Skip to main content

Introduction to Urinary Bladder Pathology

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Urinary Bladder Pathology

Abstract

Bladder diseases are very common clinically and pathologically. Among them, bladder cancer is a major public health concern, particularly in men, with both high incidence and high mortality. Bladder cancer is the fourth most common cancer in adult males, surpassed only by prostate, lung, and colon cancers, and the eighth most common cause of death in males in the United States. Understanding normal bladder histology, benign abnormalities, cancer prevalence, and carcinogenesis is important for bladder disease diagnosis as well as for the effective management of bladder diseases. This chapter will explore bladder cancer incidence, carcinogenesis, and clinical management to provide a brief pathologic point of view and guide the reader for further interest of the subsequent chapters.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 89.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 119.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Global cancer observatory: cancer today. International agency for research on cancer. 2018. Available from: https://gco.iarc.fr/today. Cited 01 May 2020.

  2. Richters A, Aben KKH, Kiemeney L. The global burden of urinary bladder cancer: an update. World J Urol. 2020;38(8):1895–1904.

    Google Scholar 

  3. Howlader N NA, Krapcho M, Miller D, Brest A, Yu M, Ruhl J, Tatalovich Z, Mariotto A, Lewis DR, Chen HS, Feuer EJ, Cronin KA (eds). SEER Cancer Statistics Review, 1975–2017, National Cancer Institute. Bethesda, MD, https://seer.cancer.gov/csr/1975_2017/, based on November 2019 SEER data submission, posted to the SEER web site, April 2020.: National Cancer Institute. Bethesda, MD,; 2020.

  4. Cancer Facts and Statistics. American cancer society Atlanta, GA: American cancer society; 2020.

    Google Scholar 

  5. Zeegers MP, Kellen E, Buntinx F, van den Brandt PA. The association between smoking, beverage consumption, diet and bladder cancer: a systematic literature review. World J Urol. 2004;21(6):392–401.

    Google Scholar 

  6. Droller MJ. Bladder cancer. J Urol. 1997;157(4):1266–7.

    Google Scholar 

  7. Kirkali Z, Chan T, Manoharan M, Algaba F, Busch C, Cheng L, et al. Bladder cancer: epidemiology, staging and grading, and diagnosis. Urology. 2005;66(6 Suppl 1):4–34.

    Google Scholar 

  8. Knowles MA, Hurst CD. Molecular biology of bladder cancer: new insights into pathogenesis and clinical diversity. Nat Rev Cancer. 2015;15(1):25–41.

    Google Scholar 

  9. Lopez-Knowles E, Hernandez S, Malats N, Kogevinas M, Lloreta J, Carrato A, et al. PIK3CA mutations are an early genetic alteration associated with FGFR3 mutations in superficial papillary bladder tumors. Cancer Res. 2006;66(15):7401–4.

    Google Scholar 

  10. van Rhijn BW, Montironi R, Zwarthoff EC, Jobsis AC, van der Kwast TH. Frequent FGFR3 mutations in urothelial papilloma. J Pathol. 2002;198(2):245–51.

    Google Scholar 

  11. Boulalas I, Zaravinos A, Karyotis I, Delakas D, Spandidos DA. Activation of RAS family genes in urothelial carcinoma. J Urol. 2009;181(5):2312–9.

    Google Scholar 

  12. Mo L, Zheng X, Huang HY, Shapiro E, Lepor H, Cordon-Cardo C, et al. Hyperactivation of Ha-ras oncogene, but not Ink4a/Arf deficiency, triggers bladder tumorigenesis. J Clin Invest. 2007;117(2):314–25.

    Google Scholar 

  13. Oxford G, Theodorescu D. The role of Ras superfamily proteins in bladder cancer progression. J Urol. 2003;170(5):1987–93.

    Google Scholar 

  14. Wu XR. Urothelial tumorigenesis: a tale of divergent pathways. Nat Rev Cancer. 2005;5(9):713–25.

    Google Scholar 

  15. Amin MB, Smith SC, Reuter VE, Epstein JI, Grignon DJ, Hansel DE, et al. Update for the practicing pathologist: The International Consultation On Urologic Disease-European association of urology consultation on bladder cancer. Mod Pathol. 2015;28(5):612–30.

    Google Scholar 

  16. Cancer Genome Atlas Research Network. Comprehensive molecular characterization of urothelial bladder carcinoma. Nature. 2014;507(7492):315–22.

    Google Scholar 

  17. Robertson AG, Kim J, Al-Ahmadie H, Bellmunt J, Guo G, Cherniack AD, et al. Comprehensive Molecular Characterization of Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer. Cell. 2017;171(3):540–56.e25.

    Google Scholar 

  18. Zhang ZT, Pak J, Shapiro E, Sun TT, Wu XR. Urothelium-specific expression of an oncogene in transgenic mice induced the formation of carcinoma in situ and invasive transitional cell carcinoma. Cancer Res. 1999;59(14):3512–7.

