Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Cutaneous Melanoma in Children

  • Living reference work entry
  • First Online:
Pediatric Surgical Oncology

  • 27 Accesses

Abstract

Cutaneous melanoma is rare in the pediatric population. The presentation varies compared to adult patients, and the diagnosis can be challenging. Despite pediatric patients being excluded from many adult trials, treatment guidelines follow adult recommendations. This chapter will review the epidemiology, presentation, workup, staging, and treatment of pediatric melanomas and spitzoid melanomas.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Hamre MR, Chuba P, Bakhshi S, Thomas R, Severson RK. Cutaneous melanoma in childhood and adolescence. Pediatr Hematol Oncol. 2002;19(5):309–17. https://doi.org/10.1080/08880010290057327. PMID: 12078862.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Strouse JJ, Fears TR, Tucker MA, Wayne AS. Pediatric melanoma: risk factor and survival analysis of the surveillance, epidemiology and end results database. J Clin Oncol. 2005;23(21):4735–41. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2005.02.899. PMID: 16034049.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Paulson KG, Gupta D, Kim TS, Veatch JR, Byrd DR, Bhatia S, Wojcik K, Chapuis AG, Thompson JA, Madeleine MM, Gardner JM. Age-specific incidence of melanoma in the United States. JAMA Dermatol. 2020;156(1):57–64. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamadermatol.2019.3353. PMID: 31721989; PMCID: PMC6865303.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Green AC, Williams GM, Logan V, Strutton GM. Reduced melanoma after regular sunscreen use: randomized trial follow-up. J Clin Oncol. 2011;29(3):257–63. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2010.28.7078.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Watts CG, Drummond M, Goumas C, et al. Sunscreen use and melanoma risk among young Australian adults. JAMA Dermatol. 2018;154(9):1001–9. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamadermatol.2018.1774.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Danysh HE, Navai SA, Scheurer ME, Hunt R, Venkatramani R. Malignant melanoma incidence among children and adolescents in Texas and SEER 13, 1995–2013. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2019;66(6):e27648. https://doi.org/10.1002/pbc.27648. Epub 2019 Feb 7. PMID: 30729662; PMCID: PMC6472974.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Wu XC, Eide MJ, King J, Saraiya M, Huang Y, Wiggins C, Barnholtz-Sloan JS, Martin N, Cokkinides V, Miller J, Patel P, Ekwueme DU, Kim J. Racial and ethnic variations in incidence and survival of cutaneous melanoma in the United States, 1999–2006. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2011;65(5 Suppl 1):S26–37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaad.2011.05.034. PMID: 22018064.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Dawes SM, Tsai S, Gittleman H, Barnholtz-Sloan JS, Bordeaux JS. Racial disparities in melanoma survival. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2016;75(5):983–91. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaad.2016.06.006. Epub 2016 Jul 28. PMID: 27476974.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Kim DJ, Yuan TA, Chen PC, Liu-Smith F, Koh SS, Mesinkovska NA, Sarpa HG. Pediatric melanoma in the Hispanic population: an analysis of institutional and national data. Pediatr Dermatol. 2021. https://doi.org/10.1111/pde.14516. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 33486809.

