Abstract
The inhomogeneous temperature distribution in welding processes leads to high temperature gradients between the weld seam and the base material. A heterogeneous phase transformation takes place between the areas where the austenitic transformation temperature is exceeded and those where it remains below this temperature. This leads to a residual stress state which results in distortion when the yield strength is exceeded. In order to understand the thermal history of a welded specimen and the phase transformation that has taken place, numerical simulation is used.
This work focuses on the temperature field simulation and the resulting phase transformation in laser beam welding. Two heat sources are combined to simulate the weld pool. Typical models from the literature are used to represent the phase transformation. Altogether a model is developed which can be used as a basis for the calculation of residual stress formation due to thermal load and phase transformation.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Mackerle, J.: Finite elemente analysis and simulation of welding: a bibliography (1976–1996). Modelling Simul. Mater. Sci. Eng. 4, 501–533 (1996)
Mackerle, J.: Finite elemente analysis and simulation of welding: a bibliography (1996–2001). Modelling Simul. Mater. Sci. Eng. 10, 295–318 (2002)
Ueda, Y.: Computational Welding Mechanics. Osaka University, Joining and Welding Research Institute (1999)
Webster, P., Ananthaviravakumar, N., Hughes, D., et al.: Measurement and modelling of residual stresses in a TIG Weld. J. Appl. Phys. A: Mater. Sci. Process. 74(7), 1421–1423 (2002)
Dilthey, U., Reisgen, U., Kretschmer, M.: Comparison of FEM simulations to measurements of residual stresses for the example of a welded plate: a state-of-the-art report. Modelling Simul. Mater. Sci. Eng. 8, 911–926 (2000)
Radaj, D.: Fachbuchreihe Schweißtechnik. Bd. 143: Eigenspannungen und Verzug beim Schweißen: Rechen- und Messverfahren. Düsseldorf: Verl. für Schweißen und verwandte Verfahren (2002)
Wohlfahrt, H.: Schweißeigenspannungen. In: Härterei-technische Mitteilungen. Band 31 Heft 1/2, 56–71 (1976)
Dilthey, U.: Schweißtechnische Fertigungsverfahren. Bd. 2: Verhalten der Werkstoffe beim Schweißen. 2. Aufl., Düsseldorf: DVS-Verlag (1995)
Peiter, A. (Hrsg): Handbuch Spannungsmesspraxis. Experimentelle Ermittlung mechanischer Spannungen. Braunschweig: Vieweg&Sohn Verlagsgesellschaft (1992)
Radaj, D.: Fachbuchreihe Schweißtechnik. Bd. 141: Schweißprozeßsimulation: Grundlagen und Anwendungen. Düsseldorf: Verl. für Schweißen und verwandte Verfahren (1999)
Goldak, J., Chakravarit, A., Bibby, M.: A new finite element model for welding heat source. Metallurgical Trans. B 15B, 299–305 (1984)
Goldak, J.A., Akhlaghi, M.: Computational Welding Mechanics. Springer Science, New-York (2005)
Avrami, M.: Kinetics of phase change, 1: general theory. J. