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Regulatory Functions of Heparan Sulfate in Stem Cell Self-Renewal and Differentiation

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Proteoglycans in Stem Cells

Part of the book series: Biology of Extracellular Matrix ((BEM,volume 9))

Abstract

Heparan sulfate (HS) is an extraordinarily diverse type of glycosaminoglycan (GAG) that is ubiquitously expressed on the cell surface and in the extracellular matrix where it interacts with a multitude of growth factors and morphogens. The association of HS chains with the various protein partners, though seemingly promiscuous, is surprisingly unique, and is largely dictated by the spatiotemporal expression of various modifying enzymes. Playing a central role in a myriad of cellular and physiological processes, its involvement in regulating developmental decisions is under intense investigation. Stem cells are distinguished by their characteristics of self-renewal and pluripotency. Self-renewal allows stem cells to proliferate indefinitely in their undifferentiated/early differentiated state, whereas pluripotency implies their capacity to differentiate into different cell lineages. Recent studies have provided important information regarding the role of HS in regulating the self-renewal and differentiation capacity of both embryonic and adult stem cells. Here we review the current advances that have been made in understanding the function and related structural changes of HS during stem cell differentiation and in deciphering the underlying molecular mechanisms with a focus on embryonic stem cells (ESCs), neuronal progenitor cells (NPC), and prostate stem cells (PrSCs).

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Acknowledgment

This work was supported by grants from NIH R01HL093339, U01CA225784, and R56AG062344. We appreciate Ms. Ilayda Ozsan for her English revision of the manuscript. The authors indicate no potential conflicts of interest.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA

    Sumit Rai

  2. Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA

    Sumit Rai

  3. Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani School of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA

    Lianchun Wang

  4. Byrd Alzheimer’s Research Institute, Morsani School of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA

    Lianchun Wang

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  1. Sumit Rai
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Correspondence to Lianchun Wang .

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  1. Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Muenster University, MĂĽnster, Germany

    Martin Götte

  2. Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden

    Karin Forsberg-Nilsson

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Rai, S., Wang, L. (2021). Regulatory Functions of Heparan Sulfate in Stem Cell Self-Renewal and Differentiation. In: Götte, M., Forsberg-Nilsson, K. (eds) Proteoglycans in Stem Cells. Biology of Extracellular Matrix, vol 9. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-73453-4_5

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