Abstract
This work consists of a literature review that aims to evaluate the effects and efficacy of two drugs used to treat individuals with COVID-19: chloroquine (CQ) and hydroxychloroquine (HCQ). Both drugs have demonstrated antiviral activity against the new coronavirus in in vitro tests. However, there is currently no strong evidence from well-designed controlled studies of COVID-19 therapies tested in humans. In addition, the evidence on the effects of drugs on patients is extremely limited. The search for evidence was made from five chosen databases, and after applying the criteria for inclusion and exclusion of articles, 5 publications were obtained, which represented the basis for the construction of this work. We concluded that, in relation to CQ, no favorable outcomes were found in relation to its use. High doses of this drug can increase lethality due to the prolongation of the QT interval, and lower doses could not estimate evident benefits in infected patients. Assessing the results of HCQ, it can be concluded that more studies are needed to effectively use this drug in the treatment of individuals with COVID-19.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Xu Z, Shi L, Wang Y et al (2020) Pathological findings of COVID-19 associated with acute respiratory distress syndrome. Lancet Respir Med 4:420–422. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2213-2600(20)30076-X
Sohrabi C, Alsafi Z, O’Neill N et al (2020) World Health Organization declares global emergency: a review of the 2019 novel coronavirus (COVID-19). Int J Surg 76:71–76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsu.2020.02.034
COVID, CDC; TEAM, Response (2020) Severe outcomes among patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)—United States, February 12–March 16, 2020 MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 12:343–346 https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6912e2
Rodriguez-Morales A, Cardona-Ospina J, Gutiérrez-Ocampo G et al (2020) Clinical, laboratory and imaging features of COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis Travel Med Inf Dis 101623:45–50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmaid.2020.101623
Jean S, Hsueh P (2020) Old and re-purposed drugs for the treatment of COVID-19. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther (in press). https://doi.org/10.1080/14787210.2020.1771181
Kapoor K, Kapoor A (2020) Role of Chloroquine and Hydroxychloroquine in the treatment of COVID-19 infection-a systematic literature review Medrxiv 1–17 https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.03.24.20042366
Wang M, Cao R, Zhang L et al (2020) Remdesivir and chloroquine effectively inhibit the recently emerged novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) in vitro. Cell Res 3:269–271. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41422-020-0282-0
Yao X, Ye F, Zhang M et al (2020) In vitro antiviral activity and projection of optimized dosing design of hydroxychloroquine for the treatment of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Clin Infect Dis 10–282 https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciaa237
Esposito S, Noviello S, Pagliano P (2020) Update on treatment of COVID-19: ongoing studies between promising and disappointing results. Infez Med 2:198–211
Dybå T, Dingsøyr T (2008) Empirical studies of agile software development: a systematic review. Inf Softw Technol 50:833–859. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.infsof.2008.01.006
Borba M, Val F, Sampaio V et al (2020) Chloroquine diphosphate in two different dosages as adjunctive therapy of hospitalized patients with severe respiratory syndrome in the context of coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) infection: preliminary safety results of a randomized, double-blinded, phase IIb clinical trial (CloroCovid-19 study). MedRxiv. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.04.07.20056424
Gautret P, Lagier J, Parola P et al (2020) Hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin as a treatment of COVID-19: results of an open-label non-randomized clinical trial. Int J Antimicrob Agents 105949 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.105949
Chen J, Liu D, Liu L et al (2020) A pilot study of hydroxychloroquine in treatment of patients with moderate COVID-19. Zhejiang Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban 2:215–219
Chen Z, Hu J, Zhang Z et al (2020) Efficacy of hydroxychloroquine in patients with COVID-19: results of a randomized clinical trial. MedRxiv. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.03.22.20040758
Mahévas M, Tran V, Roumier M et al (2020) Clinical efficacy of hydroxychloroquine in patients with covid-19 pneumonia who require oxygen: observational comparative study using routine care data. BMJ. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.m1844
Acknowledgements
To the research support agencies: FAPEMIG, CAPES and CNPq. A. A. Pereira is Fellow of CNPq, Brazil (310911/2017-6).
Conflict of Interest
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2022 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this paper
Cite this paper
Mendes, L.C., Ávila, J., Pereira, A.A. (2022). Evaluation of the Efficacy of Chloroquine and Hydroxychloroquine in the Treatment of Individuals with COVID-19: A Systematic Review. In: Bastos-Filho, T.F., de Oliveira Caldeira, E.M., Frizera-Neto, A. (eds) XXVII Brazilian Congress on Biomedical Engineering. CBEB 2020. IFMBE Proceedings, vol 83. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-70601-2_308
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-70601-2_308
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-70600-5
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-70601-2
eBook Packages: EngineeringEngineering (R0)