Abstract
Forests in the southwestern USA are well adapted to dry conditions. High lightning incidence, long human habitation, and frequently windy conditions make the Southwest stand out for a high pace of burning. Forests are structured by climatic gradients created by elevation and topography. Low-elevation woodlands experience the driest conditions, but low productivity limits fuels. At the other extreme, high-elevation forests produce abundant fuels but are rarely dry enough to burn. The “sweet spot” in the middle elevations, dominated by pines and other mixed conifers, is characterized by frequently recurring weather conditions suitable for fire, and has a contiguous fuelbed of litter and herbaceous plants. This makes for one of the most frequent fire regimes in the world, comprised primarily of surface fire. Prior to Euro-American settlement, Native Americans used fire and co-existed with the landscape’s fire regime, but colonists brought different perspectives and land uses, excluding fire from most southwestern forests for well over a century. Severe fires are becoming larger, threatening people and structures as well as ecosystem sustainability. Coupled with several recent decades of steadily warming temperatures and much hotter scenarios predicted through the twenty-first century, future southwestern forests are likely to be drastically altered by interacting effects of wildfire, biotic disturbances, and drought.
Ecoregions 22, Arizona/New Mexico Plateau; 23, Arizona/New Mexico Mountains; 24, Chihuahuan Deserts; 25, High Plains; 26, Southwestern Tablelands; 79, Madrean Archipelago; 81, Sonoran Basin and Range
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Notes
- 1.
The nomenclature for this type of fire management policy dates back to “light burning” and “prescribed natural fires”, later “resource benefit” fires.
References
Abrams JB, Knapp M, Paveglio TB, Ellison A, Moseley C, Nielsen-Pincus M, Carroll MS (2015) Re-envisioning community-wildfire relations in the US West as adaptive governance. Ecol Soc 20(3):34
Allen CD (2002) Lots of lightning and plenty of people: an ecological history of fire in the upland southwest. In: Vale TR (ed) Fire, native peoples, and the natural landscape. Island Press, Washington, DC, pp 143–193
Anderson RS (1993) A 35,000 year vegetation and climate history from Potato Lake, Mogollon Rim, Arizona. Quat Res 40:351–359
Anderson K (2005) Tending the wild: native American knowledge and the management of California’s natural resources. University of California Press, Berkeley
Azpeleta Tarancón A, Fulé PZ, Sánchez Meador A, Kim Y-S, Padilla T (2018) Spatiotemporal variability of fire regimes in adjacent Native American and public forests, New Mexico, USA. Ecosphere 9(11):e02492
Azpeleta A, Fulé PZ, Shive KL, Sieg CH, Sanchez Meador A, Strom B (2014) Simulating post-wildfire forest trajectories under alternative climate and management scenarios. Ecol Appl 24(7):1626–1637
Bagdon B, Huang C-H (2014) Carbon stocks and climate change: management implications in northern Arizona ponderosa pine forests. Forests 5(4):620–642
Bahre CJ (1991) A legacy of change: historic human impact on vegetation of the Arizona borderlands. The University of Arizona Press, Tucson
Bailey JK, Whitham TG (2002) Interactions among fire, aspen, and elk affect insect diversity: reversal of a community response. Ecology 83:1701–1712
Baisan CH, Swetnam TW (1997) Interactions of fire regime and land-use history in the central Rio Grande Valley. USDA Forest Service Res Pap RM-RP-330. 20p.
