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Introduction to Drugs, Drug Targets and Drug Resistance

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Biochemistry of Drug Resistance

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Abstract

Drugs are the moieties used in treating diseases. Drugs include vaccines, antidepressants, antibiotics, antiviral, anesthetics, stimulants, and inhibitors. Drugs perform functions in the living system and are associated with the change in body metabolism. Various mechanisms are linked to drug distribution and drug action. Mechanisms are specific and they target specific region or process in the body. Mechanisms for antibiotic resistance include modification of bacterial proteins which are the targets of antibiotics, enzymatic modification of antibiotics, reduction in drug uptake, efflux pump modification, plasmid modification, and inhibition of metabolic pathways. Drugs are used individually or in combinations to maximize each other’s effect and minimize the risk. Factors defining drugs efficiency include nature of disease, medical history, drug dosage, treatment time, age, and environmental factors. Drug resistance is the ineffectiveness of drug against a disease after specific period. Factors associated with drug resistance are the excessive or inappropriate use of drugs and the modification in target sites including genetic mutations. Genetic mutations lead to therapeutic and economic problems as new therapies and drug combinations require time and resources. Some pathogens are resistant to multiple drugs known as multi-drug resistance. Drugs designing by considering these challenges can minimize the drug resistance.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute of Chemical Sciences, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, 60800, Pakistan

    Saima Ashraf, Nabila Bashir, Nadia Rashid, Adeel Hussain Chughtai, Saadat Majeed, Muhammad Naeem Ashiq & Muhammad Najam-ul-Haq

  2. Department of Chemistry, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan

    Khalid Mahmood Zia

  3. Department of Pharmacy, COMSATS University Islamabad (CUI), Lahore Campus, Lahore, Pakistan

    Ghulam Murtaza

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  1. Saima Ashraf
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  2. Nabila Bashir
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  3. Nadia Rashid
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  9. Muhammad Najam-ul-Haq
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Correspondence to Muhammad Najam-ul-Haq .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Basic Sciences, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Narowal, Pakistan

    Sarfraz Ahmed

  2. Department of Infectious Diseases, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China

    Suvash Chandra Ojha

  3. Department of Chemistry, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan

    Muhammad Najam-ul-Haq

  4. Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Narowal, Pakistan

    Muhammad Younus

  5. Department of Chemistry, COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan

    Muhammad Zaffar Hashmi

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Ashraf, S. et al. (2021). Introduction to Drugs, Drug Targets and Drug Resistance. In: Ahmed, S., Chandra Ojha, S., Najam-ul-Haq, M., Younus, M., Hashmi, M.Z. (eds) Biochemistry of Drug Resistance. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-76320-6_1

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