Robotics in Neurosurgery – Past, Presence and Future

Abstract

In multiple ways, neurosurgery is the perfect field for the implementation of robotic assisted procedures. Neurosurgical operations require precise and fine manipulation of deeply located critical neural structures that are accessed through a small corridor. The concept of robots has evolved from “human-like” machines to programmable, multifunctional specialized devices. To this day, the majority of robotic-assisted neurosurgical operations involve a shared-control system. They have involved a robotic arm that moves an instrument to a specific location based on Cartesian coordinates and is then locked in place. The operating neurosurgeon proceeds with the instrument along the path defined by the robot. One of the most important goals is to promote active cooperation between engineers and neurosurgeons. However, unfamiliarity with robot technology and the high costs of maintenance and purchasing the few available robotic systems can discourage their use. Nevertheless, improvements in the quality of healthcare should eventually surpass the inherent costs of robotic surgery systems. While we witness the dawn of artificial intelligence and brain-machine interfaces, neurosurgery and treatment of previously incurable diseases has already surpassed the ideas of science fiction writers. As with every tool created by man, we must ensure as scientists and medical doctors that robotics is used as means to benefits individuals and all of mankind.