Baker RD, Maxwell RS, Treat VH, Dethloff HC (1988) Timeless heritage: a history of the Forest Service in the southwest. USDA Forest Service FS–409
Bernardos DA, Chambers CL, Rabe MJ (2004) Selection of Gambel oak roosts by southwestern myotis in ponderosa pine-dominated forests, northern Arizona. J Wildl Manag 68:595–601
Blount SJ, Koprowski JL (2012) Response of the Mount Graham red squirrel (Tamiasciurus hudsonicus grahamensis) to postfire conditions. Southwest Nat 57:8–15
Brown DE (ed) (1994) Biotic communities: southwestern United States and northwestern Mexico. University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City
Brown DJ, Nowlin WH, Ozel E, Mali I, Episcopo D, Jones MC, Forstner MRJ (2014) Comparison of short term low, moderate, and high-severity fire impacts to aquatic and terrestrial ecosystem components of a southern USA mixed pine/hardwood forest. For Ecol Manag 321:179–192
Brunson MW, Evans J (2005) Badly burned? Effects of an escaped prescribed burn on social acceptability of wildland fuels treatments. J For 103(3):134–138
Brusca RC, Wiens JF, Meyer WM, Eble J, Franklin K, Overpeck JT, Moore W (2013) Dramatic response to climate change in the southwest: Robert Whittaker’s 1963 Arizona mountain plant transect revisited. Ecol Evol 3:3307–3319
Carroll MS, Paveglio T, Jakes PJ, Higgins LL (2011) Nontribal community recovery from wildfire five years later: the case of the Rodeo–Chediski fire. Soc Nat Resour 24(7):672–687
Chambers CL, Germaine SS (2003) Vertebrates. In: Freiderici P (ed) Ecological restoration of southwestern ponderosa pine forests. Island Press, Washington, DC, pp 268–285
Chambers CL, Mast JN (2005) Ponderosa pine snag dynamics and cavity excavation following wildfire in northern Arizona. For Ecol Manag 216:227–240
Cocke AE, Fulé PZ, Crouse JE (2005) Forest change on a steep mountain gradient after extended fire exclusion: San Francisco Peaks, Arizona, USA. J Appl Ecol 42:814–823
Colavito M (2019) Assessment of community wildfire protection plans (CWPP) in Arizona and communities-at-risk throughout the west project report. Ecological Restoration Institute, Northern Arizona University, p 36
Combrink T, Cothran C, Fox W, Peterson J, Snider G (2013) Full cost accounting of the 2010 Schultz Fire. Northern Arizona University, Ecological Restoration Institute, p 44
Considine ES, Chambers CL (in review) Bat assemblage and selection of maternity roosts following wildfire. J Wildl Manag
Cooper CF (1960) Changes in vegetation, structure, and growth of southwestern white pine forests since white settlement. Ecol Monogr 30:129–164
Covert-Bratland KA, Block WM, Theimer TC (2006) Hairy woodpecker winter ecology in ponderosa pine forests representing different ages since wildfire. J Wildl Manag 70:1379–1392
Covington WW, Moore MM (1994) Southwestern ponderosa pine forest structure: changes since Euro-American settlement. J For 92:39–47
Covington WW, Vosick D (2016) Restoring the sustainability of frequent-fire forests of the Rocky Mountain West. Ariz State Law J 48:11–33
Covington WW, Fulé PZ, Moore MM, Hart SC, Kolb TE, Mast JN, Sackett SS, Wagner MR (1997) Restoring ecosystem health in southwestern ponderosa pine forests. J For 95(4):23–29
Crookston NL, Rehfeldt GE, Dixon GE, Weiskittel AR (2010) Addressing climate change in the forest vegetation simulator to assess impacts on landscape forest dynamics. For Ecol Manag 260:1198–1211
Dejong DH (2004) Fire warriors: American Indian firefighters in the southwest. For Hist Today Spring/Fall:45–54
Dickson BG, Noon BR, Flather CH, Jentsch S, Block WM (2009) Quantifying the multi-scale response of avifauna to prescribed fire experiments in the Southwest United States. Ecol Appl 19:608–621
Falk DA, Watts AC, Thode AE (2019) Scaling ecological resilience. Front Ecol Evol 7:Article 275
Ferrenberg S, Wickey P, Coop JD (2019) Ground-dwelling arthropod community responses to recent and repeated wildfires in conifer forests of northern New Mexico, USA. Forests 10:667
Fisher AH (2000) Working in the Indian way: The Southwest Forest firefighter program and Native American wage labor. J Ariz Hist 41(2):121–148
Fitak RR, Koprowski JL, Culver M (2013) Severe reduction in genetic variation in a montane isolate: the endangered Mount Graham red squirrel (Tamiasciurus hudsonicus grahamensis). Conserv Genet 14:1233–1241
Flatley WT, Fulé PZ (2016) Are historical fire regimes compatible with future climate? Implications for forest restoration. Ecosphere 7(10):e01471
Flores D, Falco G, Roberts NS, Valenzuela FP III (2018) Recreation equity: is the Forest Service serving its diverse publics? J For 116:266–272
Friggins M, Loehman R, Thode A, Flatley W, Evans A, Bunn W, Wilcox C, Mueller S, Yocom LL, Falk D (2019) User guide to the FireCLIME vulnerability assessment (VA) tool: a rapid and flexible system for assessing ecosystem vulnerability to climate-fire interactions. USDA Forest Service Gen Tech Rep RMRS-395, Fort Collins Colorado, p 42
Fulé PZ, Laughlin DC (2007) Wildland fire effects on forest structure over an altitudinal gradient, Grand Canyon National Park, USA. J Appl Ecol 44:136–146
Fulé PZ, Crouse JE, Cocke AE, Moore MM, Covington WW (2004) Changes in canopy fuels and potential fire behavior 1880–2040: Grand Canyon, Arizona. Ecol Model 175:231–248
Gaines WL, Haggard M, Lehmkuhl JF, Lyons AL, Harrod RJ (2007) Short-term response of land birds to ponderosa pine restoration. Restor Ecol 15:670–678
Ganey JL, Block WM, King RM (2000) Roost sites of radio-marked Mexican spotted owls in Arizona and New Mexico: sources of variability and descriptive characteristics. J Rapt Res 34:270–278
Ganey JL, Wan HY, Cushman SA (2017) Conflicting perspectives on spotted owls, wildfire, and forest restoration. Fire Ecol 13:146–165
Garfin G, Franco G, Blanco H, Comrie A, Gonzalez P, Piechota T, Smyth R, Waskom R (2014) Southwest. Climate change impacts in the United States: the third national climate assessment. US. Global Change Research Program, pp 462–486
Griffin D, Woodhouse CA, Meko DM, Stahle DW, Faulstich HL, Carrillo C, Touchan R, Castro CL, Leavitt SW (2013) North American monsoon precipitation reconstructed from tree-ring latewood. Geophys Res Lett 40:954–958
Guiterman CH, Margolis EQ, Baisan CH, Falk DA, Allen CD, Swetnam TW (2019) Spatiotemporal variability of human–fire interactions on the Navajo Nation. Ecosphere 10(11):e02932
Hardy K, Comfort LK (2015) Dynamic decision processes in complex, high-risk operations: the Yarnell Hill fire, June 30, 2013. Safety Sci 71:39–47
Hill BT (2000) Fire management lessons learned from the Cerro Grande (Los Alamos) fire and actions needed to reduce fire risks. General Accounting Office, Resources Community and Economic Development Div (GAO/T-RCED-OO-273), Washington, DC. https://www.gao.gov/assets/110/108611.pdf. Accessed 28 June 2020
Hoagland SJ, Beier P, Lee D (2018) Using MODIS NDVI phenoclasses and phenoclusters to characterize wildlife habitat: Mexican spotted owl as a case study. For Ecol Manag 412:80–93
Huffman DW, Fulé PZ, Pearson KM, Crouse JE (2008) Fire history of pinyon-juniper woodlands at upper ecotones with ponderosa pine forests in Arizona and New Mexico. Can J For Res 38(8):2097–2108
Huffman DW, Sánchez Meador AJ, Stoddard MT, Crouse JE, Roccaforte JP (2017) Efficacy of resource objective wildfires for restoration of ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) forests in northern Arizona. For Ecol Manag 389:395–403
Hurteau MD, Bradford JB, Fulé PZ, Taylor AH, Martin KL (2014) Climate change, fire management, and ecological services in the southwestern US. For Ecol Manag 327:280–289
Hurteau MD, Liang S, Martin KL, North MP, Koch GW, Hungate BA (2016) Restoring forest structure and process stabilizes forest carbon in wildfire-prone southwestern ponderosa pine forests. Ecol Appl 26(2):382–391
Hutcheson F (1729) An inquiry into the original of our ideas of beauty and virtue: in two treatises 1. Concerning beauty, order, harmony, design 2. Concerning moral good and evil. J and J Knapton, London
IUCN (2020) The IUCN red list of threatened species, version 2020-1. https://www.iucnredlist.org. Accessed 27 June 2020
Johnson SA, Chambers CL (2017) Effects of ponderosa pine forest restoration on habitat for bats. West North Am Nat 77:355–368
Kalies EL, Rosenstock SS (2013) Stand structure and breeding birds: implications for restoring ponderosa pine forests. J Wildl Manag 77:1157–1165
Kalies EL, Chambers CL, Covington WW (2010) Wildlife responses to thinning and burning treatments in southwestern conifer forests: a meta-analysis. For Ecol Manag 259:333–342
Kalies EL, Dickson BG, Chambers CL, Covington WW (2012) Community occupancy responses of small mammals to restoration treatments in ponderosa pine forests, northern Arizona, USA. Ecol Appl 22:204–217
Karels J, Dudley M (2013) Yarnell Hill fire serious accident investigation report. Arizona State Forestry Division
Kaye MW, Swetnam TW (1999) An assessment of fire, climate, and Apache history in the Sacramento Mountains, New Mexico. Phys Geogr 20:305–330
Koprowski JL, Leonard KM, Zugmeyer CA, Jolley JL (2006) Direct effects of fire on endangered Mount Graham red squirrels. Southwest Nat 51:59–63
Lake FK, Wright V, Morgan P, McFadzen M, McWethy D, Stevens-Rumann C (2017) Returning fire to the land: celebrating traditional knowledge and fire. J For 115(5):343–353
Laughlin DC, Fulé PZ, Huffman DW, Crouse JE, Laliberté E (2011) Climatic constraints on trait-based forest assembly. J Ecol 99:1489–1499
Leonard KM, Koprowski JL (2010) Effects of fire on endangered Mount Graham red squirrels (Tamiasciurus hudsonicus grahamensis): responses of individuals with known fates. Southwest Nat 55:217–224
Leopold A (1920) “Piute forestry” vs. forest fire prevention. Southwest Mag 2:12–13
Leopold A (1924) Grass, brush, timber, and fire in southern Arizona. J For 22(6):1–10
Loehmann RA, Keane RE, Holsinger LM (2020) Simulation modeling of complex climate, wildfire, and vegetation dynamics to address wicked problems in land management. Front For Glob Chang 3:3
Lommler MA (2019) Mexican spotted owl breeding population, site occupancy, and habitat selection 13–15 years after the Rodeo-Chediski Fire in east-central Arizona. Dissertation, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff
Lowe PO, Folliott PF, Dieterich JH, Patton DR (1978) Determining potential wildlife benefits from wildfire in Arizona ponderosa pine forests. USDA Forest Service Gen Tech Rep RM-52, Fort Collins, p 16
Margolis E, Swetnam TW (2013) Historical fire–climate relationships of upper elevation fire regimes in the south-western United States. Int J Wildland Fire 22:588–598
McGuire LA, Youberg AM (2019) Impacts of successive wildfire on soil hydraulic properties: implications for debris flow hazards and system resilience. Earth Surf Process Landf 44(11):2236–2250
Merriam CH (1890) General results of a biological survey of the San Francisco Mountain Region in Arizona, with special reference to the distribution of species, North Amer Fauna 3:5–21. USDA Division of Ornithology and Mammology, Washington, DC
Mockta TK, Fulé PZ, Sánchez Meador A, Padilla T, Kim Y-S (2018) Sustainability of culturally important teepee poles on Mescalero Apache tribal lands: characteristics and climate change effects. For Ecol Manag 430:250–258
Mottek-Lucas A (2015) Flagstaff watershed protection project: creating solutions through community partnerships, ERI White Paper – Issues in Forest Restoration. Ecological Restoration Institute, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, p 28
Mueller SE, Thode AE, Margolis EQ, Yocom LL, Young JD, Iniguez JM (2020) Climate relationships with increasing wildfire in the southwestern US from 1984 to 2015. For Ecol Manag 460:117861
NatureServe (2020) NatureServe explorer [web application]. NatureServe, Arlington, Virginia. https://explorer.natureserve.org/. Accessed 28 June 2020
NFPA (National Fire Protection Association) (2016) NFPA celebrates 15th anniversary of Firewise Communities Program; honors nine pilot communities for their continued wildfire risk reduction activities. https://www.nfpa.org/News-and-Research/Publications-and-media/Press-Room/News-releases/2016/NFPA-celebrates-15th-anniversary-of-Firewise-Communities-Program. Accessed 14 June 2020
NFPA (National Fire Protection Association) (2020) State listing of participants. https://www.nfpa.org/Public-Education/Fire-causes-and-risks/Wildfire/Firewise-USA/Firewise-USA-Resources/Firewise-USA-sites/State-listing-of-participants. Accessed 14 June 2020
NIFC (National Interagency Fire Center) (2020) Lightning-caused fires and acres (2001–2018). https://www.nifc.gov/fireInfo/fireInfo_statistics.html. Accessed 26 June 2020
Noble WO (2015) Understory and arthropod responses to overstory cover and fire: a literature review in support of the Four Forest Restoration Initiative. Wildlife Specialist Report, Four Forest Restoration Initiative Coconino National Forest and Kaibab National Forest Final Environmental Impact Statement, Appendix 6. https://www.fs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_DOCUMENTS/stelprd3836571.pdf. Accessed 28 June 2020
NWCG (National Wildfire Coordinating Group) (2020) The Dude fire. https://www.nwcg.gov/committee/6mfs/the-dude-fire. Accessed 14 June 2020
O’Brien RA (2002) Arizona’s forest resources, 1999. USDA Forest Service Res Bull RMRS-RB-2, Fort Collins
O’Brien RA (2003) New Mexico’s forests, 2000. USDA Forest Service Res Bull RMRS-RB-3, Fort Collins
O’Connor CD, Falk DA, Lynch AM, Swetnam TW (2014) Fire severity, size, and climate associations diverge from historical precedent along an ecological gradient in the Pinaleño Mountains, Arizona, USA. For Ecol Manag 329:264–278
Parisien M-A, Moritz MA (2009) Environmental controls on the distribution of wildfire at multiple spatial scales. Ecol Monogr 79:127–154
Patton DR (1984) A model to evaluate Abert squirrel habitat in uneven-aged ponderosa pine. Wildl Soc Bull 12:408–414
Paveglio TB, Edgeley CM (2020) Fire adapted communities. In: Manzello SL (ed) The encyclopedia of wildfires and wildland urban interface fires. Springer, Chicago. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-51727-8_114-1. Accessed 28 June 2020
Paveglio TB, Moseley C, Carroll MS, Williams DR, Davis EJ, Fischer AP (2015) Categorizing the social context of the wildland urban interface: adaptive capacity for wildfire and community “archetypes”. For Sci 61(2):298–310
Paveglio TB, Carroll MS, Stasiewicz AM, Williams DR, Becker DR (2018) Incorporating social diversity into wildfire management: proposing “pathways” for fire adaptation. For Sci 64(5):515–532
Pyne SJ (1982) Fire in America: a cultural history of wildland and rural fire. University of Washington Press, Seattle/London
Pyne SJ (2014) Squaring the triangle: fire at San Carlos. http://www.nwfirescience.org/sites/default/files/publications/Pyne_SanCarlos2.pdf. Accessed 27 June 2020
Radeloff VCP, Kramer DP, Mockrin HA, Alexandre MH, Massada PMB, Butsic A, Hawbaker V, Martinuzzi TJ, Syphard S, Stewart AD, Susan, I (2017) The 1990–2010 wildland-urban interface of the conterminous United States-geospatial data. http://silvis.forest.wisc.edu/GeoData/WUI_cp12/FS_WUI_change_metadata_RDS201500122.html. Accessed 29 June 2020
Raish C, González-Cabán A, Condie CJ (2005) The importance of traditional fire use and management practices for contemporary land managers in the American Southwest. Environ Haz 6:115–122
Roccaforte JP, Fulé PZ, Covington WW (2008) Landscape-scale changes in canopy fuels and potential fire behaviour following ponderosa pine restoration treatments. Int J Wildland Fire 17:293–303
Roccaforte JP, Huffman DW, Fulé PZ, Covington WW, Chancellor WW, Stoddard MT, Crouse JE (2015) Forest structure and fuels dynamics following ponderosa pine restoration treatments, White Mountains, Arizona, USA. For Ecol Manag 337:174–185
Rodman KC, Sánchez-Meador AJ, Moore MM, Huffman DW (2017) Reference conditions are influenced by the physical template and vary by forest type: a synthesis of Pinus ponderosa-dominated sites in the southwestern United States. For Ecol Manag 404:316–329
Romme WH, Allen CD, Bailey JD, Baker W, Bestelmeyer BT, Brown PM, Eisenhart KS, Floyd ML, Huffman DW, Jacobs BF, Miller RF, Muldavin EH, Swetnam TW, Tausch RJ, Weisberb PJ (2009) Historical and modern disturbance regimes, stand structures, and landscape dynamics on pinyon-juniper vegetation of the Western United States. Rangel Ecol Manag 62:203–222
Roos CI, Swetnam TW (2011) A 1416-year reconstruction of annual, multidecadal, and centennial variability in area burned for ponderosa pine forests of the southern Colorado Plateau region, Southwest USA. The Holocene 22(3):281–290
Ryan RL, Hamin EM (2006) Engaging communities in post-fire restoration: Forest treatments and community-agency relations after the Cerro Grande fire. In: McCaffrey SM (ed) The public and wildland fire management: social science findings for managers, pp 87–96
Sakulich J, Taylor AH (2007) Fire regimes and forest structure in a sky island mixed conifer forest, Guadalupe Mountains National Park, Texas, USA. For Ecol Manag 241:62–73
Savage M, Mast JN (2005) How resilient are southwestern ponderosa pine forests after crown fires? Can J For Res 35:967–977
Savage M, Brown PM, Feddema J (1996) The role of climate in a pine forest regeneration pulse in the southwestern United States. Écoscience 3(3):310318
Shaw JD, Menlove J, Witt C, Morgan TA, Amacher MC, Goeking SA, Werstak CE Jr (2018) Arizona’s forest resources, 2001–2014. USDA Forest Service Res Bull RMRS-RB-25, Fort Collins, p 126
Shive KL, Fulé PZ, Sieg CH, Strom BA, Hunter ME (2014) Managing burned landscapes: evaluating future management strategies for resilient forests under a warming climate. Int J Wildland Fire 23(7):915–928
Simmons M (1991) The last conquistador: Juan de Oñate and the settling of the far Southwest. University of Oklahoma Press, Norman
Singleton MP, Thode AE, Sánchez-Meador AJ, Iniguez JM (2019) Increasing trends in high-severity fire in the southwestern USA from 1984 to 2015. For Ecol Manag 433:709–719
Smith JK (ed) (2000) Wildland fire in ecosystems: effects of fire on fauna, vol 1. USDA Forest Service Gen Tech Rep RMRSR-42, Ogden, Utah, p 83
Snyder MA, Linhart YB (1994) Nest-site selection by Abert’s squirrel: chemical characteristics of nest trees. J Mammal 75:136–141
Stan AB, Fulé PZ, Ireland K, Sanderlin J (2014) Modern fire regime resembles historical fire regime in a ponderosa pine forest on Native American lands. Int J Wildland Fire 23:686–697
Steelman TA, Kunkel GF (2004) Effective community responses to wildfire threats: lessons from New Mexico. Soc Nat Res 17(8):679–699
Stephens SL, Westerling AL, Hurteau MD, Peery MZ, Schultz CA, Thompson S (2020) Fire and climate change: conserving seasonally dry forests is still possible. Front Ecol Environ. https://doi.org/10.1002/fee.2218
Stevens J, Falk DA (2009) Can buffelgrass invasions be controlled in the American Southwest? Using invasion ecology theory to understand buffelgrass success and develop comprehensive restoration and management. Ecol Restor 27:417–427
Stevens JT, Kling MM, Schwilk DW, Varner JM, Kane JM (2020) Biogeography of fire regimes in western US conifer forests: a trait-based approach. Glob Ecol Biogeogr 29:944–955
Stewart OC (2002) Forgotten fires: native Americans and the transient wilderness. University of Oklahoma Press, Norman
Stoddard MT, Fulé PZ, Huffman DW, Sánchez Meador AJ, Roccaforte JP (2020) Ecosystem management applications of resource objective wildfires in forests of the Grand Canyon National Park, USA. Int J Wildland Fire. https://doi.org/10.1071/WF19067
Swetnam TW, Baisan C (1996) Historical fire regime patterns in the southwestern United States since AD 1700. In: Allen CD (ed) Fire effects in southwestern forests: proceedings of the 2nd La Mesa fire symposium, USDA Forest Service Gen Tech Rep RM-286, pp 11–32
Swetnam TW, Farella J, Roos CI, Liebmann MJ, Falk DA, Allen CD (2016) Multiscale perspectives of fire, climate and humans in western North America and the Jemez Mountains, USA. Phil Trans R Soc Bull 371:20150168
The Cornell Lab (2020) All about birds https://www.allaboutbirds.org/news/. Accessed 27 June 2020
Timm BC, McGarigal K, Cushman SA, Ganey JL (2016) Multi-scale Mexican spotted owl (Strix occidentalis lucida) nest/roost habitat selection in Arizona and a comparison with single-scale modeling results. Landsc Ecol 31:1209–1225
Voggesser G, Lynn K, Daigle J, Lake FK, Ranco D (2013) Cultural impacts to tribes from climate change influences on forests. Clim Chang 120:615–626
Waltz AE, Stoddard MT, Kalies EL, Springer JD, Huffman DW, Sanchez Meador A (2014) Effectiveness of fuel reduction treatments: assessing metrics of forest resiliency and wildfire severity after the Wallow Fire, AZ. For Ecol Manag 334:43–52
Wan HY, Cushman SA, Ganey JL (2019) Recent and projected future wildfire trends across the ranges of three spotted owl subspecies under climate change. Front Ecol Evol 7:37
Weaver H (1951) Fire as an ecological factor in the southwestern ponderosa pine forests. J For 49:93–98
Weng C, Jackson ST (1999) Late glacial and Holocene vegetation history and paleoclimate of the Kaibab Plateau, Arizona. Palaeogeogr Palaeoclimatol Palaeoecol 153:179–201
WFEC (Wildland Fire Executive Council) (2014) The national strategy: the final phase in the development of the national cohesive wildland fire management strategy, Washington, DC. https://www.forestsandrangelands.gov/documents/strategy/strategy/CSPhaseIIINationalStrategyApr2014.pdf. Accessed 11 Dec 2015
Whelan RJ (1995) The ecology of fire. Cambridge University Press, New York
Whitehair L, Fulé PZ, Sánchez Meador A, Azpeleta Tarancón A, Kim Y-S (2018) Fire regime on a cultural landscape: Navajo Nation. Ecol Evol 8(19):9848–9858
Whittaker RH, Niering WA (1975) Vegetation of the Santa Catalina Mountains, Arizona. V. Biomass, production, and diversity along the elevation gradient. Ecology 56:771–790
Williams AP, Allen CD, Macalady AK, Griffin D, Woodhouse CA, Meko DM, Swetnam TW, Rauscher SA, Seager R, Grissino-Mayer HD, Dean JS, Cook ER, Gangodagamage C, Cai M, McDowell NG (2012) Temperature as a potent driver of regional forest drought stress and tree mortality. Nat Clim Chang 3:292–297
Yazzie JO, Fulé PZ, Kim Y-S, Sánchez Meador A (2019) Diné kinship as a framework for conserving native tree species in climate change. Ecol Appl 29(6):e01944
Yocom Kent LL, Fulé PZ, Brown PM, Cerano-Paredes J, Cornejo-Oviedo E, Cortés Montaño C, Drury SA, Falk DA, Meunier J, Poulos HM, Skinner CN, Stephens SL, Villanueva-Díaz J (2017) Climate drives fire synchrony but local factors control fire regime change in northern Mexico. Ecosphere 8(3):e01709
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2021 This is a U.S. government work and not under copyright protection in the U.S.; foreign copyright protection may apply
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Fulé, P.Z., Edgeley, C.M., Chambers, C.L., Hoagland, S., Céspedes, B. (2021). Fire Ecology and Management of Southwestern Forests. In: Greenberg, C.H., Collins, B. (eds) Fire Ecology and Management: Past, Present, and Future of US Forested Ecosystems. Managing Forest Ecosystems, vol 39. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-73267-7_11
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-73267-7_11
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-73266-0
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-73267-7
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)