‘Free of our labors and joined back to nature’: Basic Income and the Politics of Post-Work in France and the Low Countries

Jäger, Anton

doi:10.1007/978-3-030-75706-9_6

Anton Jäger^4,5

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1 Citations

Abstract

Recent years have witnessed an impressive revival of interest in basic income, often presented by its champions (such as Alex Williams and Kathi Weeks) as the correlate to new post-work visions. Many UBI supporters place it in an intellectual lineage which reaches back to early modern figures, but most of the antecedents which they cite—such as Thomas Paine’s ‘land grants’ and Joseph Charlier’s ‘territorial dividend’—were not in fact unconditional; instead, they required the recipient to enter into a ‘labour contract’ with society as a whole. This chapter investigates the slow dropping out of this work requirement clause from modern UBI proposals, focussing on the debates which took place in Belgium, France, and the Netherlands between the 1960s and the 1980s. In this period, New Left thinkers such as Jan-Pieter Kuiper, Jan Tinbergen, Robert van der Veen, Roel Van Duijn, and Philippe Van Parijs theorized European versions of a basic income in response to the perceived crisis of ‘the society of labour’ (arbeidsmaatschappij). Indebted to American cybernetics and French antistatism, the conceptualization of UBI which took place in that historical moment has left a powerful mark on UBI debates today.

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Notes

1.
Eric Hobsbawm, ‘Birth of a Holiday: The First of May’, in Philip S. Foner, ed, May Day: A Short History of the International Workers’ Holiday, 1886–1986 (New York, NY: International Publisher, 1986).
2.
For overviews and documents of the movement, see Hans Achterhuis, Arbeid: een eigenaardig medicijn (Amsterdam: Ambo, 1981), 54–55; Frank van Luijk, Waarom werken wij? De betekenis van werken 1983–2008/2009 (PhD diss., Free University of Amsterdam, 2009), 24–25; René Didde, ‘Brandende trams en Bhagwan’, De Volkskrant, April 11, 1998; K.G. Boon et al., Het boek van de arbeid (Amsterdam: De Arbeiderspers, 1957); H.G. Haaker, ed., Arbeid, beroep en samenleving (Assen: Van Gorcum, 1981).
3.
See Rob Van Essen, Kind van de verzorgingsstaat: opgroeien in een tijdlos paradijs (Amsterdam: Atlast Contact, 2016), 211; Herman Wigbold, Bezwaren tegen de ondergang van Nederland (Amsterdam: Arbeiderspers, 1998); Robert C. Kloosterman, ‘Amsterdamned: The Rise of Unemployment in Amsterdam in the 1980s’, Urban Studies 31, no. 8 (October 1994): 1325–1344.
4.
Cited in Bidde, ‘Brandende trams’.
5.
Cited in ibid.
6.
See Bo Bingel, ‘Achterhuis: Arbeid ’n vreemde ziekte’, Luie donder 2 (1984): 19–20. Available at Collectif Charles Fourier Archives, Université Louvain-la-Neuve, Box 22, Folder 1981, and the International Institute for Social History, Amsterdam. All the quotations of the sources originally in French or Dutch are translated by the author.
7.
See Greetje Lubbi, ‘Wie zijn de werkelijke luchtfietsers?’, in Naar scheiding arbeid en inkomen (Brussels: Werkgroep Arbeid en Milieu, 1985), 13–16.
8.
Tinbergen took the term from G. D. H. Cole, whose own term ‘basic income’ was used regularly in the 1930s—hence the original hyphenation.
9.
Christian Roy, ‘Revolution, Work, Resistance: French Personalism’s Connections with Eugen Rosenstock-Huessy’, in Culture, Theory and Critique 56, no. 1 (January 2015); Jean-Louis Loubet del Bayle, Les non conformistes des années 30 (revised and updated edition, Paris: Seuil, 2001), 415–433; John Hellman, The Communitarian Third Way: Alexandre Marc and Ordre Nouveau 1930–2000 (Montréal: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 2002).
10.
See Hans-Georg Betz, Postmodern Politics in Germany (London: Macmillan, 1991), 36–37; François Dosse, Gilles Deleuze & Félix Guattari: Intersecting Lives (New York, NY: Columbia University Press, 2007), 294.
11.
Another important catalyst to a left anti-work and anti-state sensibility was the 1972 publication of the Club of Rome’s ‘Limits to Growth’ report, issued on the eve of the global oil-shock and the consequent financial slump. E.F. Schumacher’s 1973 book, Small Is Beautiful, for instance, a call for decreased and decentralization production was coupled with an incentive to look for ‘work that really needs to be done, namely, the development of technologies by which ordinary, decent, hardworking, modest and all-too-often abused people can improve their lot’. Cited in Christopher Lasch, The Minimal Self: Psychic Survival in Troubled Times (New York, NY: W. W. Norton and Company, 1987), 89.
12.
See, inter alia, Richard Barbrook and Andy Cameron, ‘The Californian Ideology’, Science as Culture 6, no. 1 (January 1996): 44–72.; Jasper Bernes, The Work of Art in the Age of Deindustrialization (London: University of California Press, 2016); Katja Diefenbach, ‘Alles läuft gut: Warum eine Politik des Wunsches nichts damit zu tun hat, sich etwas zu wollen’, diskus (March 2003): 35–37; Benjamin Noys, Malign Velocities: Accelerationism and Capitalism (Winchester, UK: Zero Books, 2013), 5–6; Benjamin Noys, The Persistence of the Negative: A Critique of Contemporary Continental Theory (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2011); Russell Jacoby, Dialectic of Defeat: Contours of Western Marxism (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002).
13.
Ibid., 327.
14.
Cited in Alastair Hemmens, ‘The New Spirit of Capitalism and the Critique of Work in France Since May ’68’, in The Critique of Work in Modern French Thought (London: Palgrave, 2019), 182–183.
15.
See Joachim Häberlen, The Emotional Politics of the Alternative Left: West Germany, 1968–1984 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2018), 240.
