Abstract
Chernozems or Black Earth in Russian (Mollisols in the USDA taxonomy), cover a total of 916 million ha or 7% of the world’s ice-free land: 485 Mha in Eurasia, 290 Mha in North America and 102 Mha in South America. On the occasion of the first World Soil Day, 5th December 2005, the Chernozem was proclaimed Soil of the Year because of its environmental, economic and societal significance. Chernozems are formed under grassland across the Steppes of Eastern Europe, Russia and Central Asia, the Prairies in North America and on the Pampas in South America, under a wide range of climate with mean annual temperatures of 5–20 °C and annual rainfall of 500–1500 mm. Their thick, humus-rich topsoil contains 4–16% organic matter or 2–8% soil organic carbon (SOC) which creates a favourable structure, high water retention capacity and large plant nutrient reserves; and their subsoils exhibit a concentration of primary and secondary carbonates. Land misuse and soil mismanagement have accelerated soil erosion, undermined their productivity and depleted SOC with associated emissions of CO2, CH4 and N2O. Fifty years or more of continual cultivation has depleted SOC down to depths of 120–130 cm with losses of 38–43% from the top 0–10 cm layer. Restoring degraded Chernozems is a win-win-win strategy with agronomic, environmental, economic and societal benefits including advancing the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Restoration would sustain and enhance crop yields, use-efficiency of inputs and advance SDG2 (Zero Hunger). It would reduce gaseous emissions and sequester carbon while reducing risks of accelerated soil erosion and non-point-source pollution, advancing SDGs 6 (Clean Water) and 13 (Climate Action). It would improve farm income and profitability and advance SDG1 (No Poverty). And it would improve societal wellbeing and advance SDG3 (Good Health and Wellbeing). An important global benefit of restoring degraded Chernozems would be adaptation and mitigation of climate change by offsetting anthropogenic emissions; SOC sequestration with improved management can be 0.7–1.5 MgC/ha/y.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Altermann, M., J. Rinklebe, I. Merbach, et al. 2005. Chernozem—Soil of the year 2005. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science 168 (6): 725–740.
Bezuglova, O.S., and N.V. Yudina. 2006. Interelationship between the physical properties and the humus content of Chernozems in the south of European Russia. Eurasian Soil Science 39 (2): 187–194.
Borontov, O.K., I.M. Nikul’nikov, V.I. Kurakov, and A.N. Sumin. 2005. The water-physical properties and water regime of leached Chernozems under different tillage and fertilization practices in crop rotation. Eurasian Soil Science 38 (1): 103–110.
Bremer, E., H.H. Janzen, B.H. Ellert, and R.H. McKenzie. 2008. Soil organic carbon after twelve years of various crop rotations in an Aridic Boroll. Soil Science Society of America Journal 72 (4): 970–974.
Bughio, M.A., P. Wang, F. Meng, et al. 2016. Neoformation of pedogenic carbonates by irrigation and fertilization and their contribution to carbon sequestration in soil. Geoderma 262: 12–19.
Bulygin, S.Y. 1993. Rate of erosion of the Chernozem of the Donets Steppe. Eurasian Soil Science 25: 17–126.
Buol, S.W., R.J. Southard, R.C. Graham, and P.A. McDaniel. 2011. Soil genesis and classification, 6th ed. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
Chendev, Y.G., T.J. Sauer, G. Ramirez, and C. Burras. 2015a. History of East European Chernozem soil degradation; protection and restoration by tree windbreaks in the Russian steppe. Sustainability 7 (1): 705–724.
Chendev, Y.G., T.J. Sauer, A.N. Gennadiev, et al. 2015b. Accumulation of organic carbon in Chernozems (Mollisols) under shelterbelts in Russia and the United States. Eurasian Soil Science 48 (1): 43–53.
Cihacek, L.J., and M.G. Ulmer. 2002. Effects of tillage on inorganic carbon storage in soils of the northern Great Plains of the US. In Agricultural practices and policies for carbon sequestration in soil, ed. J.M. Kimble, et al., 63–69. Boca Raton, FL: Lewis Publishers.
Devyatova, T.A., and A.P. Shcherbakov. 2006. Biological activity of Chernozems in the centre of the Russian Plain. Eurasian Soil Science 39 (4): 450–456.
Dokuchaev, V.V. 1883. Russian Chernozem. St. Petersburg: Printing House of Dekleron and Evdokimo (Russian).
Dumanski, J., R.L. Desjardins, C. Tarnocai, et al. 1998. Possibilities for future carbon sequestration in Canadian agriculture in relation to land use changes. Climatic Change 40 (1): 81–103.
Eremin, D.I. 2016. Changes in the content and quality of humus in leached Chernozem of the Trans-Ural forest-steppe zone under the impact of their agricultural use. Eurasian Soil Science 49 (5): 538–545.
Gerasimov, I.P. 1973. Chernozems, buried soils, and loesses of the Russian Plain: Their age and genesis. Soil Science 116 (3): 202–210.
Groshans, G., E. Mikhailova, C. Post, and M. Schlautman. 2018. Accounting for soil inorganic carbon in the ecosystem services framework for United Nations Sustainable Development Goals. Geoderma 324: 37–46.
Gusarov, A.V., V.N. Golosov, A.G. Sharifullin, and A.M. Gafurov. 2018. Contemporary trend in erosion of arable Southern Chernozems (Haplic Chernozems Pachic) in the west of Orenburg Oblast (Russia). Eurasian Soil Science 51 (5): 561–575.
Ivanov, I.V., L.S. Pesochina, and V.M. Semenov. 2009. Biological mineralization of organic matter in the modern virgin and ploughed Chernozems, buried Chernozems, and fossil Chernozems. Eurasian Soil Science 42 (10): 1109–1119.
Janzen, H.H. 1987. Effect of fertilizer on soil productivity in long-term spring wheat rotations. Canadian Journal of Soil Science 67 (1): 165–174.
Kalinina, O., S.E. Krause, S.V. Goryachkin, et al. 2011. Self-restoration of post-agrogenic Chernozems of Russia: Soil development, carbon stocks, and dynamics of carbon pools. Geoderma 162 (1–2): 196–206.
Karbozova-Saljnikov, E., S. Funakawa, K. Akhmetov, and T. Kosaki. 2004. Soil organic matter status of Chernozem soil in North Kazakhstan: Effects of summer fallow. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 36 (9): 1373–1381.
Khaidapova, D.D., V.V. Chestnova, E.V. Shein, and E.Y. Milanovskii. 2016. Rheological properties of typical Chernozem (Kursk Oblast) under different land uses. Eurasian Soil Science 49 (8): 890–897.
Khokhlova, O.S., S.N. Sedov, and A.A. Khokhlov. 2000. Carbonate status of modern and paleo Chernozem of the Sunzha (Chechen) Depression, Northern Caucasus. Eurasian Soil Science 33 (4): 360–369.
Khokhlova, O.S., I.S. Kovalevskaya, and S.A. Oleynik. 2001. Records of climatic changes in the carbonate profiles of Russian Chernozems. CATENA 43 (3): 203–215.
Kraemer, R., A.V. Prishchepov, D. Müller, et al. 2015. Long-term agricultural land-cover change and potential for cropland expansion in the former Virgin Lands area of Kazakhstan. Environmental Research Letters 10 (5): 054012.
Kuznetsova, I.V. 1998. The content and composition of organic matter in Chernozem and its role in the formation of a water-stable structure. Eurasian Soil Science 31 (1): 36–44.
Kuznetsova, I.V. 2013. Changes in the physical status of typical and leached Chernozem of Kursk Oblast within 40 years. Eurasian Soil Science 46 (4): 393–400.
Lal, R. 2015. A system approach to conservation agriculture. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation 70 (4): 82A–88A.
Lal, R. 2019. Carbon cycling in global drylands. Current Climate Change Reports 5 (3): 221–232.
Lal, R., J.M. Kimble, and B.A. Stewart, eds. 2000. Global climate change and pedogenic carbonates. Boca Raton, FL: Lewis Publishers.
Larionova, A.A., B.N. Zolotareva, I.V. Yevdokimov, et al. 2008. The rates of organic matter renewal in Grey forest soil and Chernozem. Eurasian Soil Science 41 (13): 1378–1386.
