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Constraints on Evergreen Broad-Leaved Forests in the Southeastern United States

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Abstract

In a humid, mild-winter warm-temperate climate, as occurs across most of the southeastern US coastal plain, one would normally expect to find “laurel forests” dominated by temperate-zone evergreen tree taxa, as in other warm-temperate regions. Instead, on the sandy uplands of the geologically young coastal plain, one finds a topogenic, landscape-scale mosaic of wetlands, forests, open woodlands and scrub, some of it maintained by recurring fires. As a result, the potential over the coastal plain is not extensive forest but rather, where soil, topography and fire permit, a slow progression to woods dominated by coriaceous or harder-leaved evergreen broad-leaved trees, with somewhat open canopies and a greater role for deciduous trees, even at maturity. Colder winters to the north constrain most evergreen forest types, but there are also subtler, non-climatic constraints. The purpose of this paper is to describe briefly the main evergreen broad-leaved forest types and their dynamics, and to evaluate the climatic and non-climatic factors that constrain their distributions, especially within the context of local climatic warming and drying.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Geography, University of Georgia, 210 Field Street, Athens, GA, 30602, USA

    Elgene O. Box

  2. Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan

    Kazue Fujiwara

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  1. Elgene O. Box
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  1. Department of Botany and Ecology, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy

    Franco Pedrotti

  2. Department of Geography, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA

    Elgene Owen Box

Appendix: Composition and Structure of the Main Evergreen Broad-Leaved Forest Types

Appendix: Composition and Structure of the Main Evergreen Broad-Leaved Forest Types

The six main types of evergreen broad-leaved forests in the southeastern USA, as identified in the main text, are described here by means of Braun-Blanquet relevés, which show species composition and abundance in individual forest layers and thus the physical structure of the forests themselves. Each of the following six tables (identified as Relevé Tables A.1–A.6, as opposed to the Tables in the main text) includes three relevés, from different areas. Each relevé has four columns, for the T1, T2, S and H layers of the respective forests. The numbers in these layer columns represent species cover and sociability on the normal Braun-Blanquet scale of 1-5, with a plus sign (+) for sporadic occurrence.

Table A.1 Laurophyll “Bay” forest examples from the Southeastern US coastal plain
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Table A.2 Beech-Magnolia forest examples from the US Southeastern coastal plain
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Table A.3 Live Oak-Magnolia forest examples from the Southeastern US coastal plain.
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Table A.4 Upland Oak forest examples from the Southeastern US coastal plain.
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Table A.5 Oak-Palm forest examples from the Southeastern US coastal plain
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Table A.6 Bottomland evergreen oak forests on the Southeastern US coastal plain
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Box, E.O., Fujiwara, K. (2021). Constraints on Evergreen Broad-Leaved Forests in the Southeastern United States. In: Pedrotti, F., Box, E.O. (eds) Tools for Landscape-Scale Geobotany and Conservation. Geobotany Studies. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-74950-7_17

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