Abstract
Future embedded systems and services will be seamlessly connected and will interact on all levels with the infrastructure and cloud. For safety-critical applications this means that it is not sufficient to ensure dependability in a single embedded system, but it is necessary to cover the complete service chain including all involved embedded systems as well as involved services running in the edge or the cloud. However, for the development of such Cyber-Physical Systems-of-Systems (CPSoS) engineers must consider all kinds of dependability requirements. For example, it is not an option to ensure safety by impeding reliability or availability requirements. In fact, it is the engineers’ task to optimize the CPSoS’ performance without violating any safety goals.
In this paper, we identify the main challenges of developing CPSoS based on several industrial use cases and present our novel approach for designing cloud-based safety-critical applications with optimized performance by the example of an automated valet parking system. The evaluation shows that our monitoring and recovery solution ensures a superior performance in comparison to current methods, while meeting the system’s safety demands in case of connectivity-related faults.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Road Vehicles - Functional Safety. Technical Report ISO 26262:2018 (2018)
Road vehicles - Safety of the Intended Functionality. Technical Report ISO/PAS 21448 (2019)
Biggs, G., Juknevicius, T., Armonas, A., Post, K.: Integrating safety and reliability analysis into MBSE: overview of the new proposed OMG standard. INCOSE Int. Symp. 28(1), 1322–1336 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2334-5837.2018.00551.x
Brogi, A., Forti, S., Guerrero, C., Lera, I.: How to place your apps in the fog: state of the art and open challenges. Softw.: Pract. Exp. (2019). https://doi.org/10.1002/spe.2766
Clegg, K., Li, M., Stamp, D., Grigg, A., McDermid, J.: A SysML profile for fault trees—linking safety models to system design. In: SAFECOMP, pp. 85–93 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-26601-1_6
Engell, S., Paulen, R., Reniers, M.A., Sonntag, C., Thompson, H.: Core research and innovation areas in cyber-physical systems of systems. In: Berger, C., Mousavi, M.R. (eds.) CyPhy 2015. LNCS, vol. 9361, pp. 40–55. Springer, Cham (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-25141-7_4
Gupta, H., Vahid Dastjerdi, A., Ghosh, S.K., Buyya, R.: iFogSim: a toolkit for modeling and simulation of resource management techniques in the Internet of Things, Edge and Fog computing environments. Softw. Pract. Exp. 47(9), 1275–1296 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1002/spe.2509
International Electrotechnical Commission: Hazard and Operability studies (HAZOP studies) - Application guide. Technical Report IEC 61882:2016
Ishigooka, T., Otsuka, S., Serizawa, K., Tsuchiya, R., Narisawa, F.: Graceful degradation design process for autonomous driving system. In: Romanovsky, A., Troubitsyna, E., Bitsch, F. (eds.) SAFECOMP 2019. LNCS, vol. 11698, pp. 19–34. Springer, Cham (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-26601-1_2
Kam, H.R., Lee, S.-H., Park, T., Kim, C.-H.: RViz: a toolkit for real domain data visualization. Telecommun. Syst. 60(2), 337–345 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11235-015-0034-5
Koopman, P., Wagner, M.: Challenges in autonomous vehicle testing and validation. SAE Int. J. Trans. Saf. 4, 15–24 (2016). https://doi.org/10.4271/2016-01-0128
Kopetz, H., Bondavalli, A., Brancati, F., Frömel, B., Höftberger, O., Iacob, S.: Emergence in cyber-physical systems-of-systems (CPSoSs). In: Bondavalli, A., Bouchenak, S., Kopetz, H. (eds.) Cyber-Physical Systems of Systems. LNCS, vol. 10099, pp. 73–96. Springer, Cham (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-47590-5_3
Laprie, J.C.: From Dependability to Resilience. DSN (2008)
Lauer, M., Amy, M., Fabre, J.C., Roy, M., Excoffon, W., Stoicescu, M.: Resilient computing on ROS using adaptive fault tolerance. J. Softw.: Evol. Process 30(3), e1917 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1002/smr.1917
Ledmi, A., Bendjenna, H., Hemam, S.M.: Fault tolerance in distributed systems: a survey. In: 2018 3rd International Conference on Pattern Analysis and Intelligent Systems (PAIS), pp. 1–5, October 2018. https://doi.org/10.1109/PAIS.2018.8598484
Ozeer, U., Etchevers, X., Letondeur, L., Ottogalli, F.G., Salaün, G., Vincent, J.M.: Resilience of stateful IoT applications in a dynamic fog environment. In: Proceedings of the 15th EAI International Conference on Mobile and Ubiquitous Systems: Computing, Networking and Services - MobiQuitous 2018, pp. 332–341. ACM Press, New York (2018). https://doi.org/10.1145/3286978.3287007
Qayyum, T., Malik, A.W., Khan Khattak, M.A., Khalid, O., Khan, S.U.: FogNetSim++: a toolkit for modeling and simulation of distributed fog environment. IEEE Access 6, 63570–63583 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2018.2877696
Quigley, M., et al.: ROS: an open-source robot operating system. In: Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation Workshop on Open Source Software, vol. 3, p. 6 (2009)
Riley, G.F., Henderson, T.R.: The ns-3 network simulator. In: Wehrle, K., Güneş, M., Gross, J. (eds) Modeling and Tools for Network Simulation, pp. 15–34. Springer, Heidelberg (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-12331-3_2
Schleiss, P., Drabek, C., Weiss, G., Bauer, B.: Generic management of availability in fail-operational automotive systems. In: Tonetta, S., Schoitsch, E., Bitsch, F. (eds.) SAFECOMP 2017. LNCS, vol. 10488, pp. 179–194. Springer, Cham (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-66266-4_12
Schmittner, C., Griessnig, G., Ma, Z.: Status of the development of ISO/SAE 21434. In: Larrucea, X., Santamaria, I., O’Connor, R.V., Messnarz, R. (eds.) EuroSPI 2018. CCIS, vol. 896, pp. 504–513. Springer, Cham (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-97925-0_43
Schönemann, V.: Safety requirements and distribution of functions for automated valet parking. Dissertation, Technische Universität Darmstadt (2019)
Sen, K., Vardhan, A., Agha, G., Rosu, G.: Efficient decentralized monitoring of safety in distributed systems. In: Proceedings of the 26th International Conference on Software Engineering, pp. 418–427. IEEE Computer Society, Edinburgh (2004). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICSE.2004.1317464
Sonmez, C., Ozgovde, A., Ersoy, C.: EdgeCloudSim: an environment for performance evaluation of edge computing systems. Trans. Emerg. Telecommun. Technol. 29(11), e3493 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1002/ett.3493
Thompson, N.C., Greenewald, K., Lee, K., Manso, G.F.: The Computational Limits of Deep Learning. arXiv:2007.05558 [cs, stat], July 2020
Törngren, M., Sellgren, U.: Complexity challenges in development of cyber-physical systems. In: Lohstroh, M., Derler, P., Sirjani, M. (eds.) Principles of Modeling. LNCS, vol. 10760, pp. 478–503. Springer, Cham (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-95246-8_27
Varga, A., Hornig, R.: An overview of the OMNeT++ simulation environment. In: Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Simulation Tools and Techniques for Communications, Networks and Systems & Workshops, pp. 1–10. ICST, Marseille (2008)
Acknowledgments
The research leading to these results has partially received funding from the Bavarian Ministry of Economic Affairs, Regional Development and Energy as Fraunhofer High Performance Center Secure Intelligent Systems.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2021 ICST Institute for Computer Sciences, Social Informatics and Telecommunications Engineering
About this paper
Cite this paper
Drabek, C. et al. (2021). Dependable and Efficient Cloud-Based Safety-Critical Applications by Example of Automated Valet Parking. In: Martins, A.L., Ferreira, J.C., Kocian, A., Costa, V. (eds) Intelligent Transport Systems, From Research and Development to the Market Uptake. INTSYS 2020. Lecture Notes of the Institute for Computer Sciences, Social Informatics and Telecommunications Engineering, vol 364. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-71454-3_6
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-71454-3_6
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-71453-6
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-71454-3
eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)