Lazarev, A.P., and D.R. Maisyamova. 2006. The decomposition of after-harvest residues in Chernozem during the autumn-spring period and in the annual cycle. Eurasian Soil Science 3 (6): 676–682.
Lebedeva, I.I. 2002. Hydrological profiles of typical Chernozem and Agrochernozem with migrational forms of pedogenic carbonates. Eurasian Soil Science 35 (10): 1076–1084.
Lebedeva, I.I. 2004. Hydrological profiles of Southern Chernozem and Agrochernozem (genetic analysis of published materials). Eurasian Soil Science 37 (7): 726–736.
Liu, X., C. Lee Burras, Y.S. Kravchenko, et al. 2012. Overview of Mollisols in the world: Distribution, land use and management. Canadian Journal of Soil Science 92 (3): 383–402.
Meyfroidt, P., F. Schierhorn, A.V. Prishchepov, et al. 2016. Drivers, constraints and trade-offs associated with recultivating abandoned cropland in Russia, Ukraine and Kazakhstan. Global Environmental Change 37: 1–15.
Mikhailova, E.A., and C.J. Post. 2006. Effects of land use on soil inorganic carbon stocks in the Russian Chernozem. Journal of Environmental Quality 35 (4): 1384–1388.
Mikhailova, E.A., R.B. Bryant, V.I. Vassenev, et al. 2000. Cultivation effects on soil carbon and nitrogen contents at depth in the Russian Chernozem. Soil Science Society of America Journal 64 (2): 738–745.
Mikhailova, E.A., C.J. Post, L. Cihacek, and M. Ulmer. 2009. Soil inorganic carbon sequestration as a result of cultivation in the Mollisols. In Carbon sequestration and its role in global carbon cycle, 129–133. Geophysical monograph series 183. American Geophysical Union. https://doi.org/10.1029/2005GM000313.
Monger, H.C., R.A. Kraimer, S.E. Khresat, et al. 2015. Sequestration of inorganic carbon in soil and groundwater. Geology 43 (5): 375–378.
Montanarella, L., P. Panagos, and S. Scarpa. 2021. The relevance of Black Soils for sustainable development. In Regenerative agriculture. What’s missing? What else do we need to know?, ed. D.L. Dent and B.P. Boincean. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland.
Ovechkin, S.V., and G.S. Bazykina. 2011. The carbonate profile and water regime of migrational-mycelial Chernozem in different ecosystems of Kursk Oblast. Eurasian Soil Science 44 (12): 1352–1363.
Rodionov, A., W. Amelung, I. Urusevskaja, and W. Zech. 2001. Origin of the enriched labile fraction (ELF) in Russian Chernozems with different site history. Geoderma 102 (3–4): 299–315.
Rusanov, A.M. 1998. Humus status of the Chernozem of the Ural region as a function of the period of their biological activity. Eurasian Soil Science 31 (3): 274–280.
Semenov, V.M., L.A. Ivannikova, T.V. Kuznetsova, et al. 2008. Mineralization of organic matter and the carbon sequestration capacity of zonal soils. Eurasian Soil Science 41 (7): 717–730.
Shcherbakov, A.P., and I.I. Vasenev. 1999. Problems of management and conservation of Chernozem (to grant a worthy future for Chernozem). Eurasian Soil Science 3 (1): 70–75.
Tanasienko, A.A., and A.S. Chumbaev. 2010. Conditions of the formation of ice barriers in eroded Chernozem of Western Siberia. Eurasian Soil Science 43 (4): 417–426.
Zavalin, A.A., V.K. Dridiger, V.P. Belobrov, and S.A. Yudin. 2018. Nitrogen in Chernozem under traditional and direct-seeding cropping systems: A review. Eurasian Soil Science 51 (12): 1497–1506.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2021 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this paper
Cite this paper
Lal, R. (2021). Managing Chernozem for Reducing Global Warming. In: Dent, D., Boincean, B. (eds) Regenerative Agriculture. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-72224-1_7
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-72224-1_7
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-72223-4
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-72224-1
eBook Packages: Earth and Environmental ScienceEarth and Environmental Science (R0)