16.
Andrea Muehlebach and Nitzan Shoshan, ‘Post-Fordist Affect’, Anthropological Quarterly 85, no. 2 (Spring 2012): 317.
17.
Ibid., 317.
18.
See Carroll Pursell, ed., A Companion to American Technology (London: John Wiley & Sons, 2008), 65; David Noble, Forces of Production (New York, NY: Knopf, 1984). Peter Drucker situates the coinage in 1951, although other reports situate it earlier. See Peter Drucker, Innovation and Entrepreneurship (London: Routledge, 2012), 99.
19.
Friedrich Pollock, Automation: A Study of its Economic and Social Consequences (New York, NY: Praeger, 1957). Pollock already foresaw the presumed necessity of basic income schemes, referencing Walter Reuther’s worries. See also John Diebold, Automation: The Advent of the Automatic Factory (New York, NY: 1952).
20.
Friedrich Pollock, ‘State Capitalism: Its Possibilities and Limitations’, in Critical Theory and Society: A Reader, eds, Stephen Bronner and Douglas Kellner (New York, NY: Routledge, 1989): 115–120; Friedrich Pollock, ‘Is National Socialism a New Order?’, Studies in Philosophy and Social Science 9, no. 3 (1942): 453. See also Moishe Postone and Barbara Brick, ‘Critical Pessimism and the Limits of Traditional Marxism’, Theory and Society 11 (September 1982): 617–658, for a discussion.
21.
J. Jesse Ramirez, ‘Marcuse Among the Technocrats: America, Automation, and Postcapitalist Utopias, 1900–1941’, in Amerikastudien/American Studies 57, no. 1 (January 2012): 31–50. See also Harry Braverman, Labor and Monopoly Capital: The Degradation of Work in the Twentieth Century (New York, NY: Monthly Review Press, 1974), for a discussion of this trend.
22.
See Frederick Harry Pitts, ‘Escape by Approximation: The Contemporary Relevance of Marcuse’s Conceptualization of Labor’, Telos Scope, July 17, 2012. For the original, see Douglas Kellner, ‘Introduction to “On the Philosophical Foundation of the Concept of Labor”’, Telos 16 (Summer 1973): 2–8. Herbert Marcuse, ‘On the Philosophical Foundation of the Concept of Labor in Economics’, Telos 16 (Summer 1973). See also Rakesh Bandari, ‘On the Continuing Relevance of Mattick’s Critique of Marcuse’, International Journal of Political Economy 29 (Winter 1999/2000): 56; Paul Mattick, Critique of Marcuse (New York, NY: Herder and Herder, 1972); Howard Brick, Transcending Capitalism: Visions of a New Society in Modern American Thought (New York, NY: Cornell University Press, 2015).
23.
Philip Walsh, Arendt Contra Sociology: Theory, Society and its Science (London: Routledge, 2016), 140.
24.
Cited in Bernes, The Work of Art, 161. For original, see Herbert Marcuse, Eros and Civilization (New York, NY: Beacon Press, 2015), 156.
25.
See Erich Fromm, ‘The Psychological Aspects of the Guaranteed Income’, in The Guaranteed Income, ed. Robert Theobald (New York, NY: Doubleday & Co., 1966). Herbert Marcuse, One Dimensional Man (London: Routledge, 2002); Charlotte Mohs, Marco Bonavena and Johannes Hauer ‘Abschied von der Klassenmetaphysik: Formwandel der Klassengesellschaft, Paralyse der Kritik’, Phase 2 (2018): 51–52; Alberto Toscano, ‘Liberation Technology: Marcuse’s Communist Individualism’, Goldsmiths Working Papers (2005): 6–22; R. Moore, ‘Eros and Civilization for a Jobless Future: Herbert Marcuse and the Abolition of Work’, Heathwood Journal of Critical Theory 1 (2016): 2; Bernes, The Work of Art, passim.
26.
Cited in Kevin Anderson, ed., The Dunayevskaya-Marcuse-Fromm Correspondence, 1954–1978: Dialogues on Hegel (London: Lexington Books, 2012), xxxiii; Herbert Marcuse, ‘The End of Utopia’, in ‘Psychoanalyse und Politik’, Lecture delivered at the Free University of West Berlin, July 1967.
27.
Especially popular at that time was the work of John Goldthorpe: John Goldthorpe and David Lockwood, The Affluent Worker: Political Attitudes and Behaviour (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1963). Later exponents include Daniel Bell and his own 1976 classic The Coming of Post-Industrial Society, where Marx’s ‘labour theory of value’ was declared historically obsolete in the age of the supercomputer and mass automation.
28.
Serge Crozier, ‘L’ère du prolétariat s’achève’, Arguments 12–13 (February–March 1959). Jean Baudrillard, The Consumer Society (London: Sage, 2016), passim.
29.
Ibid.
30.
See Jean-Francois Lyotard, Libidinal Economy (New York, NY: A & C Black, 2004), 211.
31.
Raoul Vaneigem, The Revolution of Everyday Life (New York, NY: PM Press, 2009), 39. See also Anselm Jappe, Guy Debord (London: PM Press, 2017), for an overview of the movement.
32.
Vaneigem, Traité, 36.
33.
Jean Fourastié, Les 40.000 heures (Paris: Denoël, 1965).
34.
See Miriam R. Levin, ed., Cultures of Control (London: Routledge, 2005), 249. The phrase was coined by the Dominican Friar Père Dubarle, who reviewed Norbert Wiener’s book in Le Monde in 1948.
35.
See Raoul Vaneigem, Traité de savoir-vivre à l’usage des jeunes générations (Paris: Gallimard, 1967); Alexandre Moatti, ‘Vocabulaire et controverses autour de la cybernétique et du transhumain, années 1960–1970’, in L’Homme et la société 205 (2017).
36.
See Ramirez, ‘Marcuse and the Technocrats’, 188.
37.
Cited in Herbert A. Applebaum, The Concept of Work: Ancient, Medieval, and Modern (New York, NY: SUNY Press, 1994), 446. For the original, see Marx, Grundrisse, 705.
38.
See Mike Davis, Old Gods, New Enigmas: Marx’s Lost Theory (London: Verso Books, 2017), 111. For overviews, see Frederick Harry Pitts, Critiquing Capitalism Today: New Ways to Read Marx (London: Springer, 2017); Jan Hoff, Marx Worldwide: On the Development of the International Discourse on Marx since 1965 (London: Brill, 2016); Ricardo Bellofiore, Re-reading Marx: New Perspectives After the Critical Edition (London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2009).
39.
Ibid., 705.
40.
See Frederick Pitts, Critiquing Capitalism Today, op. cit., 144–149.
41.
Antonio Negri, Marx Beyond Marx: Lessons on the Grundrisse (London: Autonomedia, 1991), 211. See also his Revolution Retrieved: Writings on Marx, Keynes, Capitalist Crisis, and New Social Subjects (1967–83) (London: Red Notes Italian Archive, 1977).
42.
Postone would later come out as a UBI supporter in the 1990s. See Moishe Postone, Time, Labor, and Social Domination: A Reinterpretation of Marx’s Critical Theory (New York, NY: Cambridge University Press, 1995), 21, where he drew on Gorz.
43.
See André Gorz, ‘Le démenti belge’, Les Temps Modernes 178 (February 1981), 1055
44.
Cited in Scott Lasch, The End of Organized Capitalism (London: John Wiley, 2018), 210.
45.
In the mid-1960s, André Gorz would become one of the first editors to put out a more elaborate version of the text. See Helmut Reinicke and Moishe Postone, ‘On Nicolaus “Introduction” to the Grundrisse’, Telos 22 (Winter 1974–75), 130–48; Martin Nicolaus, ‘The Unknown Marx’, New Left Review 48 (March–April 1968); Finn Bowring, Andre Gorz and the Sartrean Legacy: Arguments for a Person-Centred Social Theory (New York, NY: Springer, 2000).
46.
Ibid., 210.
47.
Mateo Alaluf, ‘Qu’est-ce que les grèves de 1960–1961 ont fait à la sociologie?’, in Mémoire de la grande grève de l’hiver 1960–1961 en Belgique, eds. B. Francq, L. Courtois, P. Tilly (Brussels: Le cri, 2011), 187–195; F. Perroux and H. Marcuse, François Perroux interroge Herbert Marcuse... qui répond (Paris: Aubier, 1969), 1976.
48.
André Gorz, Ecology as Politics (New York, NY: Blackrose Books, 1980), 77.
49.
Cited in Conrad Lodziak and Jeremy Tatman, eds., André Gorz: A Critical Introduction (London: Pluto Press, 1997), 66.
50.
See Alain Lipietz, ‘André Gorz and Our Youth’, Vlaams Marxistisch Tijdschrift 46 (2012): 88, for a powerful reflection on this turn in Gorz’s thinking.
51.
André Gorz, Farewell to the Working Class, 67.
52.
Ibid.
53.
Michel Bosquet (André Gorz), Capitalism in Crisis and Everyday Life (London: Harvester Press, 1977), 22. See also Michael Scott Christofferson, French Intellectuals Against the Left: The Antitotalitarian Moment of the 1970s (London: Berghahn Books, 2004), 42–50.
54.
André Gorz, Farewell to the Working Class (London: Pluto Press, 1982), 35.
55.
See Bram Van Ojik, Basisinkomen (Amsterdam: Politieke Partij Radikalen Studiestiching, 1982), title page. Later examples include Bram Van Ojik, ‘Basisinkomen en arbeidstijdverkorting’, in Socialisme en democratie 10 (1983): 25–30.
56.
Ibid., 15.
57.
Ibid.
58.
See Jan-Pieter Kuiper, ‘Volwaardige arbeid ook voor minder-validen’, AVO (December 1976): 9. See also Loek Groot et al, Basic Income on the Agenda: Policy Objectives and Political Chances (Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2011), 219.
59.
Robert Theobald, Gewaarborgd inkomen in een vrije maatschappij (Antwerpen: Werkgroep 2000, 1967).
60.
F. H. M. Grapperhaus, Is de negatieve inkomstenbelasting een schrede vooruit op de weg naar de sociale rechtvaardigheid? (Deventer, 1970).
61.
See Jan-Pieter Kuiper, ‘Arbeid en inkomen: twee rechten en twee plichten’, Sociaal Maandblad Arbeid (1976): 503–512; Jan-Pieter Kuiper, ‘Inkomen ontkoppelen van arbeid?’, Gids personeelsbeleid 18 (June 1977): 477. See also Robert J. van der Veen, Between Exploitation and Communism: Explorations in the Marxian Theory of Justice and Freedom (Amsterdam: Wolters-Noordhoff, 1991), 352.
62.
R. Balkker, ‘Han Schilperoord: wij willen de handen vuil maken’, Noordnederlandse Dagblad, 13 (March 1971).
63.
Roel van Duyn, ‘The Kabouters of Holland’, in Marshall D. Shatz, The Essential Works of Anarchism (New York, NY: Bantam, 1971).
64.
Editors, ‘Het is weer Amsterdam tegen de provincie’, Trouw (March 2004).
65.
See Roel Van Duijn et al., ‘Wat willen we nu eigenlijk?’, De Kabouterkrant 2 (May 1971): 1.
66.
Cited in Richard Brautigan, Richard Brautigan’s Trout Fishing in America; The Pill Versus the Springhill Mine Disaster; And, In Watermelon Sugar (New York, NY: Houghton Harcourt, 1989), 1. Brautigan’s poems were translated into Dutch in the 1970s, including an edition of Trout Fishing under the name of ‘Forel vissen’. They continued to exert an influence on Dutch counter-cultural circles in the 1980s, including the Council Against the Work Ethic.
67.
See Roel Van Duijn, Provo. De geschiedenis van de provotarische beweging 1965–1967 (Amsterdam: Meulenhoff, 1985), 181.
68.
Ibid., 134.
69.
See R. J. L. Visser, ‘Discussie over de betogen met reacties van Vogels en Van Duijn’, in Natuur en cultuur op gespannen voet. Groen licht voor een nieuw denken?, ed. Rob Visser (Utrecht: Studium Generale Reeks, 1994), 48.
70.
See Roel Van Duijn, Michel Foucault, Herbert Marcuse, Gilles Deleuze & Félix Guattari, Morgen is het misschien zover. Het nieuwe denken over onze tijd (Amsterdam: Het Wereldvenster, 1973).
71.
See Constant Nieuwenhuis, New Babylon (New York, NY: Notbored, 2009), 3.
72.
Ibid., 134.
73.
Ibid., 133. One of the first editions of ‘Provo’—the movement’s magazine—carried an entire header on the ‘New Babylon’ scheme, including references to cybernetics.
74.
Ibid., 133. See Ali Dur and McKenzie Wark, ‘New New Babylon’, October 138 (Fall 2011): 37–56; Mark Wigley, Constant’s New Babylon: The Hyper-architecture of Desire (Rotterdam: 010 Publishers, 1998); Mark Wigley and Catherine de Zegher, eds., The Activist Drawing: Retracing Situationist Architectures from Constant’s New Babylon to Beyond (Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press, 2002). Wark and Dur emphasize the influence of Norbert Wiener on Nieuwenhuy’s plans, while even Henri Lefebvre—classically a critic of cybernetics—showed enthusiasm.
75.
Cited in Robert J. van der Veen, Between Exploitation and Communism: Explorations in the Marxian Theory of Justice and Freedom (Amsterdam: Wolters-Noordhoff, 1991), 352. Also explored in Cor Schavemaker and Harry Willemsen, Over de arbeid van de mens (Amsterdam: Samsom, 1984), a book used by Hans Achterhuis at the University of Amsterdam during his interactions with the Council.
76.
See 19^e Kongres van de Partij van de Arbeid, ‘Resolutie Arbeid’, April 23, 1983, 13.
77.
Cited in Frank Empel en Flip Vuijsje, ‘Jaap van der Doef en de herverdeling van de arbeid—“Werk moet een recht blijven”’, De Haagse Post, May 22, 1980: 2.
78.
See Roel Van Duijn, Message of a Wise Kabouter (New York, NY: Duckworth, 1972), 31.
79.
See Roel Van Duijn, De boodschap van een wijze kabouter: Een beschouwing over het filosofische en politicke werk van Peter Kropotkien in verband met onze huidige keuze tussen katasrofe of kabouterstad (Amsterdam: Meulenhoff, 1969), 60–61. Van Duijn also postulated that cybernetics had replaced dialectics as society’s science of change, using the example of a free grid on which users with bikers could circulate.
80.
Chris Marker, A Grin Without a Cat, 1977.
81.
