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Adenosine-to-Inosine RNA Editing: A Key RNA Processing Step Rewriting Transcriptome in Normal Physiology and Diseases

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RNA Damage and Repair

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Abstract

Adenosine-to-inosine (A-to-I) RNA editing is the most prevalent type of RNA modification in mammals and is catalyzed by adenosine deaminase acting on the RNA (ADAR) family of enzymes that recognize double-stranded (ds) RNAs. Inosine mimics guanosine in base pairing with cytidine, thereby A-to-I RNA editing alters dsRNA secondary structure. Inosine is also recognized as guanosine by splicing and translation machineries, resulting to mRNA alternative splicing and protein recoding. Therefore, A-to-I RNA editing is an important mechanism that causing and regulating “RNA mutations” in both normal physiology and diseases, such as cancers. In this chapter, we reviewed the regulatory mechanisms of A-to-I RNA editing, from regulation of ADAR enzymes to the involvement of ADAR-interacting secondary regulators. We also reviewed the roles of A-to-I RNA editing on miRNA-mediated gene silencing and RNA metabolism such as splicing, polyadenylation, and N 6-Methyladenosine methylation, as well as the functions in apoptosis, immunity, and circadian rhythm.

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  1. Priyankaa Pitcheshwar and Haoqing Shen contributed equally with all other contributors.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore

    Priyankaa Pitcheshwar, Haoqing Shen, Jian Han & Sze Jing Tang

  2. Department of Anatomy, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore

    Priyankaa Pitcheshwar & Haoqing Shen

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  1. Priyankaa Pitcheshwar
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  2. Haoqing Shen
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  3. Jian Han
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  4. Sze Jing Tang
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Correspondence to Jian Han or Sze Jing Tang .

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  1. Imperial College London, London, UK

    Ioly Kotta-Loizou

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Pitcheshwar, P., Shen, H., Han, J., Tang, S.J. (2021). Adenosine-to-Inosine RNA Editing: A Key RNA Processing Step Rewriting Transcriptome in Normal Physiology and Diseases. In: Kotta-Loizou, I. (eds) RNA Damage and Repair. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-76571-2_7

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