  10. Kefford RF, Newton Bishop JA, Bergman W, Tucker MA. Counseling and DNA testing for individuals perceived to be genetically predisposed to melanoma: a consensus statement of the Melanoma Genetics Consortium. J Clin Oncol. 1999;17(10):3245–51. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.1999.17.10.3245. PMID: 10506626.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Pappo AS. Melanoma in children and adolescents. Eur J Cancer. 2003;39(18):2651–61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejca.2003.06.001. PMID: 14642927.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Curtis RE, Rowlings PA, Deeg HJ, Shriner DA, Socíe G, Travis LB, Horowitz MM, Witherspoon RP, Hoover RN, Sobocinski KA, Fraumeni JF Jr, Boice JD Jr. Solid cancers after bone marrow transplantation. N Engl J Med. 1997;336(13):897–904. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM199703273361301. PMID: 9070469.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. de Wit PE, de Vaan GA, de Boo TM, Lemmens WA, Rampen FH. Prevalence of naevocytic naevi after chemotherapy for childhood cancer. Med Pediatr Oncol. 1990;18(4):336–8. https://doi.org/10.1002/mpo.2950180417. PMID: 2355895.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Baird EA, McHenry PM, MacKie RM. Effect of maintenance chemotherapy in childhood on numbers of melanocytic naevi. BMJ. 1992;305(6857):799–801. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.305.6857.799. PMID: 1422359; PMCID: PMC1883498.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Cordoro KM, Gupta D, Frieden IJ, McCalmont T, Kashani-Sabet M. Pediatric melanoma: results of a large cohort study and proposal for modified ABCD detection criteria for children. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2013;68(6):913–25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaad.2012.12.953. Epub 2013 Feb 8. PMID: 23395590.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Bailey KM, Durham AB, Zhao L, Fullen D, Geiger J, Bradford C, Opipari V, Johnson T, Mody R. Pediatric melanoma and aggressive Spitz tumors: a retrospective diagnostic, exposure and outcome analysis. Transl Pediatr. 2018;7(3):203–10. https://doi.org/10.21037/tp.2018.01.03. PMID: 30159246; PMCID: PMC6087836.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Ferrari A, Lopez Almaraz R, Reguerre Y, Cesen M, Bergamaschi L, Indini A, Schneider DT, Godzinski J, Bien E, Stachowicz-Stencel T, Eigentler TK, Chiaravalli S, Krawczyk MA, Pappo A, Orbach D, Bisogno G, Brecht IB. Cutaneous melanoma in children and adolescents: the EXPeRT/PARTNER diagnostic and therapeutic recommendations. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2021;68(Suppl 4):e28992. https://doi.org/10.1002/pbc.28992. PMID: 34174159.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Pappo AS. Pediatric melanoma: the whole (genome) story. Am Soc Clin Oncol Educ Book. 2014. e432–5. https://doi.org/10.14694/EdBook_AM.2014.34.e432. PMID: 24857134.

