Abstract
The exposome that can also affect tooth formation is constituted by (1) general external factors (such as climate or pollution), (2) internal factors (including hormones, oxidative stress, metabolic factors), and (3) specific external environmental factors including contaminants, drugs, and lifestyles. These environmental factors include large numbers of molecules that are able to interact with various tissues. This review will concentrate on agents that have been identified as acting directly on dental tissues resulting in a disruption of tooth development and acquired pathologies diagnosed by clinical observation. Among these factors, fluoride is the most studied as its excessive absorption may lead to dental fluorosis. Another important group of molecules that can affect mineralized tissues are endocrine disruptors, which may contribute to the more recently described Molar Incisor Hypomineralization (MIH). These molecules alone or also in combination with other factors such as drugs including corticoids, tobacco-related contaminants, heavy metals, and probably many others, alter tooth formation and mineralization of tooth tissues. Environmental factors that affect the oral cavity include “contaminants” which are not known to the individual exposed to them (most notably in water or food). Others are “toxics” when they are consumed with knowledge of their side effects or the risks associated with their consumption, such as alcohol, tobacco, some medications, or even excessive sugar. Questions about the capacity of environmental factors for disruption and their mechanisms of action within the oral cavity (mineralized matrices, soft tissues, microbiota) are of critical importance for optimal oral health and should be the subject of increased research in the coming years.
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Babajko, S., Besten, P.D. (2021). Environmental Factors and Enamel/Dentin Defects. In: Goldberg, M., Den Besten, P. (eds) Extracellular Matrix Biomineralization of Dental Tissue Structures. Biology of Extracellular Matrix, vol 10. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-76283-4_12
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