Skip to main content

Historical and Emergent Leadership Models in the North-West and South-East

  • Living reference work entry
  • First Online:
Handbook of Global Leadership and Followership

Abstract

Although leadership is broadly considered to be universal across countries, regions, and cultures, operationalization of leadership phenomena and preferences are often regarded as culturally specific. In the face of global challenges there is a need to integrate the different leadership practices across cultures to address these challenges. The purpose of this book chapter is to explore the orientation of both the North-West (individualistic culture) and the South-East leadership theories (collectivist culture), explore the most dominant models used to explain leadership behaviors in these contexts, and propose elements of an integrated leadership model that accounts for variation in preferences and styles across cultures. The key issues to be discussed include variations among meaning and scope of leadership across cultures, global differences in leadership practices and preferences, historical and emergent leadership models in the North–West and South–East, and exploring areas of convergence.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Abbe, A., Gulick, L. M., & Herman, J. L. (2007). Cross-cultural competence in army leaders: A conceptual and empirical foundation. Leader Development Research Unit, U.S. Army Research Institute for the Behavioral and Social Sciences. https://doi.org/10.21236/ada475798

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Abbe, A., Rentsch, J., & Mot, I. (2009). Cultural schema: Mental models guiding behavior in a foreign culture. In PsycEXTRA dataset. https://doi.org/10.1037/e564862012-016.

  • Adams, J., Rice, R. W., & Instone, D. (1984). Research notes. Follower attitudes toward women and judgments concerning performance by female and male Leaders. Academy of Management Journal, 27(3), 636–643.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ang, S., & Dyne, L. V. (2015). Handbook of cultural intelligence. Routledge.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Antonakis, J., & Day, D. V. (2017). The nature of leadership. Sage Publications.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ardichvili, A., & Manderscheid, S. V. (2008). Emerging practices in leadership development. Advances in Developing Human Resources, 10(5), 619–631. https://doi.org/10.1177/1523422308321718

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Atkinson, J. W. (1957). Motivational determinants of risk-taking behavior. Psychological Review, 64(6, Pt.1), 359–372.

    Google Scholar 

  • Avolio, B. J., Walumbwa, F. O., & Weber, T. J. (2009). Leadership: Current theories, research, and future directions. Annual Review of Psychology, 60(1), 421–449. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.60.110707.163621

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Aycan, Z. (2017). Leadership and teamwork in the developing country context. In The Blackwell handbook of global management (pp. 406–422). Blackwell. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781405166355.ch21

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Baltzley, D. (2016). Purpose and shared values are the heart of employee engagement. Journal for Quality and Participation, 39(3), 29.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bass, B. M. (1985). Leadership and performance beyond expectations. Free Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bass, B. M., & Avolio, B. J. (1994). Improving organizational effectiveness through transformational leadership. Sage Publications.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bass, B. M., & Stogdill, R. (1981). Handbook of leadership. Theory, research, and managerial. Free Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bird, A., & Osland, J. S. (2017). Global competencies: An introduction. In The Blackwell handbook of global management (pp. 55–80). Blackwell. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781405166355.ch3

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Blake, R. R., Mouton, J. S., Barnes, L. B., & Greiner, L. E. (1964). Breakthrough in organization development. Graduate School of Business Administration, Harvard University.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bowden, A. O. (1927). The futility of fickle formulae. Journal of Education, 106(6), 131–134.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brown, L., & Hort, L. (2006). Nelson Mandela: A photographic story of a life. Dorling Kindersley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cashman, K. (2017). Leadership from the inside out: Becoming a leader for life. Berrett-Koehler Publishers.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chen, X., Eberly, M. B., Chiang, T., Farh, J., & Cheng, B. (2011). Affective trust in Chinese leaders. Journal of Management, 40(3), 796–819. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206311410604

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chieni, S. N. (1997). The Harambee movement in Kenya: The role played by Kenyans and the government in the provision of education and other social services. Start page for BOLESWA’97. https://boleswa97.tripod.com/chieni.htm

  • Collins, J. (2009). Good to great: Why some companies make the leap and others don’t. Collins.

    Google Scholar 

  • Conger, J. A., & Kanungo, R. N. (1987). Toward a behavioral theory of charismatic leadership in organizational settings. Academy of Management Review, 12(4), 637–647.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cornelli, E. M. (2012). A critical analysis of Nyerere’s Ujamaa: An investigation of its foundations and values [Doctoral dissertation]. https://etheses.bham.ac.uk/id/eprint/3793/

  • Dorfman, P. W., Howell, J. P., Hibino, S., Lee, J. K., Tate, U., & Bautista, A. (1997). Leadership in Western and Asian countries: Commonalities and differences in effective leadership processes across cultures. Leadership Quarterly, 8(3), 233–274. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1048-9843(97)90003-5

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Earley, P. C., & Ang, S. (2003). Cultural intelligence: Individual interactions across cultures. Stanford University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Earley, P. C., Ang, S., & Tan, J. (2006). CQ: Developing cultural intelligence at work. Stanford University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Evans, M. G. (1970). The effects of supervisory behavior on the path-goal relationship. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 5(3), 277–298.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fakude, N. (2007). Entrepreneurship and Big Business: The high road to growth. In Visions of black empowerment (pp. 198–205). Jacana Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Field, R. H. (1989). The self-fulfilling prophecy leader: Achieving the metharme effect. Journal of Management Studies, 26(2), 151–175.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fiedler, F. E. (1967). A theory of leadership effectiveness. McGraw-Hill.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fleishman, E. A., & Harris, E. F. (1962). Patterns of leadership behavior related to employee grievances and turnover. Personnel Psychology, 51(4), 825–834.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • French, E. G. (1956). Motivation as a variable in work-partner selection. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 53(1), 96.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Galton, F. (1869). Hereditary genius. Macmillan and Company.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • George, B. (2015). Authentic leadership rediscovered. HBS Working Knowledge. https://hbswk.hbs.edu/item/authentic-leadership-rediscovered

  • Ghebregiorgis, F., & Karsten, L. (2006). Human resource management practices in Eritrea: Challenges and prospects. Employee relations.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hersey, P., Blanchard, K. H., & Natemeyer, W. E. (1979). Situational leadership, perception, and the impact of power. Group and Organization Studies, 4(4), 418–428. https://doi.org/10.1177/105960117900400404

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hickman, G. R. (2009). Leading change in multiple contexts: Concepts and practices in organizational, community, political, social, and global change settings. Sage Publications.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hickman, G. R. (2012). Concepts of leadership in organisational change. In Educational leadership: Context, strategy and collaboration (pp. 67–82). Open University/Sage Publications.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Hofstede, G. (2011). Dimensionalizing cultures: The Hofstede model in context. Online Readings in Psychology and Culture, 2(1), 24. https://doi.org/10.9707/2307-0919.1014

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hofstede, G., Hofstede, G. J., & Minkov, M. (2010). Cultures and organizations: Software of the mind (3rd ed.). McGraw-Hill Professional.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hollenbeck, G. P., McCall, M. W., & Silzer, R. F. (2009). Leadership competency models. In Discovering leadership (pp. 73–85). Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-137-24203-7_7

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Hollander, E. P. (1979). The impact of Ralph M. Stogdill and the Ohio state leadership studies on a transactional approach to leadership. Journal of Management, 5(2), 157–165.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hollander, E. P. (1992). Leadership, followership, self, and others. The Leadership Quarterly, 3(1), 43–54.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hollender, J., & Breen, B. (2010). The responsibility revolution: How the next generation of businesses will win. Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hook, S. (1957). The hero in history: A study in limitation and possibility. Transaction Publishers.

    Google Scholar 

  • House, R. J. (1971). A path goal theory of leader effectiveness. Administrative Science Quarterly, 16(3), 321.

    Google Scholar 

  • Howell, J. P., Dorfman, P. W., & Kerr, S. (1986). Mode.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hunt, J. G., & Larson, L. L. (Eds.). (1977). Leadership: The cutting edge: A symposium held at Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, October 27–28, 1976 (Vol. 4). Southern Illinois University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Izzo, J., & Vanderwielen, J. (2018). The purpose revolution: How leaders create engagement and competitive advantage in an age of social good. Berrett-Koehler Publishers.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jackson, T. (2004). Management and change in Africa: A cross-cultural perspective. Psychology Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Jacobs, T. O. (1970). Leadership and exchange in formal organizations. Human Resources Research Organization.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jenkins, W. O. (1947). A review of leadership studies with particular reference to military problems. Psychological Bulletin, 44(1), 54–79.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jennings, E. E. (1960). An anatomy of leadership: Princes, heroes, and supermen. McGraw-Hill Companies.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jeong, S., Lim, D. H., & Park, S. (2017). Leadership convergence and divergence in the era of globalization. In Handbook of research on human resources strategies for the new millennial workforce (pp. 286–309). Business Science References. https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-0948-6.ch014

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, J. P., Lenartowicz, T., & Apud, S. (2006). Cross-cultural competence in international business: Toward a definition and a model. Journal of International Business Studies, 37(4), 525–543. https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.jibs.8400205

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kerr, S., & Jermier, J. M. (1978). Substitutes for leadership: Their meaning and measurement. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 22(3), 375–403.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Koshal, J. O., & Patterson, K. (2008). A Kenyan on servant-leadership: Harambee and service. International Journal of Servant-Leadership, 4(1), 245–275.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kuada, J. (2010). Culture and leadership in Africa: A conceptual model and research agenda. African Journal of Economic and Management Studies, 1(1), 9–24. https://doi.org/10.1108/20400701011028130

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Li, M. (2020). An examination of two major constructs of cross-cultural competence: Cultural intelligence and intercultural competence. Personality and Individual Differences, 164, 110–105. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2020.110105

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Makgoro, Y. (1998). Ubuntu and the law in South Africa. Potchefstroom Electronic Law Journal, 1(1), 16–32.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mangaliso, M. P. (2001). Building competitive advantage from Ubuntu: Management lessons from South Africa. Academy of Management Perspectives, 15(3), 23–33.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Manz, C. C., & Sims, H. P. (1987). Leading workers to lead themselves: The external leadership of self- Managing work teams. Administrative Science Quarterly, 32(1), 106.

    Google Scholar 

  • Maree, J., & Mbigi, L. (2005). Ubuntu: The spirit of African transformation management. Knowles.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marquardt, M., & Berger, N. O. (2003). The future: Globalization and new roles for HRD. Advances in Developing Human Resources, 5(3), 283–295. https://doi.org/10.1177/1523422303254668

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mazrui, A. A. (2001). Boundaries of ethnicity and religion in Africa’s experience. In Shifting African identities (p. 153). HSRC.

    Google Scholar 

  • McGregor, D. (1966). Leadership and motivation. MIT Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Meindl, J. R., Ehrlich, S. B., & Dukerich, J. M. (1985). The romance of leadership. Administrative Science Quarterly, 30, 78–102.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Miner, J. B. (1975). The challenge of managing. Saunders.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mitchell, A. A. (1979). Involvement: A potentially important mediator of consumer behavior. ACR North American Advances, 6, 191–196.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mwenda, K. K., & Muuka, G. N. (2004). Towards best practices for micro finance institutional engagement in African rural areas: Selected cases and agenda for action. International Journal of Social Economics, 31, 143–158.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Park, S., Jeong, S., Jang, S., Yoon, S. W., & Lim, D. H. (2017). Critical review of global leadership literature: Toward an integrative global leadership framework. Human Resource Development Review, 17(1), 95–120. https://doi.org/10.1177/1534484317749030

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pfeffer, J. (1981). Understanding the role of power in decision making. In Classics of organization theory (3rd ed., pp. 404–423). Brooks/Cole.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pfeffer, J. (2017). The ambiguity of leadership 1. Leadership Perspectives, 333–341.

    Google Scholar 

  • Poovan, N., Du Toit, M. K., & Engelbrecht, A. S. (2006). The effect of the social values of Ubuntu on team effectiveness. South African Journal of Business Management, 37(3), 17–27.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Roberts, N. C. (1985). Transforming leadership: A process of collective Actio. Human Relations, 38(11), 1023–1046.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rondinelli, D. A., & Heffron, J. M. (2009). Leadership for development: What globalization demands of leaders fighting for change. Kumarian Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schenk, C. (1928). Leadership. Infantry Journal, 33, 111–122.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schwartz, S. H. (1999). A theory of cultural values and some implications for work. Applied Psychology, 48(1), 23–47. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1464-0597.1999.tb00047.x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shakir, F. Y., & Lee, Y. (2017). Connecting across cultures: An empirical examination of multicultural individuals as global leaders. In Advances in global leadership (pp. 89–116). Emerald Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1108/s1535-120320170000010003

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Silova, I., Sobe, N. W., Korzh, A., & Kovalchuk, S. (2017). Reimagining utopias: Theory and method for educational research in post-socialist contexts. Springer.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Sims, H. P. (1977). The leader as a manager of reinforcement contingencies: An empirical example and a model. In Leadership: The cutting edge (pp. 121–137). Southern Illinois University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Spence, R. (2009). It’s not what you sell, it’s what you stand for: Why every extraordinary business is driven by purpose. Penguin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Spreitzer, G. M., McCall, M. W., & Mahoney, J. D. (1997). Early identification of international executive potential. Journal of Applied Psychology, 82(1), 6–29. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.82.1.6

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stogdill, R. M. (1959). Individual behavior and group achievement: A theory; the experimental evidence. Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tambulasi, R., & Kayuni, H. (2005). Can African feet divorce Western shoes? The case of “Ubuntu” and democratic good governance in Malawi. Nordic Journal of African Studies, 14(2), 147–161.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thomas, D. C., Liao, Y., Aycan, Z., Cerdin, J., Pekerti, A. A., Ravlin, E. C., Stahl, G. K., Lazarova, M. B., Fock, H., Arli, D., Moeller, M., Okimoto, T. G., & Van de Vijver, F. (2015). Cultural intelligence: A theory-based, short form measure. Journal of International Business Studies, 46(9), 1099–1118. https://doi.org/10.1057/jibs.2014.67

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tutu, D. (2004). Dark days: Episcopal ministry in times of repression, 1976–1996. Journal of Theology for Southern Africa, 118, 27.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vroom, V. H., & Yetton, P. W. (1973). Leadership and decision-making (Vol. 110). University of Pittsburgh Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Why Business Must Harness the Power of Purpose. (2020, December 15). EY US – Building a better working world. https://www.ey.com/en_gl/purpose/why-business-must-harness-the-power-of-purpose

  • Wilson, L. (1992). The Harambee movement and efficient public good provision in Kenya. Journal of Public Economics, 48(1), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1016/0047-2727(92)90039-i

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Xing, Y. (2016). A Daoist reflection on sea-like leadership and enlightened thinking. Management and Organization Review, 12(4), 807–810. https://doi.org/10.1017/mor.2016.48

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Xing, Y., & Starik, M. (2017). Taoist leadership and employee green behaviour: A cultural and philosophical microfoundation of sustainability. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 38(9), 1302–1319. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.2221

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Your Company’s Purpose Is Not Its Vision, Mission, or Values. (2021, September 17). Harvard Business Review. https://hbr.org/2014/09/your-companys-purpose-is-not-its-vision-mission-or-values

  • Yukl, G. (1989). Managerial leadership: A review of theory and research. Journal of Management, 15(2), 251–289.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yukl, G. (2012). Effective leadership behavior: What we know and what questions need more attention. Academy of Management Perspectives, 26(4), 66–85. https://doi.org/10.5465/amp.2012.0088

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yukl, G., & Mahsud, R. (2010). Why flexible and adaptive leadership is essential. Consulting Psychology Journal: Practice and Research, 62(2), 81–93. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0019835

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zander, L., Mockaitis, A. I., & Butler, C. L. (2012). Leading global teams. Journal of World Business, 47(4), 592–603. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwb.2012.01.012

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Kennedy Muema Musyoka .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2022 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this entry

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this entry

Musyoka, K.M., Sloan, M.F. (2022). Historical and Emergent Leadership Models in the North-West and South-East. In: Dhiman, S.K., Marques, J., Schmieder-Ramirez, J., Malakyan, P.G. (eds) Handbook of Global Leadership and Followership. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-75831-8_34-1

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-75831-8_34-1

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-030-75831-8

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-030-75831-8

  • eBook Packages: Springer Reference Business and ManagementReference Module Humanities and Social SciencesReference Module Business, Economics and Social Sciences

Publish with us

Policies and ethics