  19. Massi D, Tomasini C, Senetta R, Paglierani M, Salvianti F, Errico ME, Donofrio V, Collini P, Tragni G, Sementa AR, Rongioletti F, Boldrini R, Ferrari A, Gambini C, Montesco MC. Atypical Spitz tumors in patients younger than 18 years. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2015;72(1):37–46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaad.2014.09.049. Epub 2014 Oct 25. PMID: 25446807.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Berk DR, LaBuz E, Dadras SS, Johnson DL, Swetter SM. Melanoma and melanocytic tumors of uncertain malignant potential in children, adolescents and young adults–the Stanford experience 1995–2008. Pediatr Dermatol. 2010;27(3):244–54. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1525-1470.2009.01078.x. Epub 2010 Apr 9. PMID: 20403119.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Gerami P, Jewell SS, Morrison LE, Blondin B, Schulz J, Ruffalo T, Matushek P 4th, Legator M, Jacobson K, Dalton SR, Charzan S, Kolaitis NA, Guitart J, Lertsbarapa T, Boone S, LeBoit PE, Bastian BC. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) as an ancillary diagnostic tool in the diagnosis of melanoma. Am J Surg Pathol. 2009;33(8):1146–56. https://doi.org/10.1097/PAS.0b013e3181a1ef36. Erratum in: Am J Surg Pathol. 2010;34(5):688. PMID: 19561450.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Jansen B, Hansen D, Moy R, Hanhan M, Yao Z. Gene expression analysis differentiates melanomas from Spitz Nevi. J Drugs Dermatol. 2018;17(5):574–6. PMID: 29742191.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Bauer J, Bastian BC. Distinguishing melanocytic nevi from melanoma by DNA copy number changes: comparative genomic hybridization as a research and diagnostic tool. Dermatol Ther. 2006;19(1):40–9. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1529-8019.2005.00055.x. PMID: 16405569.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Lee S, Barnhill RL, Dummer R, Dalton J, Wu J, Pappo A, Bahrami A. TERT promoter mutations are predictive of aggressive clinical behavior in patients with spitzoid melanocytic neoplasms. Sci Rep. 2015;5:11200. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep11200. PMID: 26061100; PMCID: PMC4462090.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Lallas A, Kyrgidis A, Ferrara G, Kittler H, Apalla Z, Castagnetti F, Longo C, Moscarella E, Piana S, Zalaudek I, Argenziano G. Atypical Spitz tumours and sentinel lymph node biopsy: a systematic review. Lancet Oncol. 2014;15(4):e178–83. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1470-2045(13)70608-9. PMID: 24694641.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Ethun CG, Delman KA. The importance of surgical margins in melanoma. J Surg Oncol. 2016;113(3):339–45. https://doi.org/10.1002/jso.24111. Epub 2015 Dec 10. PMID: 26662509.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. Veronesi U, Cascinelli N, Adamus J, Balch C, Bandiera D, Barchuk A, Bufalino R, Craig P, De Marsillac J, Durand JC, et al. Thin stage I primary cutaneous malignant melanoma. Comparison of excision with margins of 1 or 3 cm. N Engl J Med. 1988;318(18):1159–62. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM198805053181804. Erratum in: N Engl J Med 1991 Jul 25;325(4):292. PMID: 3079582.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Thomas JM, Newton-Bishop J, A’Hern R, Coombes G, Timmons M, Evans J, Cook M, Theaker J, Fallowfield M, O’Neill T, Ruka W, Bliss JM, United Kingdom Melanoma Study Group, British Association of Plastic Surgeons, Scottish Cancer Therapy Network. Excision margins in high-risk malignant melanoma. N Engl J Med. 2004;350(8):757–66. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa030681. PMID: 14973217.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Hayes AJ, Maynard L, Coombes G, Newton-Bishop J, Timmons M, Cook M, Theaker J, Bliss JM, Thomas JM, UK Melanoma Study Group; British Association of Plastic; Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgeons, and the Scottish Cancer Therapy Network. Wide versus narrow excision margins for high-risk, primary cutaneous melanomas: long-term follow-up of survival in a randomized trial. Lancet Oncol. 2016;17(2):184–92. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1470-2045(15)00482-9. Epub 2016 Jan 12. PMID: 26790922; PMCID: PMC4737890.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. Balch CM, Urist MM, Karakousis CP, Smith TJ, Temple WJ, Drzewiecki K, Jewell WR, Bartolucci AA, Mihm MC Jr, Barnhill R, et al. Efficacy of 2-cm surgical margins for intermediate-thickness melanomas (1 to 4 mm). Results of a multi-institutional randomized surgical trial. Ann Surg. 1993;218(3):262–7. https://doi.org/10.1097/00000658-199309000-00005. PMID: 8373269; PMCID: PMC1242959; discussion 267–9.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Balch CM, Soong SJ, Smith T, Ross MI, Urist MM, Karakousis CP, Temple WJ, Mihm MC, Barnhill RL, Jewell WR, Wanebo HJ, Desmond R, Investigators from the Intergroup Melanoma Surgical Trial. Long-term results of a prospective surgical trial comparing 2 cm vs. 4 cm excision margins for 740 patients with 1-4 mm melanomas. Ann Surg Oncol. 2001;8(2):101–8. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10434-001-0101-x. PMID: 11258773.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Hall BJ, Schmidt RL, Sharma RR, Layfield LJ. Fine-needle aspiration cytology for the diagnosis of metastatic melanoma: systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Clin Pathol. 2013;140(5):635–42. https://doi.org/10.1309/AJCPWSDDHLLW40WI. PMID: 24124141.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. Cangiarella J, Symmans WF, Shapiro RL, Roses DF, Cohen JM, Chhieng D, Harris MN, Waisman J. Aspiration biopsy and the clinical management of patients with malignant melanoma and palpable regional lymph nodes. Cancer. 2000;90(3):162–6. https://doi.org/10.1002/1097-0142(20000625)90:3<162::aid-cncr4>3.0.co;2-6. PMID: 10896329.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Basler GC, Fader DJ, Yahanda A, Sondak VK, Johnson TM. The utility of fine needle aspiration in the diagnosis of melanoma metastatic to lymph nodes. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1997;36(3 Pt 1):403–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0190-9622(97)80216-2. PMID: 9091471.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Scolyer R, Balamurgan T, Busam K, et al. Invasive melanoma, histopathology reporting guide. 2nd ed. Sydney: International Collaboration on Cancer Reporting; 2019. Available at Invasive Melanoma – International Collaboration on Cancer Reporting (iccr-cancer.org).

    Google Scholar 

  36. Aldrink JH, Polites S, Lautz TB, Malek MM, Rhee D, Bruny J, Christison-Lagay ER, Tracy ET, Abdessalam S, Ehrlich PF, Dasgupta R, Austin MT. What’s new in pediatric melanoma: an update from the APSA cancer committee. J Pediatr Surg. 2020;55(9):1714–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2019.09.036. Epub 2019 Oct 24. PMID: 31699434.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  37. Morton DL, Cochran AJ, Thompson JF, Elashoff R, Essner R, Glass EC, Mozzillo N, Nieweg OE, Roses DF, Hoekstra HJ, Karakousis CP, Reintgen DS, Coventry BJ, Wang HJ, Multicenter Selective Lymphadenectomy Trial Group. Sentinel node biopsy for early-stage melanoma: accuracy and morbidity in MSLT-I, an international multicenter trial. Ann Surg. 2005;242(3):302–11. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.sla.0000181092.50141.fa. PMID: 16135917; PMCID: PMC1357739; discussion 311-3.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  38. Morton DL, Thompson JF, Cochran AJ, Mozzillo N, Elashoff R, Essner R, Nieweg OE, Roses DF, Hoekstra HJ, Karakousis CP, Reintgen DS, Coventry BJ, Glass EC, Wang HJ, MSLT Group. Sentinel-node biopsy or nodal observation in melanoma. N Engl J Med. 2006;355(13):1307–17. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa060992. Erratum in: N Engl J Med. 2006;355(18):1944. PMID: 17005948.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Morton DL, Thompson JF, Cochran AJ, Mozzillo N, Nieweg OE, Roses DF, Hoekstra HJ, Karakousis CP, Puleo CA, Coventry BJ, Kashani-Sabet M, Smithers BM, Paul E, Kraybill WG, McKinnon JG, Wang HJ, Elashoff R, Faries MB, MSLT Group. Final trial report of sentinel-node biopsy versus nodal observation in melanoma. N Engl J Med. 2014;370(7):599–609. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1310460. PMID: 24521106; PMCID: PMC4058881.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Faries MB, Thompson JF, Cochran AJ, Andtbacka RH, Mozzillo N, Zager JS, Jahkola T, Bowles TL, Testori A, Beitsch PD, Hoekstra HJ, Moncrieff M, Ingvar C, Wouters MWJM, Sabel MS, Levine EA, Agnese D, Henderson M, Dummer R, Rossi CR, Neves RI, Trocha SD, Wright F, Byrd DR, Matter M, Hsueh E, MacKenzie-Ross A, Johnson DB, Terheyden P, Berger AC, Huston TL, Wayne JD, Smithers BM, Neuman HB, Schneebaum S, Gershenwald JE, Ariyan CE, Desai DC, Jacobs L, McMasters KM, Gesierich A, Hersey P, Bines SD, Kane JM, Barth RJ, McKinnon G, Farma JM, Schultz E, Vidal-Sicart S, Hoefer RA, Lewis JM, Scheri R, Kelley MC, Nieweg OE, Noyes RD, Hoon DSB, Wang HJ, Elashoff DA, Elashoff RM. Completion dissection or observation for sentinel-node metastasis in melanoma. N Engl J Med. 2017;376(23):2211–22. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1613210. PMID: 28591523; PMCID: PMC5548388.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  41. Kim J, Sun Z, Gulack BC, Adam MA, Mosca PJ, Rice HE, Tracy ET. Sentinel lymph node biopsy is a prognostic measure in pediatric melanoma. J Pediatr Surg. 2016;51(6):986–90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2016.02.067. Epub 2016 Mar 4. PMID: 27041229; PMCID: PMC5140081.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  42. Moore-Olufemi S, Herzog C, Warneke C, Gershenwald JE, Mansfield P, Ross M, Prieto V, Lally KP, Hayes-Jordan A. Outcomes in pediatric melanoma: comparing prepubertal to adolescent pediatric patients. Ann Surg. 2011;253(6):1211–5. https://doi.org/10.1097/SLA.0b013e318217e852. PMID: 21451389.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  43. Henderson MA, Burmeister BH, Ainslie J, Fisher R, Di Iulio J, Smithers BM, Hong A, Shannon K, Scolyer RA, Carruthers S, Coventry BJ, Babington S, Duprat J, Hoekstra HJ, Thompson JF. Adjuvant lymph-node field radiotherapy versus observation only in patients with melanoma at high risk of further lymph-node field relapse after lymphadenectomy (ANZMTG 01.02/TROG 02.01): 6-year follow-up of a phase 3, randomized controlled trial. Lancet Oncol. 