. 97.

    Sources: Castro 1781, II, 615. Camus 1796, 412 (quotes as a major source Nicodemo and Toppi 1683, fols. 174–177); Jourdain 1888, II, 124; Choulant 1838–1840, 126; Renan 1852, 162, Renan 1866, 205; Leclerc 1876 II, 451; Steinschneider 1864h, 148, cf. Steinschneider 1871h, 398; Huillard-Bréholles 1852–1861; Hauréau 1863 (also in Hauréau 1872], II, I, 125); Bardenhewer 1882 27; Wüstenfeld 1877, 99.

  98. 98.

    A recent copy in Erlangen, noted in Irmischer 1829, I, 55, with the title “Almuchab ola Ablagalin Alhahib Albaon i.e. compendium Magiae.” … 1255 (אלמחב עלי...לעלם אלכואכב?); Libri Cat. no. 920, 207, which has 1261. On alleged prophecies, see Steinschneider 1874–1875, 163.

  99. 99.

    Flor. edition is in the Bodleiana; Wüstenfeld 1877, 100, has compared the Bologna edition and is unable to understand Hauréau’s doubts.

  100. 100.

    Avicenna, Constantin, Hali super tegni, a saying of Socrates, Galienus <read: Guilelmus, see also §498, sixth line of n. 232> liber de Summa medicina [sic], Ysaac, Macrobius, Ypokrates, Aristoteles in problematibus (frequently), Avicenna in cantico et Rasis in almansoris, the Commentator (i.e. Averroes) super Cantica Avic., Aristot. in 4 metheor., Dyascorides, Albertus super matheum (perhaps meaning metheora?), Ysaac, De dietis. Scotus cites his ס’ השאלות in De animalibus XVIII, in Neubauer and Cowley 1886, 1143.

  101. 101.

    Rose 1875, Aristotle, De lapidibus, 341, according to which Jourdain 1888, 398, 399, 406, 407 must partially be corrected.

  102. 102.

    Hauréau 1863, 365.

  103. 103.

    Wüstenfeld 1877, 100, 102ff.

  104. 104.

    This figures as VIII naturalium (cf. §45 n. 1 above) in a ms., dated 1258, Amplon. Qu. 2962 (537). Cf. Leclerc 1876, II, 438. Wüstenfeld, cites under the “Auszug” (extract) wrongly Merton ms. 278 (in Camus 1796, 458), Coxe, Pars I and II, is the catalogue of the College; P. III is Bodleiana, to wit Canonic. Misc. 564 (Coxe 1853–1858, 863).

  105. 105.

    Wüstenfeld 1877, 102; Panzer 1793, IV, 91, no. 142; see also Hain 1826–1838, I, 281 no. 2220 (which also lists a 1494 ed.), Königliche Berliner Bibliothek.

    105b Krafft and Deutsch 1847, 122 (to be deleted above, p. 145) starts with the actual beginning (Oxford, Bodl. Ms. Opp. 683/1, f. 70 in the margin) המאמר אחד עשר כבר זכרנו ובארנו למעלה האיברים שמהם ההתחברות והעמדה; XV see n. 107.

  106. 106.

    Steinschneider 1857a, 96 (375); Steinschneider 1852a, 69 n. 1; Steinschneider 1862b, 118, Steinschneider 1864c, 65 n. 7.

  107. 107.

    Neubauer and Cowley 1886, 1369 (see Add.), 1370, according to my marginal glosses; more detailed information in my endnote. – Beginning XI, end XIII, beginning XIV, XV (read באור אברי ב”ח, following the Vienna ms.), and beginning XIX, following Canon. ms. and Merton in Neubauer and Cowley 1886, 1143.

  108. 108.

    מאשר אמר אבי סנה במשליו אם החום הוא גדול מן הראוי.

  109. 109.

    Pedilier? I have searched for a Romanic word of similar form, without success.

  110. 110.

    See above,12. A fuller indication of the citations is given in my endnote. For פרישור in the sense of coagulum in book XIII (in Neubauer and Cowley 1886, 1143), cf. פריזורא in Gershom ben Solomon 1547, f. 24b.

  111. 111.

    Sachs 1854b, 157; contradicting him, Gross 1879, 24, 351; see above, 16.

  112. 112.

    Grätz, without textual foundation, identifies him with Jacob Anatoli; see Steinschneider 1864a, 63; Robert’s source is Hermann; Valentin 1874, 329; cf. Renan and Neubauer 1877, 583; Güdemann 1880, II, 227 n. 2 (where it should be read: “Mich. von Jakob”), continues to build his argument on that premise.

  113. 113.

    Levy and Fleischer 1876, s. v.; Ibn al-Bayṭār, s. v., cf. Steinschneider 1852a, 106; alazon in Steinschneider 1873b, 526 n. 10; see also §66 n. 237 and Aaron ben Elijah of Nicodemia 1841, עץ חיים, 96.

  114. 114.

    See §248 n. 424 above.

  115. 115.

    See Ibn Tibbon and Al-Ḥarizi in §§243, 247 above.

  116. 116.

    Steinschneider 1879f, 6 and 14. In Messahala it is inserted at the same time because of the hiatus.

  117. 117.

    Wolf 1715–1733, no. 664. – For sources on Thomas, see Günther 1887, 153.

  118. 118.

    Steinschneider 1859aa.

  119. 119.

    Wolf 1715–1733, I, 396, no. 601 [read: 664] rectified later in Jellinek 1854, XVI, as “Compendium”. The Hebrew translation of vols. I-III of the Summa contra gentiles, by the Bishop Joseph Ciantes, was printed with his typeface in Rome apud Jac. Phaeum (an extremely rare copy) “collata versione cum Joanne Baptista Jona” (for this teacher of Bartolocci, see Steinschneider 1881m, 245, cf. Neubauer and Cowley 1886, no. 2341), Bartolocci 1675, II, 860; Wolf 1715–1733, I, 396 sub Thomas and Judah b. Isaac, no. 720 (hence also Delitzsch 1838, 295, Fürst 1849, I, 180) has overlooked this collaboration.

  120. 120.

    Steinschneider 1870a, 9 no. 11; Steinschneider 1868b, 58.

  121. 121.

    See §145 n. 1171, above; §312 n. 29, below.

  122. 122.

    טומש בספרו בשאלות הנפש in Oxford, Bodl. Ms. Hunt. 613 (cf. Steinschneider 1878b, 112 and note, §180, n. 417. [See Zonta 2006, 169.] This is also the reason for the different versions of the name Avicebron.

  123. 123.

    בואיסיו בס’ השלוש (10 and 15), אגושטין בס’ מדינת האל (16) and בס’ השילוש (pp. 21, 30), בס’ השכל (sic) אליכסנדר, המבאר בג’ משמע (Averroes), גורגוריו (Gregor 22), דאמאסינוש = Damascenus (p. 22 רא... and not explained(. אוריגיניש (24), הפיל’ בס’ הצמחים (26), ס’ הסבות (29 is §9 in Bardenhewer 1882, 269, from the Summa), דיונישיו ס’ המרה השמימיי (39).

  124. 124.

    Jellinek 1853b, 12 and VII; Steinschneider 1852a, 772; Zunz 1856, 422.

  125. 125.

    Jellinek 1854, 26–31.

  126. 126.

    Ibn Ḥabib 1551, f. 13; Jellinek 1854, XIV. Quoting Thomas, he adds that other divisions exist, in particular בין חכמי הגוים כפי שנראה מדבריהם המועתקים אצלינו.

  127. 127.

    Begins: אמר הנה ימצאו סברות; ends: וזה יספיק בענין הכולל והתהלה לאל אמן; b begins with דברים שאפשר שיאמר יש עליהם שאפשר שיהיו ולא יצדק עליהם שהם נמצאים; cf. note 162.

  128. 128.

    Not Ancona, as Sachs 1854a, 112, has it. – Abraham is probably different from the two Abrahams, 1520 and 1529, in Zunz 1875, 430, but certainly also from Abraham of Lisbon, Zunz 1875, 431, who, 1591, is an uncle of Abraham ha-Levi.

  129. 129.

    Geiger 1846, 82.

  130. 130.

    Sachs 1854a, 110f.

  131. 131.

    I read באמתחות...לאחוז בזהבם, for בזנבם; the simile is still extravagant enough; he chances to find flowers on the field, cf. p. 111 הפרחה גפן המרגלית.

  132. 132.

    אבן ראש is no allusion to אבן רשד, since immediately afterwards the Greeks are discussed.

  133. 133.

    A well-known dictum since Maimonides’s “Letter to Jonathan of Lunel,” cf. Dernburg 1835, 114.

  134. 134.

    א”י (ישמרהו אל) signifies a living person.

  135. 135.

    Two puns on ערב, cf. above, 158.

  136. 136.

    ראש המדברים (cf. above, §255); מדבריה in Joseph b. Shem Tov’s Commentary on Profiat Duran in Geiger 1844, f. 4b and 21; cf. note 145.

  137. 137.

    See note 31.

  138. 138.

    On the year of death, see Steinschneider 1852a, 1344; on a purported funerary inscription, Vessillo 1878, 288. – On Abravanel, cf. Kayserling 1861, 72ff. (for the name, cf. Add. to Steinschneider 1852a, 1076). – Almosnino 1588, 117, in Jellinek 1853b, 8; Munk 1859, 304, believes that Abraham takes, via Gabirol, from Thomas; see Jellinek 1853b, 11.

  139. 139.

    Zunz 1841, 139 (and from here, Graetz 1853–1876, VIII, 342; Kayserling 1861. 82), namely מעייני הישוע X, 7, beginning בידא ואפריקאנו, after that (Abravanel 1860, f. 43), ההגמון הגדול הספרדי שנקרא אצלם בישפו די בורגיש שמו לפנים בישראל שלמה הלוי; hence he is probably ההגמון בשם מאגיסטרו רימונדו די מרטיני (כך) X, 8, Raymund Martini, cf. האגמון (sic) דון פוילו Abravanel ad Samuel 8, 4 (Abravanel 1687, f. 57, where פאולו is missing), Abravanel 1686, f. 91d (also Abravanel 1736) in the margin פאולוס בורגינזיס, ניקולאו (Nic. de Lyra); frequently העתיק גירונימו, X, 8 ad Sam. Beginning חכמי הנוצרים and דברי הימים אשר ללטינים XI, 3, 4.

  140. 140.

    Abravanel 1863, מפעלות VI, 3; Jellinek 1853b, 8, and hence translated on p. 17 as De creatione!

  141. 141.

    בספר אשר קרא שיקונדא שיקונדא, ad Sam. 1, 28 Abravanel 1687, f. 79a; Kayserling 1865, 82.

  142. 142.

    Delmedigo 1630 תעלומות חכמה II, 25b, 26b, 86b; Geiger 1840, 68; “splendorous orthodoxy” does not figure in Delmedigo. For 1 Sam. 28, 11, f. 78d שמעתי בשם גדול מחכמי הנוצרים אגושטינו - On Abravanel’s borrowing, see above 496 n. 395; Jellinek 1878, 29; Epstein 1887b, 129.

  143. 143.

    Carmoly 1857, 56, omits this writing as well.

  144. 144.

    The Latin version begins: “Bonorum honorabilium”, etc. “Sicut philosophus docet in XI. De animalibus”, and ends: “opportet igitur, si fantasia est, ex complexione opinionis …”; Hebrew הפילוסוף בי”א מב”ח בכל סוג מהענינים בהיותנו סוברים (סובבים?) הידיעת מהדברים הטובים וכו’ כמו שמלמד; end in Oxford ms. יהיה מורה את תשוקותיו לאחר ואלו המאמרים יהיו מספיקים עת בענין הנפש; Casanatense (communication from Neubauer) ואמנם של ב”ח חוש הטעם...היות חוש הטעם הכרחי לב”ח כשהיא (בשהוא?) משוש אחד של מזון, end missing? Amplon. ms. has before this: “Introductio in scholas de Aristotelis Lib. De anima institutas”, beginning with: “Sicut dixit Avicebron in Lib. Fontis vitae (see above, 380) tract. 9 de sciencia de anima et de substantiis separatis: stude in scientia de anima”, etc. The author quotes Seneca in the 70th epistle and in the 37th epistle, Avicenna in Lib. 1o et tractatu suo De intellectu et intellig.; 8o ethicorum magnorum; commentator in 12o metaphisice and 3o De anima. Ysaac in Lib. De diffinitionibus.

  145. 145.

    חכמי האומה ומדבריה, Geiger 1844, 4b; cf. f. 21 לחכמי זאת האומה ומדבריה (n. 136). Cf. Steinschneider 1855c, 88.

  146. 146.

    ואשר חשב להתיר also in I ed.; what does it mean? Perhaps להוכיח?

  147. 147.

    דעת עליון, see Steinschneider 1883b, 476.

  148. 148.

    בעל ס’ הסיטינסייאס (sic), Preface to the Commentary on Profiat Duran, 4 Meth. (Saenger 1883, 321).

  149. 149.

    נהר פישון Aboab 1538, 84 (resp. 85) I ed.; Zunz 1859, 207. – Elia del Medigo, בחינת הדת (the passage is supplied from the lacuna due to censorship of the Vienna ed., communicated in Berliner 1883, 83), quoted as טומאס בספרו נגד טעיות קצת מאנשי דתם. In Eli (see above p. 87 n. 300) טמאתו is hardly Thomaso.

  150. 150.

    וירשוריו, 1458 Rector in Paris, 1490 in Cologne, following Grässe 1858, III, 654, 688; cf. Steinschneider 1878b, 111 n. 160 (n. 157). The Nouvelle Biographie Générale has no entry on him.

  151. 151.

    Panzer 1793 I, 300 no. 168; Hain 1826–1838 II, 488, no. 16040; Zotenberg 1866, no. 1000 has Cologne 1482; Hain 1826–1838, 16043–16044 has two editions Cologne 1497 in folio and in quarto.

  152. 152.

    F. a 5c: Brisson “… constituebat quadratum … sed antiphon voluit … Albertus fuit rudis … constituebat primus quadratum circuli”.

  153. 153.

    See end of §295. – Here I present the incipits of the books (following Neubauer), however in their correct sequence: (1) Physics השאלה הא’ אם יש לנו ידיעה בדברים הטבעיים ויראה ראשונה שאין לנו ידיעה בדברים כלל וכ”ש בד’ הטבעיים. The answers always begin with מקביל זה; ends: והנה נשלם העיון הכולל בדברים הטבעיים לשר המשאיים ארסטו אשר הביאו בספריו (בספרו) ס’ הטבעיים או ס’ הטבעיי בעזר ההתחלה הראשונה... (2) De caelo does not have a [comment] ad I, 19, II, 17 and III, as the original version explicitly remarks, IV, 17. Begins: אם הידיעה הטבעית היא מעיינת הבדלים...ויראה ראשונה שאיננה כן. (3) De generatione et corruptione (19 and 13 questions; cf. Steinschneider 1878b.) והשאלה הא’ אם נושא זה הס’ הוא גשם וכו’ ויראה ראשונה, in the end, read הטענה. (4) Tr. I, four questions, ‘יותר טובה וכו’ מקביל זה דעת ארסטו בתחלת זה הס. (5) 13 questions, 1. אם ראוי לדבר בהתפעלות הגשם המרגיש זולת מה שכבר התבאר בזה בס’ הנפש. (6) Five questions, 1. אם הזכירה הוא לעוזרים לזה. (7) (III Tr.), three plus three questions, 1. אם השינה היא העדר היקיצה. (8) Two questions, 1. אם החום והלחות הם סבות החיים וחיים הנפטרים; in the end נשלמה העתקת המאמרים הטבעיים הקטנים הנק’ בלעז פארווש נאטוראליש.

  154. 154.

    Munk 1845, 725, Munk 1859, 303.

  155. 155.

    Also in Kitchin 1867, Steinschneider 1872b, Steinschneider 1873f.

  156. 156.

    See n. 153.

  157. 157.

    ס’ המדות להח’ גואן מפרש (צ”ל מפריש) נמשך אחר דעות הח’ המעולה טומא די אקינו הולך ע”ד שאלות...השאלה הא’ אם תמצא במעלות ובמדות האנושיות ידיעה א’ מעשית מובא (תשובה?) זה היא דעת ארסטו שהניח לזו ידיעה במידות אשר למוד (?) .אותה – מפאריש, from Paris, also in Neubauer and Cowley 1886, no. 2453, from which Steinschneider 1878b, 267, should be corrected.

  158. 158.

    וירשוריו in Abraham Yagel’s בית יער לבנון, I, 9, in Oxford, Bodl. Ms. Reggio 9; concerning the author and his work, see Steinschneider 1881n, 76.

  159. 159.

    See Kayserling 1861, 154. Graetz 1853–1876, IX, 343 (cf. 249, 250) makes him a Maranno. On שבט יהודה see Steinschneider 1858, no. 2391.

  160. 160.

    Latin: Ibn Verga 1680, 95; Hannover ed., German: Ibn Verga 1856, 196 “Versorius”. Loeb 1888a, 53, Loeb 1888b, 75, has the version Versorès.

  161. 161.

    See Choulant 1838–1840, 117; Danou 1885, 449 – Ercolani 1851, I, 371.

  162. 162.

    Two pieces on כולל (n. 127) precede, after Vincent there follow two others, anonymous: (a) מאמר ביאור דרוש הכולל בשלמות הנה לדעת בביאור ענין הכולל ראוי לדעת ראשונה שהכולל הוא אשר בטבע; two-and-a-half-pages; (b) מאמר במציאות הכולל. סברת אנשים מה שאין ראוי; four pages; see also §231, 1, and n. 127.

  163. 163.

    See Steinschneider 1870b; on the abbreviated name, see §147 n. 1113 above.

  164. 164.

    See above, 483, and other writings; Steinschneider 1870b, 12.

  165. 165.

    מיוחסים לחכמות מתחלפות...ואולי לסבת זאת ההודעה נוציא אסיר ממסגר הסכלות ומבית כלא יושבי חשך; in Italian, Steinschneider 1870b, 10; cf. Eli’s foreword to Thomas ed. Jellinek III: ואותנו הוציא ממסגר אסיר, and note 175.

  166. 166.

    In the following table the first number signifies New York, JTS Ms. 2362, the second, Oxford, Bodl. Ms. Opp. 686, the third, London, Mon. 278, the fourth Oxford, Bodl. Ms. Reggio 42/2, f. 2-7 (in the last place as מאמר האח הנכבד a remark by Judah = Opp. 19 f. 39, 40). – 1 0. 1 2 7. 10 3 8. 11 4 9. 12 5 13. 13 6 20. 15 7 40. 21 8 2. 8, R. 3 9 5. 9 10 15. 14 11 42. 23 12 45. 26 13 34. 52, R. 4 14 35. 53, R. 5 15 43. 24 16 44. 25 17 21. 16 18 22. 17 19 29. 20 20 30. 18 21 41. 22 22 46. 46 23 36. 33 24 26. 55 25 27. 56 26 10. 34 27 11. 35, R. (5) 28 12. 36 29 14. 37 30 16. 38 31 25. 39 32 29. 41 33 37. 45 34 47. 47 35 48. 48 36 49. 49 37 0. 50, R. f. 39 (Augustin) 38 0. 51 39 23. 54 40 3. 27 41 4. 28, R. 6 42 6. 29, R. 7 43 17. 30 44 18. 31 45 24. 32 46 0. 7 47 38. 19 48 28. 40 49 1. 7 50 33. 44 51 31. 32, R. f. 40 52 32. 43 R. 1.

  167. 167.

    Steinschneider 1870b, 10, no. 15; Steinschneider 1870d, 103 (Perreau 1880, 14). The two מאמרים in Tur. 125 (Peyron, 192, no. 180, f. 42 and 43, where מפרס [is to be read?] for מרומא) do not belong to the שערים, but belong to האח הדורש, i.e. Thomas, see §305 n. 19, 20.

  168. 168.

    Steinschneider 1863e, 112; Steinschneider 1870b, 8, no. 4.

  169. 169.

    תחת כנפי התושיה לא חסה; cf. תושיה in the postscript, see index of words; הרוכב על עב תושיה from Aristotle (Steinschneider 1863e, 113), in פ’ הקדיש, Perreau 1880, 8, penultimate line, p. 12 below under note 175.

  170. 170.

    Steinschneider 1863e, 113, where incipits and explicits of both [are to be found]. The final quotation apparently belongs to it. Neubauer and Cowley 1886, 1427, have overlooked Aegidius (as has my Conspectus ad Uri 397, not 497).

  171. 171.

    After this end (recorded by Neubauer) the interpretation of Biblical passages follows (cf. Steinschneider 1870b, 11, Berliner 1874b), which, according to Biscioni 1757, 45, in our treatise, are interpolated; see, however, Steinschneider 1863e, 113. The epigraph of the copyist, however, speaks for Biscioni; then the end would be לבקשת חבורנו (חבירינו). Judah is probably (to be inferred from the word מתואר) the author of the explanations in Neubauer and Cowley 1886, 2244,4 where, as e, should be added באור אחד על הפרשה המתוארת (Genesis 3, 22).

  172. 172.

    אמר יהודה המעתיק אמר האח הנכבד המחבר אילו הם על תכונת כללית ההוויה כללי הויה הקשית הפשוטה והמעורבת בכל תמונה והמשפט הכללי לכלם הוא היות בלתי מתחייב דבר מפרטיות לבד או בלתי מוגבלת. The codex seems to be incorrect, as is also proven by the erroneous “Natanel” before “Daniel.”

  173. 173.

    Steinschneider 1870b, 9, no. 9; Steinschneider 1863e, 112; Steinschneider 1868b, 61; cf. Perreau 1880, 15 (ad Albert); cf. §276.

  174. 174.

    Begins: אמר יהודה המעתיק דברי י”י בימים.

  175. 175.

    ובני חושים דן, Genesis 46, 23; cf. Kaufmann 1884, 58. – Here, also, ס’ זכרון מנרות התושיה and להוציא ממסגר אסיר; cf. notes 165, 169.

  176. 176.

    Beginning אמר יהודה המעתיק אמר הפילוסוף המחבר אמנם להיותם גודרים הגדר המוחלט הנפש על פי ההבדלים כמו שמביא ביום (!) אב האנשים והאלהות כי כל אלה חושבים ההשכלה ענין גשמי להיות הידיעה בהרגשה כי הדומה כמו שביארנו במשפטים לפי ההתחלות, Latin “Quoniam autem duabus differentiis … qualem in dies inducit pater hominum deorumque (f. 125f. ed. 1562: “ducit in die pater virorum”).

  177. 177.

    Neubauer and Cowley 1886, 1390 (cf. §73): אמר יהודה...קצת אנשים מסופקים.

  178. 178.

    Introductory formula and end of the whole text in Steinschneider 1863e, 113.

  179. 179.

    המתואר (“laudatus”) is characteristic of Judah, see Steinschneider 1870b, 12; it also occurs, however, in Nathan b. Avigdor (Perreau 1880, no. 106, 94 chapter 9).

