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Neurotoxic Cyanobacterial Toxins

Handbook of Neurotoxicity

  • 47 Accesses

Abstract

Cyanobacteria (commonly referred to as blue green algae) can produce over 100 known toxins (cyanotoxins). In this chapter, cyanotoxins with established and emerging neurotoxic properties are reviewed. A variety of neurotoxic mechanisms and effects have been revealed by animal and cell culture studies including protein misfolding, neuroinflammation, blood-brain barrier damage, oxidative stress as well as altered neurotransmission, and calcium and protein homeostasis. Although several cyanotoxins exhibit acute neurotoxicity, their chronic effects remain unclear. At least one cyanobacterial neurotoxin, β-N-methylamino-L-alanine, has been linked to amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and Alzheimer’s disease, however causal links between cyanotoxins and neurodegeneration are overall currently tenuous. In light of the diversity of proposed neurotoxic mechanisms, it is important to consider their potential effect(s) of cyanotoxins on the peripheral and central nervous system, especially if low level exposures are experienced over the course of months or years. Neurotoxin exposure routes as well as synergism between cyanotoxins and/or additional environmental components may also contribute to their overall toxicity and are considered here. While there are presently several potential treatments for cyanotoxin exposure, most are symptomatic. Together, a greater investment in environmental toxin monitoring as well as understanding of the biological mechanisms of cyanotoxins will be valuable in reducing any negative impacts on human health.

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Abbreviations

AChE:

Acetylcholinesterase

AD:

Alzheimer’s disease

ADDA:

D-Amino acid, 3-amino-9-methoxy-2,6,8-trimethyl-10-phenyldeca-4,6-dienoic acid

AEG:

Aminoethylglycine

ALS:

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

ATX:

Anatoxin

BAMA:

β-Amino-N-methylalanine

BBB:

Blood-brain barrier

BMAA:

β-N-Methylamino-L-alanine

CYN:

Cylindrospermopsin

DAB:

2,4-Diaminobutyric acid

HTX-s:

Homoanatoxin-a

L:

Leucine

LD50:

Lethal dose required to cause mortality in 50% of subjects

mAChRs:

Muscarinic acetylcholine receptors

MC:

Microcystins

nAChRs:

Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors

NMDA:

N-Methyl-D-aspartic acid or N-methyl-D-aspartate

NOD:

Nodularin

OATP:

Organic anion transport system

OPIDP:

Organophosphate-induced delayed polyneuropathy

PDC:

Parkinsonism dementia complex

PP:

Protein phosphatases

R:

Arginine

SOD1:

Superoxide dismutase 1

STX:

Saxitoxin

T:

Tyrosine

TDI:

Tolerable daily intake

TDP-43:

TAR DNA binding protein 43

VGSC:

Voltage-gated Na+ channels

WHO:

World Health Organization

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    Maeve Tischbein & Elijah W. Stommel

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    Richard M. Kostrzewa

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Tischbein, M., Stommel, E.W. (2021). Neurotoxic Cyanobacterial Toxins. In: Kostrzewa, R.M. (eds) Handbook of Neurotoxicity. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-71519-9_198-1

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    Neurotoxic Cyanobacterial Toxins
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    11 January 2022

    DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-71519-9_198-2

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    Neurotoxic Cyanobacterial Toxins
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    DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-71519-9_198-1

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