Skip to main content

Anisotropy of Sea Surface Roughness Formed by Waves of Different Scales

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Processes in GeoMedia—Volume IV

Part of the book series: Springer Geology ((SPRINGERGEOL))

Abstract

The dependence of the variance of the upwind and crosswind components of the sea surface slope, as well as the anisotropy of the slope on the range of waves creating them is analyzed. We used radio and optical sounding data, as well as in situ measurements (measurements by laser inclinometers, string sensors, and wave buoys). Dependences of the integral characteristics of the slopes created by waves whose lengths are in the range with a changing boundary: from the longest waves to waves of a given length are constructed. It is shown that the estimation of the anisotropy coefficient obtained in the framework of the well-known Cox-Munk model, which is widely used in applications related to the reflection of electromagnetic waves, does not agree with the estimates of this coefficient calculated from in situ measurements.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

eBook
USD 16.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 139.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 139.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Apel JR (1994) An improved model of the ocean surface wave vector spectrum and its effects on radar backscatter. J Geophys Res 99(C8):16269–16291

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brekhovskikh LM (1952) The diffraction of waves by a rough surface. Zh Eksper i Tear Fiz 23:275–289

    Google Scholar 

  • BrĂ©on FM, Henriot N (2006) Spaceborne observations of ocean glint reflectance and modeling of wave slope distributions. J Geoph Res: Oceans 111(C06005) https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JC003343

  • Chen P, Yin Q, Huang P (2015) Effect of non-Gaussian properties of the sea surface on the low-incidence radar backscatter and its inversion in terms of wave spectra by an ocean wave. Chin J Oceanol Limnol 33(5):1142–1156

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cox C, Munk W (1954) Measurements of the roughness of the sea surface from photographs of the sun glitter. J Optical Soc Am 44(11):838–850

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Danilychev MV, Kutuza BG, Nikolayev AG (2009) The use of the Kirchhoff method for practical calculations in microwave radiometry of rough sea surface. J Commun Technol Electron 54(8):915–926

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Danilytchev MV, Kutuza BG, Nikolaev AG (2009) The application of sea wave slope distribution empirical dependences in estimation of interaction between microwave radiation and rough sea surface. IEEE Trans Geosci Remote Sens 47(2):652–661

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Freilich MH, Dunbar RS (1999) The accuracy of the NSCAT 1 vector winds: comparisons with national data buoy center buoys. J Geophys Res 104(C5):11231–11246

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hughes BA, Grant HL, Chappell RWA (1977) A fast response surface-wave slope meter and measured wind-wave components. Deep-Sea Res 24(12):1211–1223

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kalinin SA, LeikinI (1988) A measurement of the slopes of wind waves in the Caspian Sea. Izvestiya of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Atmos Oceanic Phys 24(11):1210–1217

    Google Scholar 

  • Khristophorov GN, Zapevalov AS, Babiy MV (1992) Statistics of sea-surface slope for different wind speeds. Okeanologiya 32(3):452–459

    Google Scholar 

  • Longuett-Higgins MS, Cartwrighte DE, Smith ND (1963) Observation of the directional spectrum of sea waves using the motions of the floating buoy. Proceedings conference oceanwave spectra, EnglewoodCliffs. N. Y.: Prentice Hall, pp 111–132

    Google Scholar 

  • Pelevin VN, Burtzev JG (1975) Measurements of elementary site slope. Optical investigations in ocean and atmosphere. Moscow: Institute Oceanology of the Academy of Sciences USSR. pp 202–218 [In Russian]

    Google Scholar 

  • Valenzuela G (1978) Theories for the interaction of electromagnetic and ocean waves—a review. Bound Layer Meteorol 13(1–4):61–85

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wilheit TT (1979) A model for the microwave emissivity of the ocean's surface as a function of wind speed. IEEE Trans Geosci Electron GE-17(4)

    Google Scholar 

  • Zapevalov AS (2002) Statistical characteristics of the moduli of slopes of the sea surface. Phys Oceanogr 12(1):24–31

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zapevalov AS (2018) Determination of the statistical moments of sea-surface slopes by optical scanners. Atmos Oceanic Opt 31(1):91–95

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zapevalov AS (2020) Distribution of variance of sea surface slopes by spatial wave range. Sovremennye Problemy Distantsionnogo Zondirovaniya Zemli Iz Kosmosa 17(1):211–219 [in Russian]

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zapevalov AS, Knyaz'kov AS, Shumeyko IP (2020) Describtion of sea surface slopes in applications related to radio wave reflection. Zhurnal radioelektroniki [electronic journal] (4). http://jre.cplire.ru/jre/apr20/8/text.pdf. https://doi.org/10.30898/1684-1719.2020.4.8. [In Russian]

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2022 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Zapevalov, A.S. (2022). Anisotropy of Sea Surface Roughness Formed by Waves of Different Scales. In: Chaplina, T. (eds) Processes in GeoMedia—Volume IV. Springer Geology. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-76328-2_28

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics