Abstract
Functional electrical stimulation (FES) has been used to rehabilitate people with spinal cord injury (SCI) because it allows the control of functional movements. This work presents a knee extension control strategy that uses closed-loop FES to produce controlled functional movements in people with SCI, operating on the agonist and antagonist muscle groups of the leg. The system involved a Raspberry Pi PI controller and an Atmega328 signal generator. The frequency response method has helped to find stable values to two adjustable parameters of the controller. A low-pass filter represented the volunteer’s leg. Stimulation on the quadriceps muscle group (agonist) and quadriceps combined with hamstrings muscle group (antagonist) were tested, and the latter allowed a more effective muscle control. The simplicity of the plant and the controller resulted in some undesirable behaviors such as oscillations, which could be circumvented by the variety of parameters made available by the frequency response method.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Bélanger M, Stein R, Wheeler G et al (2000) Electrical stimulation: can it increase muscle strength and reverse osteopenia in spinal cord injured individuals? Arch Phys Med Rehabil 81:1090–1098
Shafique A, Hooriya A, Javed M (2015) A low cost functional electrical stimulation (FES) system for essential tremor suppression using off the shelf components. IEEE World Congress on Sustain Technol Londo, UK 2015:110–114
Cheng K, Lu Y, Tong K, Rad A et al (2004) Development of a circuit for functional electrical stimulation. IEEE T Neur Sys Reh 12:43–47
Masdar A, Ibrahim B, Jamil M et al. (2013) Current source with low voltage controlled for surface electrical stimulation. In: IEEE 9th International colloquium on signal processing and its applications, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, pp 161–164
Lynch C, Sayenko D, Popovic M (2012) Co-contraction of antagonist muscles during knee extension against gravity: insights for functional electrical stimulation control design. In: 34th Annual international conference of the IEEE EMBS. San Diego, California, pp. 1843–1846
Bó A (2012) Simultaneous motion and impedance joint control using electrical stimulation. In: XXIII Congresso brasileiro de engenharia biomédica, Porto de Galinhas, Brazil, pp 622–626
Wang H, Guan G, He Q et al. (2012) An electrical muscle simulator based on functional electrical stimulation. In: IEEE International conference on robotics and biomimetics. Guangzhou, China, pp 1906–1911
Rainoldi A, Melchiorri G, Caruso I (2004) A method for positioning electrodes during surface EMG recordings in lower limb muscles. J Neurosci Methods 134:37–43
Chen C (2006) Analog and digital control system design: transfer-function, state-space, and algebraic methods. Oxford University Press, Oxford
Graham G, Thrasher T, Popovic R (2006) The effect of random modulation of functional electrical stimulation parameters on muscle fatigue. IEEE T Neur Sys Reh 14:38–45
Zhou B, Baratta R, Solomonow M et al (1996) Evaluation of isometric antagonist coactivation strategies of electrically stimulated muscles. IEEE T Biomed Eng 43:150–160
Nekoukar V, Erfanian A (2010) Adaptive terminal sliding mode control of ankle movement using functional electrical stimulation of agonist-antagonist muscles. In: 32nd Annual international conference of the IEEE EMBS. Buenos Aires, Argentina, pp 5448–5451
Acknowledgements
The authors thank CAPES (Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior), CNPq (Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico), and Fundação Araucária, Brazil, for scholarships and financial support.
Conflict of Interest
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2022 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this paper
Cite this paper
Souza, D.C., Palma, J.C., Starke, R.A., Nogueira-Neto, G.N., Nohama, P. (2022). Functional Electrical Stimulation Closed-Loop Strategy Using Agonist-Antagonist Muscles for Controlling Lower Limb Movements. In: Bastos-Filho, T.F., de Oliveira Caldeira, E.M., Frizera-Neto, A. (eds) XXVII Brazilian Congress on Biomedical Engineering. CBEB 2020. IFMBE Proceedings, vol 83. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-70601-2_57
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-70601-2_57
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-70600-5
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-70601-2
eBook Packages: EngineeringEngineering (R0)