Chris Marker, ‘Sixties’, Critical Quarterly 50, no. 3 (October 2008), 26–32.
82.
Ibid.
83.
See Michel Rocard, ‘Un puissant parti socialiste: intervention à la Convention nationale du parti socialiste le 25 novembre 1978’, in Parler Vrai (Paris: Seuil, 1979), 176.
84.
Pierre Rosanvallon and Patrick Viveret, Pour une nouvelle culture politique (Paris: Seuil, 1977).
85.
Michel Bosquet, Occupons le terrain, Le nouvel observateur 166 (August 1976): 23.
86.
See Pierre Rosanvallon, ‘L’état en état d’urgence’, Le Nouvel Observateur 670 (September 1977): 49. See in particular Behrent, ‘Liberalism without Humanism’, 539–568; Claude Mauriac, Le Temps Immobile VII. Signes, rencontres et rendez-vous (Paris: Grasset, 1983). Julian Bourg, From Revolution to Ethics: May 68 and Contemporary French Thought (Montreal and Kingston: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 2007).
87.
Ibid., 49.
88.
See Michael Grenfell, Pierre Bourdieu: Agent Provocateur (London: A&C Black, 2004), 171.
89.
Michel Messu, ‘Pauvreté et exclusion en France’, in Face à la pauvreté, ed. F. Merrien (Paris: éditions de l’Atelier, 1994), 148.
90.
Lionel Stoléru, Vaincre la pauvreté dans les pays riches (Paris: Flammarion, 1974), 289.
91.
Michel Foucault, The Birth of Biopolitics: Lectures at the Collège de France, 1978–79 (London: Palgrave, 2008), 115.
92.
Michel Bosquet, ‘Plaidoyer pour l’entreprise’, Le nouvel observateur 684 (December 1977): 19–24.
93.
Bosquet, ‘Occupons le terrain’, op. cit., 23.
94.
Ibid., 23.
95.
Ibid.
96.
André Gorz, Ecology as Politics (London: Black Rose Books, 1980), 37.
97.
Ibid, 37.
98.
See Sicco Mansholt, ‘Invoering van een basisinkomen een noodzakelijkheid’, in Werkgroep PvdA Voor Basisinkomen (1986), 1. Available in the archives of Collectif Charles Fourier.
99.
Ibid., 1.
100.
Ibid.
101.
Wetenschappelijke Raad voor Regeringsadvies, Waarborgen voor zekerheid: een nieuw stelsel van sociale zekerheid in hoofdlijnen (‘s Gravenhage: Staatsuitgeverij, 1985).
102.
Wetenschappelijke Raad voor Regeringsadvies, Vernieuwingen in het arbeidsbestel (The Hague, 1981).
103.
Ibid., 181.
104.
Philippe Van Parijs, ‘Pays-bas: le débat sur l’allocation universelle, ou l’au-delà du revenu minimum garanti’, Revue belge de sécurité sociale 30 (1988): 675–684. The text was later reprinted in Notes de la Fondation Saint Simon, September 1, 1988, 15–23.
105.
Ibid., 684.
106.
See Pierre Rosanvallon, The New Social Question—Rethinking the Welfare State (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2000), 64–65. Rosanvallon’s original work appeared in 1992 and featured a discussion of Van Parijs’ plans as well. Rosanvallon himself did share the attempt to modernize social security in the course of the 1980s and 1990s.
107.
Ibid., 65.
108.
See Wilfried De Vlieghere, ‘Herverdeling van werk of basisinkomen?’, EcoGroen 8 (October 1993): 25.
109.
See James Heartfield, Need and Desire in the Post-Material Economy (Sheffield: Sheffield Hallam University Press, 1998), 76.
110.
See George Caffentzis, ‘The End of Work or the Renaissance of Slavery?’, in In Letters of Blood and Fire: Work, Machines and the Crisis of Capitalism (New York, NY: PM Press, 2013), 81.
111.
Van Essen, Kind van de verzoringsstaat, 55.
112.
Hans Achterhuis, ‘Neem de tijd—Gevangen in de tredmolen als hamsters’, Trouw, May 19, 2012.

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University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
Anton Jäger
Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
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Department of Politics and International Studies, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
Peter Sloman
Institut de sociologie, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
Daniel Zamora Vargas
Faculty of History, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
Pedro Ramos Pinto

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Jäger, A. (2021). ‘Free of our labors and joined back to nature’: Basic Income and the Politics of Post-Work in France and the Low Countries. In: Sloman, P., Zamora Vargas, D., Ramos Pinto, P. (eds) Universal Basic Income in Historical Perspective. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-75706-9_6

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