    Google Scholar 

  19. Puzio-Kuter AM, Castillo-Martin M, Kinkade CW, Wang X, Shen TH, Matos T, et al. Inactivation of p53 and Pten promotes invasive bladder cancer. Genes Dev. 2009;23(6):675-80.

    Google Scholar 

  20. Guo CC, Czerniak B. Bladder Cancer in the Genomic Era. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2019;143(6):695–704.

    Google Scholar 

  21. Hartmann A, Rosner U, Schlake G, Dietmaier W, Zaak D, Hofstaedter F, et al. Clonality and genetic divergence in multifocal low-grade superficial urothelial carcinoma as determined by chromosome 9 and p53 deletion analysis. Lab Invest. 2000;80(5):709–18.

    Google Scholar 

  22. Hartmann A, Schlake G, Zaak D, Hungerhuber E, Hofstetter A, Hofstaedter F, et al. Occurrence of chromosome 9 and p53 alterations in multifocal dysplasia and carcinoma in situ of human urinary bladder. Cancer Res. 2002;62(3):809–18.

    Google Scholar 

  23. Humphray SJ, Oliver K, Hunt AR, Plumb RW, Loveland JE, Howe KL, et al. DNA sequence and analysis of human chromosome 9. Nature. 2004;429(6990):369–74.

    Google Scholar 

  24. Saran KK, Gould D, Godec CJ, Verma RS. Genetics of bladder cancer. J Mol Med (Berl). 1996;74(8):441–5.

    Google Scholar 

  25. Saran KK, Gould D, Godec CJ, Verma RS. Genetics of bladder cancer. J Mol Med (Berl). 1996;74(8):441–5.

    Google Scholar 

  26. Cheng L, Cheville JC, Neumann RM, Bostwick DG. Natural history of urothelial dysplasia of the bladder. Am J Surg Pathol. 1999;23(4):443–7.

    Google Scholar 

  27. Stoehr R, Hartmann A, Hiendlmeyer E, Murle K, Wieland W, Knuechel R. Oligoclonality of early lesions of the urothelium as determined by microdissection-supported genetic analysis. Pathobiology. 2000;68(4-5):165–72.

    Google Scholar 

  28. Esrig D, Freeman JA, Stein JP, Skinner DG. Early cystectomy for clinical stage T1 transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder. Semin Urol Oncol. 1997;15(3):154-60 Esrig D, Freeman JA, Stein JP, Skinner DG. Early cystectomy for clinical stage T1 transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder. Semin Urol Oncol. 1997;15(3):154–60.

    Google Scholar 

  29. Sylvester RJ, van der Meijden AP, Oosterlinck W, Witjes JA, Bouffioux C, Denis L, et al. Predicting recurrence and progression in individual patients with stage Ta T1 bladder cancer using EORTC risk tables: a combined analysis of 2596 patients from seven EORTC trials. Eur Urol. 2006;49(3):466-5; discussion 475–7.

    Google Scholar 

  30. Tanaka N, Kikuchi E, Matsumoto K, Miyajima A, Nakagawa K, Oya M. Frequency of tumor recurrence: a strong predictor of stage progression in initially diagnosed nonmuscle invasive bladder cancer. J Urol. 2011;185(2):450–5.

    Google Scholar 

  31. Choi W, Porten S, Kim S, Willis D, Plimack ER, Hoffman-Censits J, et al. Identification of distinct basal and luminal subtypes of muscle-invasive bladder cancer with different sensitivities to frontline chemotherapy. Cancer Cell. 2014;25(2):152–65.

    Google Scholar 

  32. McConkey DJ, Choi W, Shen Y, Lee IL, Porten S, Matin SF, et al. A Prognostic Gene Expression Signature in the Molecular Classification of Chemotherapy-naive Urothelial Cancer is Predictive of Clinical Outcomes from Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy: A Phase 2 Trial of Dose-dense Methotrexate, Vinblastine, Doxorubicin, and Cisplatin with Bevacizumab in Urothelial Cancer. Eur Urol. 2016;69(5):855–62.

    Google Scholar 

  33. Hsu FS, Su CH, Huang KH. A Comprehensive Review of US FDA-Approved Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in Urothelial Carcinoma. J Immunol Res. 2017;2017:6940546.

    Google Scholar 

  34. Powles T, Smith K, Stenzl A, Bedke J. Immune Checkpoint Inhibition in Metastatic Urothelial Cancer. Eur Urol. 2017;72(4):477–81.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Haijun Zhou .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2021 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Zhou, H., Guo, C.C., Ro, J.Y. (2021). Introduction to Urinary Bladder Pathology. In: Zhou, H., Guo, C.C., Ro, J.Y. (eds) Urinary Bladder Pathology. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-71509-0_1

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-71509-0_1

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-030-71508-3

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-030-71509-0

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics