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The Fermi Paradox

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Abstract

In a 1989 comic strip Calvin (of Calvin and Hobbes) makes the following consideration: “Sometimes I think the surest sign that intelligent life exists elsewhere in the universe is that none of it has tried to contact us”. In a sense this is another way to solve the so-called Fermi Paradox. In the summer of 1950 during lunch Fermi was having a conversation about aliens (remember that the fifties were the period of the UFO fever in the US) and at some point he asked why, if they existed, there were no visitors from outer space. This very loosely question was since then considered as the Fermi paradox. In principle there are plenty of reasons to ask such a question. The dimensions of our galaxy are around 105 light years and if we assume an average velocity of c/1000 (with c velocity of light) it would take 108 years to transverse the Galaxy, which is a short time with respect to the age of our Galaxy (1010 years). Such a very simple calculation, typical of the Fermi approach, indicates that our solar system should have been visited (or contacted) several times during its existence by extraterrestrial intelligence. Another important point is that our solar system has an age of roughly 4.5 billion years so that is relatively young with respect to the age of the universe.

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Correspondence to Guido Visconti .

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Book Reading List

Book Reading List

If the Universe Is Teeming with Aliens … Where Is Everybody?

by Webb, S. (2015).

Given the fact that there are perhaps 400 billion stars in our Galaxy alone, and perhaps 400 billion galaxies in the Universe, it stands to reason that somewhere out there, in the 14-billion-year-old cosmos, there is or once was a civilization at least as advanced as our own. The sheer enormity of the numbers almost demands that we accept the truth of this hypothesis. Why, then, have we encountered no evidence, no messages, no artifacts of these extraterrestrials?

Please see https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783319132358 for original source.

Searching for Extraterrestrial Intelligence

by Shuch, H. P. (2011).

This book is a collection of essays written by the very scientists and engineers who have led, and continue to lead, the scientific quest known as SETI, the search for extraterrestrial intelligence. Divided into three parts, the first section, ‘The Spirit of SETI Past’, written by the surviving pioneers of this then emerging discipline, reviews the major projects undertaken during the first 50 years of SETI science and the results of that research.

Please see https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783642131950 for original source.

The Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence

by Montebugnoli, S. (Ed), Melis, A. (Ed), Antonietti, N. (Ed) (2021).

This book presents the latest knowledge of the newly discovered Earth-like exoplanets and reviews improvements in both radio and optical SETI. A key aim is to stimulate fresh discussion on algorithms that will be of high value in this extremely complicated search. Exoplanets resembling Earth could well be able to sustain life and support the evolution of technological civilizations, but to date, all searches for such life forms have proved fruitless.

Please see https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783030638054 for original source.

The Search for Life Continued

by Jones, B. W. (2008).

Barrie Jones addresses the question “are we alone?”, which is one of the most frequently asked questions by scientists and non-scientists alike. In The Search for Life Continued, this question is addressed scientifically, and the author is not afraid to include speculation. Indeed, the author believes beyond reasonable doubt that we are not alone and this belief is based firmly on frontier science of the most imaginative kind.

Please see https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9780387765570 for original source.

The Cosmic Zoo

by Schulze-Makuch, D., Bains, W. (2017).

Are humans a galactic oddity, or will complex life with human abilities develop on planets with environments that remain habitable for long enough? In a clear, jargon-free style, two leading researchers in the burgeoning field of astrobiology critically examine the major evolutionary steps that led us from the distant origins of life to the technologically advanced species we are today.

Please see https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783319620442 for original source.

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Visconti, G. (2021). The Fermi Paradox. In: Visconti, G. (eds) Climate, Planetary and Evolutionary Sciences. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-74713-8_10

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