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Najd Shear System in the Arabian-Nubian Shield

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The Geology of the Arabian-Nubian Shield

Part of the book series: Regional Geology Reviews ((RGR))

Abstract

The Arabian-Nubian Shield (ANS) was assembled from juvenile crust during a three-stage Neoproterozoic tectonic evolution involving: (1) intra-oceanic subduction and arc accretion stage, (2) orogenic extension stage, and (3) post-extensional compressional stage. Stage 1 is manifested by ophiolite-decorated arc-arc high-strain zones (suture zones) and calc-alkaline magmatism. The orogenic extensional tectonic stage generated dyke swarms, bimodal volcanism, molasse basins, A-type granite magmatism, low angle normal faulting (LANFs) and metamorphic gneiss complexes. The geological features attributed to this stage have been interpreted in terms of continental rifting, gravitational collapse, crustal and mantle delamination, transpression, escape/extrusion tectonism, and gravitational uplift. The post-extensional compressional stage is typified by dominantly NW–SE trending folds and thrusts, E–W transpression, and the N–S shortening zones. The Najd Fault System (NFS) (ca. 630–540 Ma) to be described in this chapter is attributed by some workers to the orogenic extension tectonic stage and by others to the post-extensional compressional stage. Earlier interpretation connects the NFS to the Najd Orogeny (570–520 Ma). The NFS is one of the largest transcurrent shear systems worldwide and deciphering its kinematic history adds considerably to our understanding of the cratonization of Gondwana, and specifically to mechanisms of exhumation of metamorphic complexes in the ANS. The NFS extends in a NW–SE direction across the Arabian Shield (e.g., Ajjaj, Qazaz, Ruwah, Ar Rikah, and Halaban strands of the NFS) for more than 1300 km (~400 km wide) and continues beneath Phanerozoic cover in Yemen. The NFS is believed to extend into the Nubian Shield (Egyptian Eastern Desert and Sinai). The dominant sense of shearing along the NW–SE trending Najd megashears is sinistral, however, evidence exists for an earlier phase of dextral slip. NE- (to ENE-) oriented shear zones (e.g. the Ad-Damm, Fatima, Idfu-Mersa Alam, Qena-Safaga shear zones) could be Najd-related conjugates or earlier fault systems. The shear and volume strain aspects of Najd shears are described, as are the stress controls on the brittle evolution of Najd faults. The role of Najd brittle structures in hydrothermal mineral deposits and ground water flow patterns are also covered in this chapter.

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Acknowledgements

We would like to thank Ghaleb Jarrar and Peter Johnson for reviewing the chapter and their constructive comments that significantly improve the manuscript. Thanks are also due to Tamer Abu-Alam, Ousama Hamid, Mahmoud Hassan, Wael Hagag, Mohamed Abu Soliman for sending some articles. We are grateful to Peter Johnson for Fig. 15.2 image.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Geology Department, Faulty of Science, Benha University, 13518, Benha, Egypt

    Zakaria Hamimi

  2. Geology Department, Faculty of Science, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates

    Abdel-Rahman Fowler

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Geology, Faculty of Science, Banha University, Benha, Egypt

    Zakaria Hamimi

  2. Department of Geology, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates

    Abdel-Rahman Fowler

  3. Department of Geology and Mineralogy, Royal Museum for Central Africa, Tervuren, Belgium

    Jean-Paul Liégeois

  4. Department of Earth Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia

    Alan Collins

  5. Boone Pickens School of Geology, Oklahoma State University, Oklahoma City, OK, USA

    Mohamed G. Abdelsalam

  6. Department of Geology, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt

    Mohamed Abd EI-Wahed

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Hamimi, Z., Fowler, AR. (2021). Najd Shear System in the Arabian-Nubian Shield. In: Hamimi, Z., Fowler, AR., Liégeois, JP., Collins, A., Abdelsalam, M.G., Abd EI-Wahed, M. (eds) The Geology of the Arabian-Nubian Shield. Regional Geology Reviews. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-72995-0_15

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