Skip to main content

Embryology and Development of Congenital Anomalies of the Pelvis and Female Organs

  • Living reference work entry
  • First Online:
Female Genitourinary and Pelvic Floor Reconstruction

Abstract

A sound understanding and appreciation underlying embryology is paramount in the management of the complex anomalies that may result. The embryology and development of the female reproductive system is an intricate and complex cascade of time-specific inter-related events. This process is inter-related with the renal system and the Wolffian tract. Its initial phase begins with the formation and establishment of the genital ridge. This unravelling has the occasional anomaly in the relation to the pelvis, the internal and external female structure, and resultant function. An overview of this relationship is presented in this chapter.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Baker TG. A quantitative and cytological study of germ cells in the human ovaries. Proc R Soc Lond Ser B. 1963;158:417–33.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Bardo DM, Black M, Schenk K, Zaritzky MF. Location of the ovaries in girls from newborn to 18 years of age: reconsidering ovarian shielding. Pediatr Radiol. 2009;39:253–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Moore KL, Persaud TVN. The urogenital system. In: Moore KL, Persaud TVN, editors. The developing human. Clinically oriented embryology. 6th ed. Philadelphia: WB Saunders; 1998. p. 303–47.

    Google Scholar 

  4. Robbins JB, Broadwell C, Chow LC, Parry JP, Sadowski EA. Müllerian duct anomalies: embryological development, classification, and MRI assessment. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2015;41(1):1–12.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Guioli S, Sekido R, Lovell-Badge R. The origin of the Mullerian duct in chick and mouse. Dev Biol. 2007;302(2):389–98.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Warne GL, Kanumakala S. Molecular endocrinology of sex differentiation. Semin Reprod Med. 2002;20(3):169–80.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Chaudhry SR, Chaudhry K. StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island StatPearls Publishing; Jul 26, 2021. Anatomy, Abdomen and Pelvis, Uterus Round Ligament.

    Google Scholar 

  8. de Ziegler D, Pirtea P, Galliano D, Cicinelli E, Meldrum D. Optimal uterine anatomy and physiology necessary for normal implantation and placentation. Fertil Steril. 2016;105(4):844–54.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Chandler TM, Machan LS, Cooperberg PL, Harris AC, Chang SD. Mullerian duct anomalies: from diagnosis to intervention. Br J Radiol. 2009;82(984):1034–42.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  10. Kobayashi A, Behringer RR. Developmental genetics of the female reproductive tract in mammals. Nat Rev Genet. 2003;4(12):969–80.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Witschi E. Embryology of the uterus: normal and experimental. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1959;09(75):412–35.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Troiano RN, McCarthy SM. Mullerian duct anomalies: imaging and clinical issues. Radiology. 2004;233(1):19–34.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Zhang Y, Chen Y, Hua K. Outcomes in patients undergoing robotic reconstructive uterovaginal anastomosis of congenital cervical and vaginal atresia. Int J Med Robot Comput Assist Surg. 2017;13:e1821.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Letterie GS. Management of congenital uterine abnormalities. Reprod BioMed Online. 2011;23(1):40–52.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Reichman D, Laufer MR, Robinson BK. Pregnancy outcomes in unicornuate uteri: a review. Fertil Steril. 2009;91:1886–94.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Kapczuk K, Friebe Z, Iwaniec K, Kedzia W. Obstructive Müllerian anomalies in menstruating adolescent girls: a report of 22 cases. J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol. 2018;31(3):252–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Yoo R-E, Cho JY, Kim SY, Kim SH. A systematic approach to the magnetic resonance imaging-based differential diagnosis of congenital Müllerian duct anomalies and their mimics. Abdom Imaging. 2014;40(1):192–206.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Papp Z, Mezei G, Gavai M, Hupukizi P, Urbancsek J. Reproductive performance after transabdominal metroplasty: a review of 157 consecutive cases. J Reprod Med. 2006;51:544–52.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Valle RF, Ekpo GE. Hysteroscopic metroplasty for the septate uterus: review and meta-analysis. J Minim Invasive Gynecol. 2013;20(1):22–42.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. American Fertility Society. The American Fertility Society classification of adnexal adhesions, distal tubal occlusion secondary or tubal ligation, tubal pregnancies, Mullerian anomalies and intrauterine adhesions. Fertil Steril. 1988;49(6):944–55.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Kaufman RH, Adan E, Binder GL, Gerthoffer F. Upper genital tract changes and pregnancy outcome in offspring exposed in uterus to diethylstilbestrol. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1980;137:299.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Williams CE, Nakhal RS, Hall-Craggs MA, Wood D, Cutner A, Pattison SH, et al. Transverse vaginal septae: management and long-term outcomes. BJOG. 2014;121:1653–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Davies MC, Creighton SM, Woodhouse CRJ. The pitfalls of vaginal construction. BJU Int. 2005;95:1293–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Grimbizis GF, Di Spiezio Sardo A, Saravelos SH, Gordts S, Exacoustos C, Van Schoubroeck D, et al. The Thessaloniki ESHRE/ESGE consensus on diagnosis of female genital anomalies. Hum Reprod. 2016;31(1):2–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Nicolini U, Bellotti M, Bonazzi B, Zamberletti D, Candiani GB. Can ultrasound be used to screen uterine malformations? Fertil Steril. 1987;47:89–93.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Woodward PJ, Sohaey R, Wagner BJ. Congenital uterine malformations. Curr Probl Diagn Radiol. 1995;24:178–97.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Raga F, Bonilla-Musoles F, Blanes J, Osborne NG. Congenital Müllerian anomalies: diagnostic accuracy of three-dimensional ultrasound. Fertil Steril. 1996;65:523.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Troiano RN, McCarthy SM. Mullerian duct anomalies: imaging and clinical issues. Radiology. 2004;233:19.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Pellerito JS, McCarthy SM, Doyle MB, Glickman MG, DeCherney AH. Diagnosis of uterine anomalies: relative accuracy of MR imaging, endovaginal sonography, and hysterosalpingography. Radiology. 1992;183:795.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Olpin JD, Moeni A, Willmore RJ, Heilbrun ME. MR imaging of Müllerian fusion anomalies. Magn Reson Imaging Clin N Am. 2017;25(3):563–75.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Vahdat M, Sariri E, Kashanian M, Najmi Z, Mobasseri A, Marashi M, et al. Can combination of hysterosalpingography and ultrasound replace hysteroscopy in diagnosis of uterine malformations in infertile women? Med J Islam Repub Iran. 2016;30:352.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  32. Edmonds DK. Congenital malformations of the genital tract and their management. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol. 2003;17(1):19–40.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. ACOG Committee on Adolescent Health Care. ACOG Committee opinion Number 274. Nonsurgical diagnosis and management of vaginal agenesis. Obstet Gynecol. 2002;100(2002):213–6.

    Google Scholar 

  34. Karim RB, Hage JJ, Dekker JJ, Schoot CM. Evolution of the methods of neovaginoplasty for vaginal aplasia. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 1995;58(1):19–27.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Herlin M, Bay Bjørn AM, Jørgensen LK, Trolle B, Petersen MB. Treatment of vaginal agenesis in Mayer-Rokitansky-Küster-Hauser in Denmark: a Nationwide comparative study of anatomical outcome and complications. Fertil Steril. 2018;110(4):746–53.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Levitt M, Pena A. Anorectal malformations. Orphanet J Rare Dis. 2007;26:2–33.

    Google Scholar 

  37. Pena A, Hong A. Advances in the management of anorectal malformations. Am J Surg. 2000;180:370–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Levitt MA, Peña A. Outcomes from the correction of anorectal malformations. Curr Opin Pediatr. 2005;17:394–401.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Robson S, Oliver GD. Management of vaginal agenesis: review of 10 years’ practice at a tertiary referral centre. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol. 2000;40:430–3.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Crosby WM, Hill EC. Embryology of the Müllerian duct system. Obstet Gynecol. 1962;20:507–15.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Hundley AF, Fielding JR, Hoyte L. Double cervix and vagina with septate uterus: an uncommon Müllerian malformation. Obstet Gynecol. 2001;98:982–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Musset R, Muller P, Netter A, et al. Study of the upper urinary tract in patients with uterine malformations. Study of 133 cases. Presse Med. 1967;75:1331–6.

    Google Scholar 

  43. McBean JH, Brumsted JR. Septate uterus with cervical duplication: a rare malformation. Fertil Steril. 1994;62:415–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Hyatt SW. Imperforate hymen: review of the literature and report of four additional cases. Am Pract Dig Treat. 1960;11:1016–21.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Lim YH, Ng SP, Jamil MA. Imperforate hymen: report of an unusual familial occurrence. J Obstet Gynaecol Res. 2003;29:399–401.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Peña A. Preface: advance in anorectal malformations. Semin Pediatr Surg. 1997;6:165–9.

    Google Scholar 

  47. Ahmed S, Barker A. Single-system ectopic ureters: a review of 12 cases. J Pediatr Surg. 1992;27(4):491–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Bakshi S. Incidentally detected pancake kidney: a case report. J Med Case Rep. 2020;14(1):129.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  49. Glodny B, Petersen J, Hofmann KJ, Schenk C, Herwig R, Trieb T, Koppelstaetter C, Steingruber I, Rehder P. Kidney fusion anomalies revisited: clinical and radiological analysis of 209 cases of crossed fused ectopia and horseshoe kidney. BJU Int. 2009;103(2):224–35.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Eid S, Iwanaga J, Loukas M, Oskouian RJ, Tubbs RS. Pelvic kidney: a review of the literature. Cureus. 2018 Jun;10(6):e2775.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  51. D’Alberton A, Reschini E, Ferrari N, Candiani P. Prevalence of urinary tract abnormalities in a large series of patients with uterovaginal atresia. J Urol. 1981;126(5):623–4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Fedele L, Bianchi S, Agnoli B, Tozzi L, Vignali M. Urinary tract anomalies associated with unicornuate uterus. J Urol. 1996;155(3):847–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Pagon RA, Graham JM, Zonana J, Yong SL. Coloboma, congenital heart disease, and choanal atresia with multiple anomalies: CHARGE association. J Pediatr. 1981;99(2):223–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Evans JA, Stranc LC, Kaplan P, Hunter AG. VACTERL with hydrocephalus: further delineation of the syndrome(s). Am J Med Genet. 1989;34(2):177–82.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Bush KT, Vaughn DA, Li X, Rosenfeld MG, Rose DW, Mendoza SA, Nigam SK. Development and differentiation of the ureteric bud into the ureter in the absence of a kidney collecting system. Dev Biol. 2006;298(2):571–84.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Gokalp G, Hakyemez B, Erdogan C. Vascular anomaly in bilateral ectopic kidney: a case report. Cases J. 2010;05(3):5.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  57. Murphy JJ, Altit G, Zerhouni S. The intrathoracic kidney: should we fix it? J Pediatr Surg. 2012;47(5):970–3.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Dretler SP, Olsson C, Pfister RC. The anatomic, radiologic and clinical characteristics of the pelvic kidney: an analysis of 86 cases. J Urol. 1971;105(5):623–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Cao Y, Zhang Y, Kang W, Suo N, Cui Z, Luo Y, Jin X. Crossed-fused renal ectopia with renal calculi: two case reports and a review of the literature. Medicine (Baltimore). 2019;98(48):e18165.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Yin Z, Yang JR, Wei YB, Zhou KQ, Yan B. A new subtype of crossed fused ectopia of the kidneys. Urology. 2014;84(6):e27.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Meizner I, Barnhard Y. Bilateral fetal pelvic kidneys: documentation of two cases of a rare prenatal finding. J Ultrasound Med. 1995 Jun;14(6):487–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Guarino N, Tadini B, Camardi P, Silvestro L, Lace R, Bianchi M. The incidence of associated urological abnormalities in children with renal ectopia. J Urol. 2004;172(4 Pt 2):1757–9. discussion 1759

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Kirkpatrick JJ, Leslie SW. StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island: StatPearls Publishing; 2021. Horseshoe Kidney.

    Google Scholar 

  64. Tiwari AK, Choudhary AK, Khowal H, Chaudhary P, Arora MP. Pancake kidney: a rare developmental anomaly. Can Urol Assoc J. 2014;8(5–6):E451–2.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  65. Chavis CV, Press HC, Gumbs RV. Fused pelvic kidneys: case report. J Natl Med Assoc. 1992;84(11):980–2.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  66. Yuksel A, Batukan C. Sonographic findings of fetuses with an empty renal fossa and normal amniotic fluid volume. Fetal Diagn Ther. 2004;19(6):525–32.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Sheih CP, Liu MB, Hung CS, Yang KH, Chen WY, Lin CY. Renal abnormalities in schoolchildren. Pediatrics. 1989;84(6):1086–90.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Gupta NP, Goel A, Kumar P, Aron M. Laparoscopy in diagnosis and management of urinary incontinence caused by small ectopic dysplastic kidney. Int Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct. 2002;13(5):332–3.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Challacombe B, Kelleher C, Sami T, Scott H, Chandra A, O'Brien T, Dasgupta P. Laparoscopic nephroureterectomy for adult incontinence caused by functioning ectopic pelvic kidney draining into vagina. J Endourol. 2004 Jun;18(5):447–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Bhoil R, Sood D, Singh YP, Nimkar K, Shukla A. An ectopic pelvic kidney. Pol J Radiol. 2015;80:425–7.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  71. Bozkurt IH, Cirakoglu A, Ozer S. Retroperitoneal laparoscopic pyelolithotomy in an ectopic pelvic kidney. JSLS. 2012;16(2):325–8.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  72. Holman E, Tóth C. Laparoscopically assisted percutaneous transperitoneal nephrolithotomy in pelvic dystopic kidneys: experience in 15 successful cases. J Laparoendosc Adv Surg Tech A. 1998;8(6):431–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Gupta NP, Yadav R, Singh A. Laparoscopic transmesocolic pyelolithotomy in an ectopic pelvic kidney. JSLS. 2007;11(2):258–60.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  74. Nayyar R, Singh P, Gupta NP. Robot-assisted laparoscopic pyeloplasty with stone removal in an ectopic pelvic kidney. JSLS. 2010;14(1):130–2.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  75. Kumar S, Bishnoi K, Panwar VK, Kumar A, Sharma MK. Stone in ectopic pelvic pancake kidney: a surgical challenge overcome by robotic surgery. J Robot Surg. 2018;12(1):181–3.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Hollis HW, Rutherford RB, Crawford GJ, Cleland BP, Marx WH, Clark JR. Abdominal aortic aneurysm repair in patients with pelvic kidney. Technical considerations and literature review. J Vasc Surg. 1989;9(3):404–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. van den Bosch CM, van Wijk JA, Beckers GM, van der Horst HJ, Schreuder MF, Bökenkamp A. Urological and nephrological findings of renal ectopia. J Urol. 2010;183(4):1574–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Gencheva R, Gibson B, Garugu S, Forrest A, Sakthi-Velavan S. A unilateral pelvic kidney with variant vasculature: clinical significance. J Surg Case Rep. 2019;2019(11):rjz333.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  79. Ganesamoni R, Sabnis RB, Mishra S, Desai MR. Microperc for the management of renal calculi in pelvic ectopic kidneys. Indian J Urol. 2013 Jul;29(3):257–9.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  80. Lee SK, Mwipatayi BP, Abbas M, Narayan S, Sieunarine K. Transplantation of crossed fused renal ectopia. Asian J Surg. 2007;30(1):82–4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Cinman NM, Okeke Z, Smith AD. Pelvic kidney: associated diseases and treatment. J Endourol. 2007;21(8):836–42.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. Calisti A, Perrotta ML, Oriolo L, Ingianna D, Miele V. The risk of associated urological abnormalities in children with pre and postnatal occasional diagnosis of solitary, small or ectopic kidney: is a complete urological screening always necessary? World J Urol. 2008 Jun;26(3):281–4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. Gleason PE, Kelalis PP, Husmann DA, Kramer SA. Hydronephrosis in renal ectopia: incidence, etiology and significance. J Urol. 1994 Jun;151(6):1660–1.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  84. Alokour RK, Ghawanmeh HM, Al-Ghazo M, Lafi TY. Renal cell carcinoma in ectopic-pelvic kidney: a rare case with review of literature. Turk J Urol. 2018 Sep;44(5):433–6.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  85. Walther A, Cost NG, Garrison AP, Geller JI, Alam S, Tiao GM. Renal rhabdomyosarcoma in a pancake kidney. Urology. 2013;82(2):458–60.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  86. Fernbach SK, Feinstein KA, Spencer K, et al. Ureteral duplication and its complications. Radiographics. 1997;17(1):109–27.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  87. Avni FE, Nicaise N, Hall M, et al. The role of MR imaging for the assessment of complicated duplex kidneys in children: preliminary report. Pediatr Radiol. 2001;31(4):215–23.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  88. Bats A-S, Metzger U, Le Frere-Belda M-A, Brisa M, Lecuru F. Malignant transformation of Gartner cyst. Int J Gynecol Cancer. 2009;19:1655–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  89. Delmore J. Glob. Benign neoplasms of the vagina. Libr. Women’s Med. 2008. ISSN: 1756-2228.

    Google Scholar 

  90. Rink R-C, Kaefer M, Wein AJ. Campbell-Walsh urology. 9th ed. Philadelphia: WB Saunders; 2007. Surgical management of disorders of sexual differentiation, cloacal malformation, and other abnormalities of external genitalia in girls. p. 3629–66.

    Google Scholar 

  91. Vlahovic A, Stankovic Z-B, Djuricic S, Savic D. Giant Gartner duct cyst and elevated CA-125. J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol. 2014;27(6):e137–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  92. Paradies G, Zullino F, Caroppo F, Orofino A, Lanzillotto M-P, Leggio S. Gartner’s duct cyst: report of three cases (in Italian). Pediatr Med Chir. 2011;33:247–52.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  93. Molina ER, Navas Martinez M-C, Castillo O-A. Vaginal Gartner cysts: clinical report of four cases and a bibliographic review. Arch Esp Urol. 2014;67(2):181–4.

    Google Scholar 

  94. Moralioğlu S, Bosnalı O, Celayir A-C, Sahin C. Paraurethral Skene’s duct cyst in a newborn. Urol Ann. 2013;5(3):204–5.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  95. Bergner DM. Paraurethral cysts in the newborn. South Med J. 1985;78:749–50.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  96. Kimbrough HM, Vaughan ED. Skene’s duct cyst in a newborn: case report and review of the literature. J Urol. 1977;117:387–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  97. Holmes M, Upadhyay V, Pease P. Gartner’s duct cyst with unilateral renal dysplasia presenting as an introital mass in a new born. Pediatr Surg Int. 1999;15:277–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  98. Dwyer PL, Rosamilia A. Congenital urogenital anomalies that are associated with the persistence of Gartner’s duct: a review. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2006;19:354–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  99. Binsaleh S, Al-Assiri M, Jednak R, El-Sherbiny M. Gartner duct cyst simplified treatment approach. Int Urol Nephrol. 2007;39(2):485–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  100. Rios SS, Pereira LCR, Santos CB, Chen ACR, Chen JR, Vogt MB. Conservative treatment and follow-up of vaginal Gartner’s duct cysts: a case series. J Med Case Rep. 2016;10:147.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  101. Abd-Rabbo MS, Atta MA. Aspiration and tetracycline sclerotherapy: a novel method for management of vaginal and vulval Gartner cyst. Int J Gynecol Obstet. 1991;35:235–7.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  102. Oppelt P, Renner SP, Kellermann A, et al. Clinical aspects of Mayer–Rokitansky–Kuester–Hauser syndrome: recommendations for clinical diagnosis and staging. Hum Reprod. 2006;21:792–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  103. Davydov SN. Colpopoeisis from the peritoneum of the uterorectal space. Akush Ginekol (Mosk). 1969;45(12):557. Banister JB, McIndoe AH. Congenital absence of the vagina, treated by means of an indwelling skin-graft. Proc R Soc Med. 1938;31(9):1055–6.

    Google Scholar 

  104. Williams EA. Congenital absence of the vagina: a simple operation for its relief. J Obstet Gynaecol Br Commonw. 1964;71:511–2.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  105. Louis-Sylvestre C, Haddad B, Paniel BJ. Creation of a sigmoid neovagina: techniques and results in 16 cases. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 1997;75:225–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  106. Vecchietti G. The neovagina in the Robitansky-Kuster-Hauser syndrome. Rev Med Suisse Romande. 1979;99(9):593–601.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  107. Carrington BM, Hricak H, Nuruddin RN, Secaf E, Laros RK Jr, Hill EC. Mu ̈llerian duct anomalies: MR imaging evaluation. Radiology. 1990;176:715–20.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  108. López PJ, Mushtaq I, Curry JI. Laparoscopic inguinal herniotomy in bladder exstrophy: a new solution to an old problem? J Pediatr Urol. 2007;3:28–31.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  109. Bianchi S, Frontino G, Ciappina N, Restelli E, Fedele L. Creation of a neovagina in Rokitansky syndrome: comparison between two laparoscopic techniques. Fertil Steril. 2011;95(1098–100):e1–3.

    Google Scholar 

  110. McKusick VA, Bauer RL, Koop CE, et al. Hydrometrocolpos as a simply inherited malformation. JAMA. 1964;189:813–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  111. Slavotinek AM. McKusick-Kaufman syndrome, gene reviews. 2015. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK1502/. Accessed 20 Nov 2016.

  112. David A, Bitoun P, Lacombe D, et al. Hydrometrocolpos and poly-dactyly: a common neonatal presentation of Bardet-Biedl and McKusick-Kaufman syndromes. J Med Genet. 1999;35:599–603.

    Google Scholar 

  113. Awad EE, El-agwany A, Dayem TMA, El-habashy AM. Imperfo- rate hymen as an unusual cause of non-urological urine retention – a case report. Afr J Urol. 2015;21:72–5.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  114. Ayrim AA, Gozdemir E, Turhan N, et al. Acute urinary retention associated with an imperforate hymen and haematocolpos. Gynecol Obstet Reprod Med. 2016;15:105–7.

    Google Scholar 

  115. Hatti RB, Badakali AV, Vanaki RN, et al. McKusick-Kaufman syndrome presenting as acute intestinal obstruction. J Neonatal Surg. 2013;2:7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  116. Sharma D, Murki S, Pratap O, et al. A case of hydrometrocolpos and polydactyly. Clin Med Insigh Paediat. 2015;9:7–11.

    Google Scholar 

  117. Yewalkar SP, Yadav VK, Khadse GJ. The McKusick-Kaufman hydrometrocolpos-polydactyly syndrome: a rare case report. Indian J Radiol Imaging. 2013;2:183–5.

    Google Scholar 

  118. Slavotinek A, Biesecker LG. Phenotypic overlap of McKusick- Kaufman syndrome with Bardet-Biedl syndrome: a literature review. Am J Med Genet. 2000;95:208–15.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  119. Gearhart JP. Exstrophy, epispadias, and other bladder anomalies. In: Walsch PC, editor. Campbell’s urology. 8th ed. Philadelphia: WB Saunders; 2002.

    Google Scholar 

  120. Nelson CP, Dunn RL, Wei JT. Contemporary epidemiology of bladder exstrophy in the United States. J Urol. 2005;173:1728–31.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  121. Stec AA, Pannu HK, Tadros YE, Sponsellor PD, Fishman EK, Hearhart JP. Pelvic floor anatomy in classic bladder exstrophy using 3-dimensional computerized tomography: initial insights. J Urol. 2001;166:1444–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  122. Stec AA, Pannu HK, Tadros YE, et al. Evaluation of the bony pelvis in classic bladder exstrophy by using 3D-CT: further insights. Urology. 2001;58:1030–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  123. Woodhouse CRJ, Ransley PG, Williams DI. The patient with exstrophy in adult life. Br J Urol. 1983;55:632–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  124. Damario MA, Carpenter SE, Jones HW Jr, Rock JA. Reconstruction of the external genitalia in females with bladder exstrophy. Int J Gynecol Obstet. 1994;4:245–53.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Ahmed Adam .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2023 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this entry

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this entry

Naidoo, V., Mbajiorgu, E., Adam, A. (2023). Embryology and Development of Congenital Anomalies of the Pelvis and Female Organs. In: Martins, F.E., Holm, H.V., Sandhu, J., McCammon, K.A. (eds) Female Genitourinary and Pelvic Floor Reconstruction. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-71112-2_2-1

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-71112-2_2-1

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-030-71112-2

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-030-71112-2

  • eBook Packages: Springer Reference MedicineReference Module Medicine

Publish with us

Policies and ethics