  180. 180.

    אמר הפילוס’ בס’ המופת מאמר באמתות הידיעה זה גשמו; ends בהוראה.

  181. 181.

    Aegidius begins with ונאמר אמנם כל ידיעה שהיא אחת בעצמה; ends בהוראה השלישית המתוארת...וזה רצינו לבארו.

  182. 182.

    The passages, which begin with אולי יספק מספק, are indicated by על תכונת הספק.

  183. 183.

    האבן המושכת; cf. Steinschneider 1871c, 11, 35; above, p. 127, end of §57; Steinschneider, 1870g, 157, Steinschneider 1873g, 135, Steinschneider 1881f, 132; Steinschneider 1877d, 421 ad 310. In Judah ben Barzillai 1885, 241 האבן האקריטין (?) המשוכת הסובלת הברזל because of the following בורא (כל) סוב’ כל; see Steinschneider 1881f, 132, and Steinschneider 1874d, 1875, 45.

  184. 184.

    Steinschneider 1870b, 8

  185. 185.

    Beginning (after all titles) כוונתנו לאמת מהכחות; cf. Steinschneider 1870d, 103, 104; Steinschneider 1870a, 9, no. 9.

  186. 186.

    De Rossi: de forma visionis; Steinschneider 1870b, 9 n. 7, beginning and end in Biscioni 1757, 44, read אנו נבקש בקשה נחקור חקירה מסופקת, read לחקור? The end after למיעוט in Opp. וזה רצינו בבירור..., where האח הנכבד אשר כתונת בד.

  187. 187.

    Steinschneider 1870b, 9, no. 8, nothing detailed.

  188. 188.

    Notified in Steinschneider 1870d, 102.

  189. 189.

    Steinschneider 1870b, 11, no. 18; extensive description and index of the 208 chapters in Perreau 1880, 8ff.

  190. 190.

    Steinschneider 1863e, 113, note wrongly combined.

  191. 191.

    Steinschneider 1852a, 2319; cf. Munk 1859, 173; also Kauffmann’s [book catalogue], no. 26 names Gabirol.

  192. 192.

    De Rossi 1803 ad 590/2: “Quae hic exhibentur dissertationes videntur esse eius praefationes ad illas versiones!”

  193. 193.

    בין ההרכבה ובלול ותערובות; begins: חכמת הפיל’ מתחלקת; ends: וזהו שאמרנו מן היסודות עתה יספיק.

  194. 194.

    Notice in Schorr 1859a, 158; Benjacob and Steinschneider 1880, 85, no. 270 י מאמרות! For Joseph ibn Ḥayyim, see Steinschneider 1852a, 1450, Steinschneider 1875a, no. 37/2, Steinschneider 1881f, 113.

  195. 195.

    On מבטא, see §273. Neubauer and Cowley 1886 2047 gives ס’ המבטא as title?

  196. 196.

    Beginning ספר המבוא. נקדים לבאר חמשה דברים נפרדים כוללים והם סוג ומין והבדל וסגלה ומקרא כי זה הבאור יהיה פתח להכנס בלמוד בחכמת המבטא שהיא כלי דרכיי אמתיי למחשבת הנפש כשתרצה להעתק וללכת מהידוע לה אל המוסכל לה כדי ללמוד ולדעת המוסכל לה מהידוע באמתת הנמצאים וגם יועיל במלאכת המופת כי חלקי הקדמות ההיקש המופתי אמנם הם מאלו החמשה ובאור החמשה דברים האלה יהיה בבאור גדרם ורשמם כי הגדר והרושם הם המודיעים אמתת הדבר ומהותו ומבדילים אותו מכל אשר זולתו. הסוג רשמוהו הראשונים שהוא הנשוא על רבים מתחלפים במין מדרך מה הוא, הטעם כשישאל על רבים מתחלפים במין שהם כמו אדם וסוס וחמור מה הם יושב עליהם בנשיאות במאמר שהם סוגים הטעם שהם בעלי חיים.

  197. 197.

    פתיחת ס′ אנאלוטיקא ופירושו מלמד דרך הסברא או דרך ההקש ואנו אומרים בי ההגדה אשר דברנו עליה בספר ההגדות הוא ענין מתחבר משתי מלות או משני ענינים.

  198. 198.

    שנקרא מי החמור כבר נתבאר תכלית הביאור.

  199. 199.

    כמו שקדם בביאורנו בפתיחת אישג′וגי (כך) ובפתיחת זה הספר.

  200. 200.

    On Shemariah see Steinschneider 1876b, 88, offprint, Steinschneider 1884b, 37; Steinschneider 1876c, 95, 96. Steinschneider 1880a, 457, German version by Grünwald in Steinschneider 1884c, 47; Neubauer 1882b, 86ff., according to which Shemariah was in Spain in 1352. Page 88 [of Steinschneider 1876b] ואני בן התורה does not mean “le seul savant,” מופתיך not miracles, but proofs; Schiller has not proven that Shemariah composed the commentary on Esther in 1309; see Steinschneider 1880a, 54; is it a wrong proof?

  201. 201.

    Geiger 1857b, 91 line 1, and penultimate line [on the previous page]: מה שהעתקתי מספרי החכמה בקצרה או בארוכה.

  202. 202.

    Steinschneider 1852a, 211 and beginning ibid., 97.

  203. 203.

    Steinschneider 1879f, 62. Benjacob and Steinschneider 1880, 338, no. 1442 (following Fürst 1849, 341, no. 1518) makes him the son of his teacher David Pardeleone. – The index of Paris ms. catalogue distinguishes between Joseph Kilti and Joseph the Greek. Cf. Moses Kilti (1424?) in Vatican, BA Cod. ebr. 105; Steinschneider 1881b, 306.

  204. 204.

    Steinschneider 1852a, 249; Steinschneider 1879f, 63, Steinschneider 1881c, 67. The Index of the Paris manuscript catalogue also splits this author into two different ones.

  205. 205.

    Russian State Military Archives, Ms. 70 3 6 (written in Crete, cf. §19 n. 94 below) דע כי כל דבר טבעי ינשאו עליו ה’ ענינים כוללים ויקראום הפילוסופים ה’ נשואים וכל זה מבואר בס’ המבוא למלאכת ההגיון שעשה פורפוריאוס החכם ופ’ ענינם הוא כי הסוג העליון הוא המין העליון שיש תחתיו מינים; later on, we read והמקרים הם ט’ סוגים והם כמות איכות אנא מצטרף שיפעל יתפעל קנין מצב מתי, that is, against the usual sequence of the Categories. On Eleazar, cf. Epstein 1887a, 90.

  206. 206.

    After that, שמות לעז בלשון הנוצרים סוג יינוס, i.e., genus, not Italian, as the Catalogue indicates. – Paris, BNF héb 1005/3, הגיון קצר אחר, is Maimonides’s Logic, see above, p. 435.

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Appendices

Appendix

§307. Finally we present here some Hebrew works on Logic that neither indicate their sources nor keep strictly to any book known to us.

1. Judah b. Moses ibn Ḥayyim, the Spaniard, otherwise unknown,Footnote 194 apparently has composed a lengthy philosophical work in “pure (צח) style and in brevity” (Preface), because he had noticed that the generations are more and more lacking the roots of the science due to the calamities and the profundity of science. He begins with Logic, which he calls חכמת המבטא.Footnote 195 |498| The only known ms., Oxford, Bodl. Ms. Reggio 43/6, goes only up to book I chapter I of the syllogisms, and the copyist notes that that was all he found (in his Vorlage).

Generally, the work follows the arrangement of the Organon, which is preceded by the Isagoge (המבוא).Footnote 196 The Categories (f. 5b), as well as the Syllogism, starts out with the stereotypical formula of Averroes: “The intention of this book is to explain and describe (לרשום) the ten Categories – for which the Mishna passage (Abot 5, 1) is quoted which says that the world was created through ten statements. This part is composed of a preface (הקדמה) and two treatises. Chapter 3 of treatise 1 explains Categories 6-10; treatise 2 has two chapters, the first of which (f. 15b) is incomplete; f. 16–18 contain chapters 5 and 6 of the Hermeneutics (מליצה); on f. 19b begins the Syllogism (ס' ההיקש), in two parts (חלקים).

2. Oxford, Bodl. Ms. Laud. Or. 98/4, f. 145–87, presents a logical treatise, beginning: “The one who composed this concisely says: Everyone who wants to understand Aristotle’s book קטאגוריאש must first know the term genus, species, etc.”, that is, according to Porphyry’s Isagoge. The species is called “אישפיסיא in Greek (!) and in the … (?ההווה) language צורה” (form); the סגולה is called פרובריאטרי (sic, for proprietade). On f. 148, the copyist erroneously wrote: “End of the Categoriae”, and the same, correctly, on f. 156, where the Hermeneutics begin: פרק בארי ארמיניאש (sic) which is explained by Hebrew מלים משובחים (read: מחוברים), as in the end of f. 168. There, the Analytics begin.Footnote 197 A table of fourteen syllogisms (תולדות, f. 178) constitutes the end of this section, and on f. 180 follows a discourse on the correlates ((המאמר בדבקים which ends on f. 183.Footnote 198 The remarks (חידושין) on the book of the Categories (f. 184–7) probably have the same author, since he refers (f. 187) to his explanation of the beginning of the Isagoge.Footnote 199 Aristotle is called אריסטון (f. 184).

§308. We know of three authors of works on logic, in Greece, who may have made use of a Modern Greek or Byzantine prototype. We confine ourselves to a brief indication, referring to the sources, and continue our enumeration.

3. Shemariah ha-Ikriti (the Cretan), son of Elia from Negroponte,Footnote 200 |499| of Roman origin, associated with Robert of Anjou in a manner not yet exactly known, occupied himself with a commentary to the Bible for 25 years, in which he wanted to incorporate, after a thorough study, everything useful contained in the philosophical writings that he had translated formerly.Footnote 201 He refrained from that project because he feared that it might become dangerous for the readers. He does not say explicitly that he did away with these translations, but none of them is known to exist. Shemariah does not indicate the author of the translated works, nor their title nor language. Certainly he did not translate directly from Arabic; probably his texts were Greek – thus he would be the first medieval Jewish author who translated directly from Greek. We know only of one translator from Greek after him (§331). However, it is not impossible that Shemariah translated from Latin. His work on logic (הגיון) which was meant to be an introduction to the commentary mentioned above is extant in the sole ms. Leiden, UBL Cod. Or. 4780/2,Footnote 202 and it is peculiar, both in respect to its arrangement and, generally, to its terminology and style. Shemariah uses Greek words, translates “substantia” (שובשטאנציא) in barbaric Hebrew שפלת עומד! He knows of the formula “Barbara, Celarent, Darii,” etc. [Shemariah’s Logic, or Dialectic, is an adaptation of Petrus Hispanus’s Tractatus (Summule Logicales) for which see §282 above and Rosenberg 1973, 35. Manekin 1997, 402, speculates that the work is a revised version of a translation he made years before, perhaps at the court of Robert d’Anjou. His highly idiosyncratic and original terminology is reminiscent of the Italian Jewish terminology employed in Judah Ibn Matqah’s Midrash Ḥokhmah. The introduction to the section on fallacies appears to be an expansion of the introductory section of the De Fallaciis ad quosdam nobiles artistas, but the first chapter is a slightly altered version of the shorter of the two versions of Peter’s De Fallaciis. The work is also noted for his unusual method of diagramming syllogisms. On Shemariah’s career, see Bowman 1985, 131–133, 255–262.]

4. Joseph b. Moses Qilti (or Qelti?), “the Greek”, probably towards the end of the fourteenth century,Footnote 203 treated the Logic of Aristotle in the manner of the Hippocratic Aphorisms under the title מנחת יהודה (Judah’s Offering) in six chapters: 1. Isagoge, 2. Categories, 3. Hermeneutics, 4. Syllogism, 5. Demonstration, 6. Topics, Sophistics, Rhetoric, Poetics.

Manuscripts:

Paris, BNF héb 707/2. Paris, BNF héb 992/1. St. Petersburg, RSL Evr. I. 407/1 Extracts and final paragraph Paris, BNF héb 707/6.

[Sackson 2014 has identified another work of Qilti on logic that partially overlaps with Minḥat Yehudah. The first of five chapters is an introduction that contains a section in a work of philosophy found in Paris, BNF héb 986/5. Chapters 2. on Dialectic, 3. on Rhetoric, and 4. on Poetics are identical with the material in chapter 6 of Minḥat Yehudah. The final chapter contains an explanation of the subject of logic. In addition, material from chapter 1 is also found in the Chapters on Logic in Paris, BNF héb 707/6. He argues against the attribution of the work in New York, Columbia University ms. X893 F 843, to Qilti.]

5. Soon thereafter, Elijah b. Eliezer, called “the philosopher,”Footnote 204 prepared a redaction, in question-and-answer form, in Candia, of the Logic (הגיון) of Aristotle, called “the divine”, “because that human being which is endowed by nature with the divine intellect can grasp by itself what others learn by instruction.” This treatise contains the books of the Organon except for the Categories.

Manuscripts:

Leiden, UBL Cod. Or. 4790/14, (p. 239). Paris, BNF héb 983/7. Paris, BNF héb 992/3. Parma, BP Cod. Parm. 3024. – Moscow, RSL Günz. 1197. Extracts in Oxford, Bodl. Ms. Mich. 335/9. [Cambridge, UL Add. 2659/4. Jerusalem, NLI Ms. Heb. 280 2418/2. St. Petersburg, IOS B 56/2. St. Petersburg, IOS B 119/3. St. Petersburg, IOS C 14/6. New York, JTS Ms. 3316/1. Paris, BNF héb 681/5. St. Petersburg, RSL Evr. I 412. St. Petersburg – RSL Evr. I 413. St. Petersburg, RSL Evr. I 414. (The Russian National Library mss. are fragments.) Over half of the mss. are written in a Karaite hand, and that, coupled with their late dates, suggest that the work was popular among Karaite students of philosophy in Eastern Europe.

The work was edited with an introduction in Rosenberg 1978, Rosenberg 1979, and Rosenberg 1981, on the basis of Jerusalem, NLI Ms. Heb. 280 2418/2, Cambridge, UL Add. 2659/4, Parma, BP Cod. Parm. 3024, Leiden, UBL Cod. Or. 4790/14, and Paris, BNF héb 992/3. Of particular interest is Eliezer’s list and proofs of the fourth figure of the syllogism, without even a nod to the objections of Averroes and his followers (Rosenberg 1981, 86), of which he probably was aware.]

6. Here also belongs the Portuguese author David ibn Bilia (1320–1338), who will reappear as a translator from Latin (§502). Of his logical basic rules: כללי ההגיון, only a fragment is extant in Oxford, Bodl. Ms. Mich. 88, beginning with an explanation of סוג, הבדל, מין, סגולה, and מקרה, i.e. with Porphyry’s Isagoge, which is treated briefly only by Eleazar Ashkenazi (1364) in his introduction to his commentary on the Pentateuch.Footnote 205 [The work covers the first four books of the Organon, breaking off in the fifth book after two folio pages; the scribe writes that he found no more of the work. Ibn Bilia wrote a commentary on Rabbi Ishmael’s thirteen hermeneutical rules “in the manner of the Science of Logic,” which has recently been studied in Ravitsky 2009, 80–150. See Rosenberg 1973, 91]. |500|

7. Paris, BNF héb 1005/2 הגיון קצר הסוג הוא הכולל מינים רבים שונים בצורותיהם המינייות המשל בזה גשם נקרא סוג בעבור שיש תחתיו מינים שהם כל המתכות; ends: החמישי קראו ספר ההטעאה ובכל אחד פ' דרכיו ותנאיו כי הצורך (לפי הצורך?). Footnote 206

8. London, BD and BM 38/3 contains a commentary on a fragment of the De interpretatione, entitled באור לשון ההגיון האומר ונתחיל לדבר בגזרות בעלות צדדים וכו' פ' עתה נתחיל לדבר...ונאמר שהצד היא המלה. According to Neubauer, the work was concluded at Urbino on Sunday, 26 Adar, 5340=1579. [Actually this follows the Tractatus, apparently in Abraham Avigdor’s version, and is probably an anonymous commentary (or a reportatio) on parts of that work.]

9. St. Petersburg, RSL Evr. I. 408, according to the ms. catalogue, written by an anonymous author who arrived from afar in the Crimea in the year עד הגל הזה (= 129, meaning 1369? Firkovich counts this as 1290!) [The work seems entirely influenced by the Arabic logical works translated into Hebrew, especially the Intentions of the Philosophers. Beginning with the distinction between conception and assent. It covers the first six books of the Organon.]

10. I do not know any details of a הגיון that Deinard owned, and that also goes for a הגיון in ms. Rabinowitz 1884, no. 114. [I was unable to locate these manuscripts.]

[11. The Art of Logic by the physician-philosopher Moses b. Judah Galiano (mid 16th c.) is found in Cambridge, UL Mm. 6.32.1, followed by a treatise on the Categories (Cambridge, UL Mm. 6.32.2), which covers the material from the Isagoge and the Categories. The section on the Isagoge, which reads like a typical Scholastic treatise, is divided into seven sections: (1) Introduction to the Art of Logic; (2) The Subject of the Art of Logic; (3) Explanation of the Signification of Terms; (4) Explanation of [the Question] Whether It is Necessary to Mention the Five Universals that Customarily Introduce Books of Logic; (5) Explanation of the Essence of the Universals, the Particular, and the Individual; (6) Explanation of the Meaning of Substantial and Accidental; (7) Explanation of each of the Universals. Moses defends Aristotle and Averroes again the objections of more recent authors; he cites Boethius, Albertus Magnus, Aquinas, Duns Scotus, and Burley “the sophist,” among others.

  • Judah b. Moses ibn Ḥayyim, Logic

  • Oxford, Bodleian Library Ms. Reggio 43/6 (Neubauer 2047) (IMHM F 19332), 74b–103a (incomplete on syllogism).

  • Anonymous, Treatise on the Isagoge, Categories, De interpretatione, and the Prior Analytics

  • Oxford, Bodleian Ms. Laud. Or. 98/4 (Ms. Uri 396) (Neubauer 1341) (IMHM F 22155), 72–94.

  • Shemaria ha-Ikriti, Logic

  • Leiden, Universiteitsbibliotheek Cod. Or. 4780/2 (Warnero 42) (IMHM F 28072), 179a–227b.

  • Joseph b. Moses Qilti, An Offering for Judah

  • Paris, Bibliothèque Nationale de France fonds héb 707/2 (a. f. 437) (IMHM F 11595), 5b–16a.

  • Paris, Bibliothèque Nationale de France fonds héb 707/6 (a. f. 437) (IMHM F 11595), 38a–41b. (Extracts and final paragraph.)

  • Paris, Bibliothèque Nationale de France fonds héb 992/1 (a. f. 437) (IMHM F 27766), 1a–18a.

  • St. Petersburg, Russian National Library RSL Evr. I 407/1 (IMHM F 50955), 1-12.

  • Elijah b. Eliezer, Logic according to the Method of Questions and Answers

  • Cambridge, University Library Add. 2659/4 (SCR 726) (IMHM F 17540), 62a–78b.

  • Jerusalem, National Library of Israel Ms. Heb. 280 2418/2 (IMHM B 446), 59a–75a.

  • Leiden, Universiteitsbibliotheek Cod. Or. 4790/14 (Warnero 52) (IMHM F 28074), 112a–127b.

  • Moscow, Russian State Library Ms. Günzburg 1197 (Fischl 47) (IMHM F 6819), 32 f.

  • New York, Jewish Theological Seminary Ms. 3316/1 (NY JTS Acc. 13202) (IMHM F 32000), 19 f.

  • Oxford, Bodleian Ms. Mich. 335/9 (Ms. Mich. 82) (Neubauer 1318) (IMHM F 22132), 43a–45.

  • Paris, Bibliothèque Nationale de France fonds héb 681/5 (anciens fonds 223) (IMHM F 11559), 152b–168a (Syllogism).

  • Paris, Bibliothèque Nationale de France fonds héb 983/7 (anciens fonds 245) (IMHM F 30343), 63–72.

  • Paris, Bibliothèque Nationale de France fonds héb 992/3 (Oratoire 106) (IMHM F 27766), 43a–57a.

  • Parma, Biblioteca Palatina Parm. 3024 (De Rossi 772) (IMHM F 13753), 386a–393b.

  • St. Petersburg, Russian National Library Evr. I 412 (IMHM F 52720), 4 f.

  • St. Petersburg, Russian National Library Evr. I 413 (IMHM F 52720), 6 f.

  • St. Petersburg, Russian National Library Evr. I 414 (IMHM F 50956), 5 f.

  • St. Petersburg, Institute of the Oriental Studies of the Russian Academy B 56/2 (IMHM F 52986), 65a–81b.

  • St. Petersburg, Institute of the Oriental Studies of the Russian Academy B 119/3 (IMHM F 53055), 69a–82b.

  • St. Petersburg, Institute of the Oriental Studies of the Russian Academy C 14/6 (IMHM F 69265), 55a–63b.

  • David Ibn Bilia, Logical Rules (or: Summaries)

  • Oxford, Bodleian Ms. Mich. 88 (Ms. Mich. 342) (Neubauer 2168) (IMHM F 22132), 104a–129a.

  • Anonymous, Short Logic

  • Paris, Bibliothèque Nationale de France fonds héb 1005 (Paris BN Oratoire 110/2) (IMHM F 30347), 3a–12a.

  • Anonymous Supercommentary on Averroes’s Middle Commentaries on the Categories, De interpretatione, and (part of) the Prior Analytics

  • London, Beth Din & Beth Hamidrash 40 (IMHM F 4708), 38b–154b.

  • Anonymous, Logic

  • St. Petersburg, Russian National Library RSL Evr. I 408 (IMHM F 52231), 11 f.

  • Moses b. Judah Galiano, The Art of Logic and a treatise on the Categories

  • Cambridge, University Library Mm. 6.32.1 (SCR 732) (IMHM F 16263), 32 f.

  • Cambridge, University Library Mm. 6.32.2 (SCR 673) (IMHM F 16263), 26 f.]

  • End of Volume I (July 1889)

|1000| Endnotes

33. (462 [pagination according to Steinschneider 1893b] n. 4) For citations from the Vulgata, see Steinschneider 1893b, 230–231.

34. (479, 480 n. 107 and 110) Michael Scot. Book One is apparently [extant] in Vaticanus ms. 384. [I could not find this reference.] Camus 1796, 428 (henceforth: Camus), remarks ad ms. 6788 on the diverging arrangement of the subject matter: B(ook) I of the edition is divided into two parts whose incipit is not indicated in the Latin mss. or is cut off (Merton 278, 228 in Neubauer and Cowley 1886, 1143, is a misprint) contains only one book in eight chapters, preceded by their table of contents, therefore VI of the edition figures there as 7, VIII is 8, the beginning of IX is also indicated in 8, 9 is VII, and 10 is “that part which some scholars consider to be a part of the Historia animalium.”) Other manuscripts show a different arrangement (Camus, 430); all of them definititely contain V, VI, IX. – The title (Camus, 430–433, according to four mss.) “…incipit translatio tract. Primi lib.: seu tract. quem compos. Arist. in cognitione naturarum animal. egrestium et marinor. (et volantium) et in illis modus (illo est) cognitionis est animalium (modus est) [et] generationis et modus generationis illorum sine cohitu” (sic, Var. costa!); Hebrew:

המאמר הא' (אשר חבר אריסטו מטבע , כ”י קנון) בטבע בהמות היבשה והדגים ובזה המאמר הא' נדבר מטבע הבהמות ובחבורם (לכן: קוניונט.) ובתולדותם ובאיזה ענין הם מולידים בחבור ובאי זה ענין הם מולידים בלי חבור is in any case more correct; the variant reading in C had found its way into the Latin text. This table of contents is indicated several lines by Camus, 430, as “Prologus translatoris”, as British Museum 437 has תרג'מה֞ אלקול אל אול מן אלכתאב אלד'י וצ'ע ארסו' אלפיל' פי מערפה֞ טבאיע אלחיון אלברי ואל בחרי ופיה צפה֞ מזאיג'ה ומוליד ג'מיע אלחיואן וצפה֞ מא יכון מנה מן גיר ג'מאע. Begins: “Quaedam partes corporum animal.” (Camus, 458); יש מן האברים מורכבים הרכבת המזגות, Arabic: אן בעץ' אג'זא אג'סאד אלחיואן תסמי גיר מרכבה֞ והי אלאג'זא אלך'. The catalogue does not translate the word תפסיר in the epigraph.

II. O and C המאמר הב' בעזר אחר ואין שני במניין האברים ר"ל אברי האדם וחלקיו ויאות שנזכר בתחלה אבריו בעבור כי הוא יקר ונכבד, thus the end of chapter six in the translation of Theodorus Gaza in Aristotle and Averroes 1562–1574: “Sed primum partes hominis explicare debemus.” – III O (= II, Arist.) יש אברים בבהמות דומים וזה הוא בב”ח הדומי' בתולדותם; Scot (Mert. Ms.): “Quaedam membror. anim. sunt constituta. C, f. 9a, תם המאמר השני ונתחיל המאמר השני (!) בע"ה, which Neubauer, who indicates the marginal notes, does not consider. Ends: ויש עופות קטנים שיש בהם כל זה כמו פאשר (= Arabic end of II); Scot: “ut in passere et in istis,” etc. O IV (= III C and Arabic). כבר זכרנו כללי האברים הפנימיות. Scot: “Jam diximus descriptionem membrorum”. O 30b and 40b without indication correspond with C and Arabic IV, V, thus O (= C, Arabic VI) עם כל אשר אמרנו יאות לנו לדעת כי יש עופות יתחברו כל עת ויולידו אפרוחים; Scot: “Postquam oi (omni?) eo quod diximus” etc. “quod quaedam aves”; O f. 59 = beginning of ch. 22 (thus, cf. Camus, 429) ולפעמים ב' סוסים וד' פרדים, Scot: “Duos equos aut duos mulos”. C f. 42 does not have here a new paragraph. In O follows VI (Arabic VIII) טבע ב"ח ולידתם הוא כמו שאמרנו והם נבדלים ; Scot: in the sample contained in Cm. 418 the text begins: “Animalia diversantur in operationibus”; Merton ms. VIII: “Natura anim. et generatio est secundum quod diximus, diversantur”. C continues without marking a new paragraph; f. 43b VIII ועתה נדבר על העופות (Arabic VIII, 3). O VII = C VIII, |1001| Arabic IX begins: מיני ב"ח הם נבדלים ולא נדע מעט (!) מב"ח בחיים מעטים רק מן הגדולים; Scot: VIII “Modi vero anim. variantur et nos nescimus” (cf. 1b line 6 from the bottom ויש בהמות שהם מתחלפים, Jourdain, 366: “et etiam modi anim. divers.”) C 64b without a number בעזרת הדבר א"כ בתולדות ר"ל מה שבנשים ומה שיהיה באחרית. Scot: Merton IX: “Sermo ergo de principiis generationum quod est de feminis et quod erat; hence VII, as in Camus, but without a new paragraph up to 65b, where we still have VII, 5, and already X, 5, but with insertions that did not allow me to find the beginning. Scot: X begins with “Forte accidit quibusdam viris ac mulieribus”. In the end there is an extensive argument concerning מולא (Mola) and אפושטימא, ends: כי האם תמשוך...מן הזרע ותנוח קצתו. – The translator into Hebrew retains many Latin words, such as טריאנגולי; for names, he mostly adopts פלוני; for Sofronicus, Socrates, Aesculapius, Apollo (Jourdain, 362), O has f. 1 (nares) ועכ"ז כל אבר ואבר ממין אחד מתדמים בצורה כמו שיאמר שיד ראובן דומה ליד שמעון ועין לוי דומה לעין יהודה והבשר דומה ובשר חבירו בערבי אלקימי. O 33b, C 24b וכל מיני ב"ח הנקרא בערבי אלקימי.

Quotations from Historia animalium in Gershom ben Solomon 1547; a Roman number after the Arabic one indicates the treatise, if it is mentioned expressly, a superscript number indicates the column. (IV) f. 181 above and below, 3 above and below 4, 193 middle and below, 204 middle, below XI, 213 from Averroes (cf. 302), 4 above, 221 above, last line, 3 middle, 232 penultimate line (241 פריוורא see p. 480 n. 110), 251 above, below 3 below, 4, 262 twice, 27 2_4; (VI) 284 middle, below, 292 l. 2, 5 XIV, 332, 4 בטעות סופר, 342 below (VIII) 344l End. XV and XVIII, 351 above End XV (literally), penultimate line, 4 below “in Part XX,” 361 middle, 2 line. 3: “Part XX”, 3 middle 4, 373 (מולא), (IX) 412, “beginning of the Book.” (I, 3, Gross, 235), 431 below, 474 above, 503 XVII.

35. (491ff.) Judah Romano. The Hebrew titles have meanwhile been printed in Halberstam’s Catalogue (Halberstam and Steinschneider 1890), 120, no. 409, with some omissions that are filled in here; what follows here are the first and last words of the passages themselves following the sequence of §301; the final formula וזה רצינו באורו has been omitted. Aegidius: 1 להיות טעות קטן בתחלה – לסיבת פשיטותו שבו יהיה גבול זה המאמר. 2 אמר המחבר צריך לידע – בפעולת הנפש המרגשת. וזה רצינו בבאור כוחות הנפש על צד הקצור (ראה עמ' 402 הע' 170). 3. 4. 5. (הע' 172) 6. יתחייב היות וכו' וזה כי הישות עצמו א”א היות לו קבלת חלק — ר״ל אין דבר נוסף על עצמותך ומהותך והבינהו. – 7. (יראה) היות התפילות מועילות – שיחדש בנו מה שגזרה חכמתו. – 8. ההצטרפות לא יבדל מהיסוד – משפט אחד מהמהות. 9. להיות הפעלה מנחת הנחה גורמת המציאות – לא תקיף בהם. 10. יראה בלתי היות זאת ההתחלה – דבקים בתולדה זה בזה. – 11. (מאמר...בהעדר הידיעה עם העדר החוש) אפשר לחקור לפי תכונות שתים – בלעדי ההתחלות האלו. 12. (דילגו עליו ועל 13 בקטלוג הלברשטאם) דע כי א”א להתחייב תולדה שוללת – והקדמה אחרת שוללת.13 ההיקש החולק אינו מאמת—לא יתחייב דבר וזה...החולק. 14. ההצטרפות נבדל...ע”פ דרכים שלשה – לדבר מה או לדבר אחר. 15. אולי יספק מספק אם הישות המניח הגדר – ומוליד אל איזה סגולות. 16. דע כי היות הזויות הפנימיות – ולא לפי דבר אחר. 17 אולי י' מ' ויאמר היות כזב – ולסבת עלה אחרת והבינהו. 18. (חסר בקטלוג הלברשטאם) אולי י׳ ם׳ ויאמר להיות ההמשכה עלול – באותו צד פן יקרה. 19. על תכונת שלוש אפשר לחקור סודות הבעלים בקלות. 20. א' י' מ' וישאל איך הוא נמנע – לשני מרובעים בלתי שווים. 21. דע בלתי היות נמצא דבר – ולא מציאות לבד. 22. א׳ י׳ ם׳ אם הרעם יתחדש – מניעים האויר ומחדשים הרוח ו' ר' באורו הנה (בב' זה). 23. ויאמר אם הפעולה וההפעלות — בהיקש אל החצונים. 24. דע כי יקרה בחכמות — בכל משיג מונח. 25 דע כי כל משפט -- והרושם אל ההיקש. 26. א׳ י׳ מ׳ אם אפשר להראות — אופן הראות המהות. 27. א׳ י׳ ם׳ (?) — יחס חמשה אל ארבעה.

Albert 1-4, see p. 496. - (Halberstam and Steinschneider 1890, 122, המיוחד) read: המאחד) 5. אמנם גזרת כל החכמים -- התחלות הדברים בטבע. 6. (שם 55) מכח המאמרים מבואר — בלעדי חכמת התשבורת. 7. (שם 56) דע כי הצורה נבדלת — הוראת הכל יאמר מהדבר והבן זה.

Alexander; The titles do not indicate the contents, which I have excerpted on my own. 1. האחד הוא נמצא בלתי מתחלק — ועל אופן |1001| מחוייב שלילת הרבוי. 2. סבה אחת נמצאת.... חיוב לחכמה האלהית. 3. העליון בתחתון אינו —או בלתי נמדד. 4. (ו-5. חסרים בקטלוג הלברשטאם) דע כי הנודעים יותר — ולמוחשים יותר הסירה. 5 דע כי הנודעים יותר — ולמוחשים יותר חסירה. 5. דע כי לכל שכל — הנודעים בהיקש אליו. 6 דע כי המספר יתחדש — בחמר שבו מקובל. 7. אולי י' מ' אם אפשר היות המקרה — למשפט הנושא.

Angelo 1. (כותרות בלי סיכומים) ההתרה על פי דרכים חמשה – הבאתם אל אלו והבינם. 2 (חסר בקטלוג הלברשטאם) דע כי למשפט הסתירה — סתירה אמירה ראויה.

Thomas 1. מכח הנאמרים למעלה — המציאות אלהי מהותו. 2. אמנם מבואר הוא היות — ממנו וחוץ מעצמו. 3. מכח הנאמרים — זכרי לדור דור. — (בקטלוג הלברשטאם בא כאן מספר 5!) 4. אמנם מבואר הוא — א”כ אינו גוף. 5. מכח הנאמרים מהעצמים — פרטי אחד במין אחד. 6. אמנם מבואר הוא בלתי היות - או אפשר היות(ם). 7. דע כי טענת הקדמונים — סדר נתינתי מאז. 8. (חסר בקטלוג הלברשטאם) דע כי השכל שלנו — ואחדות המתיחס לדבר. 9. דע כי השבועה — סדר נתינתו מאז. 10. יראה בלתי היות הגניבה — אכל הגנב בתחבולה. 11. דע כי סקראט — האר פניך ונושע. 12. דע כי בלתי היות העולם — לסבת אלו הראיות. 13. יראה היות אפשרי — אין להם דמיונות. 14. (חסר בקטלוג הלברשטאם) דע כי האלוה ית׳ — וכל הנאמר ממנו. 15. דע כי האלוה ית׳ אחד — היות אלוהות רבות. 16. (חסר בקטלוג הלברשטאם) דע כי א”א לשכל — ולאחי אחי והבינהו. 17. יראה בלתי היות השכל — וע”כ אינו דומה והבינה. 18. (נדפס). 19. בהעדר אפשרות הכזב בענינים הנבואיים. יראה היות אפשר להמצא

— לידיעה הקודמת האלתית. 20. אם הרצון נבדל מהמהות המלאכי שהשכל. יראה בלתי היות נבדל — להתחלפות הכחות כמו שנאמר. 21. יראה היות יותר רע נעדר — שיבא אליהם הנעדר הכבישה.

  • Endnote to this section published as “Miscellen” in Monatsschrift für die Geschichte und Wissenschaft des Judenthums 37 (1893): 230–238.

8. (462 n. 4) Citations of the Vulgate and Christian Bible Translation. (Steinschneider 1857a, 318 n. 30a, Steinschneider 1861b, 12, Steinschneider 1874, 102; David Oppenheim in Oppenheim 1858.) Individual authors: Moses ibn Ezra (Steinschneider 1857a, loc. cit.); Abraham b. David, אמונה רמה (Ibn Daud 1852, 91, [Ibn Daud 2018, 622–625.] Ibn Aqnin 1879, 31 and 194 – also Septuagint); cf. Hai Gaon, commentary on Tohorot (Ḥai ben Sherira 1856, 17, Samuel b. Ḥofni (Harkavy 1880, 133, to 49 of his book); Samuel b. Meir (Zunz 1875, 198, Oppenheim 1858, 64, Rosin 1880, to the commentary, xxiv, 2); Abraham ibn Ezra (Oppenheim 1858, 111; Bacher 1876, 43); ספר נצחון (vetus, Zunz, l. c., Oppenheim 1858, 63, also the New Testament); Jacob Anatoli (Güdemann 1880, II, 161); David Kimḥi on Psalms (Oppenheim 1858, 105: תשובות!); Moses Ibn Tibbon (Moses Ibn Tibbon 1874 on Canticles, 1,2 (cf. Moses Ibn Tibbon 2004, Steinschneider 1874d, 102); Nahmanides (Oppenheim 1858, 65); Joseph Caspi (Steinschneider 1893b, 462); Jeroham b. Meshullam (1334, Oppenheim 1858, 65, 105); Joseph b. Eliezer (Geiger 1840, 80, see Steinschneider 1857a, l. c.); Joseph Albo (Albo 1844 III, 25 at the end, in uncensored editions Oppenheim 1858, 62 גירונימו המעתיק); Lipmann Mühlhausen (c. 1400 Oppenheim 1858, ibid.); Abraham Zacuto (“Hieron.” Zacuto 1857, 246b, penultimate line, Krak.); Abravanel, המעתיק גירונימו (Steinschneider 1893b, 486, Oppenheim 1858, 105, without citations); Elia Levita (Bacher 1889, 210); Isaac Troki (Oppenheim 1858, 63). – Doubtful: Joel (1250, Oppenheim 1858, 112, 113 ורצה להעתיק; Hezekiah b. Manoah (13th c. Oppenheim 1858, 61, only name, Levit.!)

*A complete list of references is found at the end of this volume; letters attached to entries in this list (e.g., ‘Steinschneider 1878a ‘Steinschneider 1878c’) refer to the complete list

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Manekin, C.H., Biesterfeldt, H.H. (2022). Part One. Philosophy. Chapter Four. Christians. In: Manekin, C.H., Biesterfeldt, H.H. (eds) Moritz Steinschneider. The Hebrew Translations of the Middle Ages and the Jews as Transmitters. Amsterdam Studies in Jewish Philosophy, vol 18. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-76962-8_3

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