2015;16(9):1049–60. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1470-2045(15)00187-4. Epub 2015 Jul 20. PMID: 26206146.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  44. Agrawal S, Kane JM 3rd, Guadagnolo BA, Kraybill WG, Ballo MT. The benefits of adjuvant radiation therapy after therapeutic lymphadenectomy for clinically advanced, high-risk, lymph node-metastatic melanoma. Cancer. 2009;115(24):5836–44. https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.24627. PMID: 19701906.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  45. Weber J, Mandala M, Del Vecchio M, Gogas HJ, Arance AM, Cowey CL, Dalle S, Schenker M, Chiarion-Sileni V, Marquez-Rodas I, Grob JJ, Butler MO, Middleton MR, Maio M, Atkinson V, Queirolo P, Gonzalez R, Kudchadkar RR, Smylie M, Meyer N, Mortier L, Atkins MB, Long GV, Bhatia S, Lebbé C, Rutkowski P, Yokota K, Yamazaki N, Kim TM, de Pril V, Sabater J, Qureshi A, Larkin J, Ascierto PA, CheckMate 238 Collaborators. Adjuvant nivolumab versus ipilimumab in resected stage III or IV melanoma. N Engl J Med. 2017;377(19):1824–35. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1709030. Epub 2017 Sep 10. PMID: 28891423.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Eggermont AMM, Blank CU, Mandala M, Long GV, Atkinson V, Dalle S, Haydon A, Lichinitser M, Khattak A, Carlino MS, Sandhu S, Larkin J, Puig S, Ascierto PA, Rutkowski P, Schadendorf D, Koornstra R, Hernandez-Aya L, Maio M, van den Eertwegh AJM, Grob JJ, Gutzmer R, Jamal R, Lorigan P, Ibrahim N, Marreaud S, van Akkooi ACJ, Suciu S, Robert C. Adjuvant pembrolizumab versus placebo in resected stage III melanoma. N Engl J Med. 2018;378(19):1789–801. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1802357. Epub 2018 Apr 15. PMID: 29658430.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Ribas A, Puzanov I, Dummer R, Schadendorf D, Hamid O, Robert C, Hodi FS, Schachter J, Pavlick AC, Lewis KD, Cranmer LD, Blank CU, O'Day SJ, Ascierto PA, Salama AK, Margolin KA, Loquai C, Eigentler TK, Gangadhar TC, Carlino MS, Agarwala SS, Moschos SJ, Sosman JA, Goldinger SM, Shapira-Frommer R, Gonzalez R, Kirkwood JM, Wolchok JD, Eggermont A, Li XN, Zhou W, Zernhelt AM, Lis J, Ebbinghaus S, Kang SP, Daud A. Pembrolizumab versus investigator-choice chemotherapy for ipilimumab-refractory melanoma (KEYNOTE-002): a randomised, controlled, phase 2 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2015;16(8):908–18. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1470-2045(15)00083-2. Epub 2015 Jun 23. PMID: 26115796; PMCID: PMC9004487.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Larkin J, Chiarion-Sileni V, Gonzalez R, Grob JJ, Rutkowski P, Lao CD, Cowey CL, Schadendorf D, Wagstaff J, Dummer R, Ferrucci PF, Smylie M, Hogg D, Hill A, Márquez-Rodas I, Haanen J, Guidoboni M, Maio M, Schöffski P, Carlino MS, Lebbé C, McArthur G, Ascierto PA, Daniels GA, Long GV, Bastholt L, Rizzo JI, Balogh A, Moshyk A, Hodi FS, Wolchok JD. Five-year survival with combined nivolumab and ipilimumab in advanced melanoma. N Engl J Med. 2019;381(16):1535–46. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1910836. Epub 2019 Sep 28. PMID: 31562797.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Geoerger B, Kang HJ, Yalon-Oren M, Marshall LV, Vezina C, Pappo A, Laetsch TW, Petrilli AS, Ebinger M, Toporski J, Glade-Bender J, Nicholls W, Fox E, SG DB, Macy ME, Cohn SL, Pathiraja K, Diede SJ, Ebbinghaus S, Pinto N. Pembrolizumab in paediatric patients with advanced melanoma or a PD-L1-positive, advanced, relapsed, or refractory solid tumour or lymphoma (KEYNOTE-051): interim analysis of an open-label, single-arm, phase 1-2 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2020;21(1):121–33. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1470-2045(19)30671-0. Epub 2019 Dec 4. PMID: 31812554.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Geoerger B, Bergeron C, Gore L, Sender L, Dunkel IJ, Herzog C, Brochez L, Cruz O, Nysom K, Berghorn E, Simsek B, Shen J, Pappo A. Phase II study of ipilimumab in adolescents with unresectable stage III or IV malignant melanoma. Eur J Cancer. 2017;86:358–63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejca.2017.09.032. Epub 2017 Nov 5. PMID: 29100190.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Davies C, Levenhagen K, Ryans K, Perdomo M, Gilchrist L. Interventions for breast cancer-related lymphedema: clinical practice guideline from the Academy of Oncologic Physical Therapy of APTA. Phys Ther. 2020;100(7):1163–79. https://doi.org/10.1093/ptj/pzaa087.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  52. Urist MM, Maddox WA, Kennedy JE, Balch CM. Patient risk factors and surgical morbidity after regional lymphadenectomy in 204 melanoma patients. Cancer. 1983;51(11):2152–6. https://doi.org/10.1002/1097-0142(19830601)51:11<2152::aid-cncr2820511134>3.0.co;2-7. PMID: 6839303.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Friedman JF, Sunkara B, Jehnsen JS, Durham A, Johnson T, Cohen MS. Risk factors associated with lymphedema after lymph node dissection in melanoma patients. Am J Surg. 2015;210(6):1178–84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjsurg.2015.08.014. Epub 2015 Sep 28. PMID: 26482511; discussion 1184.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  54. Palmer PE 3rd, Warneke CL, Hayes-Jordan AA, Herzog CE, Hughes DP, Lally KP, Austin MT. Complications in the surgical treatment of pediatric melanoma. J Pediatr Surg. 2013;48(6):1249–53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2013.03.018. PMID: 23845614.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  55. Halalsheh H, Kaste SC, Navid F, Bahrami A, Shulkin BL, Rao B, Kunkel M, Artz N, Pappo A. The role of routine imaging in pediatric cutaneous melanoma. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2018 Dec;65(12):e27412. https://doi.org/10.1002/pbc.27412. Epub 2018 Aug 19. PMID: 30124237; PMCID: PMC6193828.

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Surgery, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA

    Sara A. Mansfield & Alberto S. Pappo

  2. Department of Oncology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA

    Sara A. Mansfield & Alberto S. Pappo

Authors
  1. Sara A. Mansfield
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Alberto S. Pappo
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Sara A. Mansfield .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. University of Oxford, Oxford, UK

    Kokila Lakhoo

  2. St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA

    Abdelhafeez H. Abdelhafeez

  3. Federal University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil

    Simone Abib

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2023 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this entry

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this entry

Mansfield, S.A., Pappo, A.S. (2023). Cutaneous Melanoma in Children. In: Lakhoo, K., Abdelhafeez, A.H., Abib, S. (eds) Pediatric Surgical Oncology. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-71113-9_119-1

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-71113-9_119-1

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-030-71113-9

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-030-71113-9

  • eBook Packages: Springer Reference MedicineReference Module Medicine

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation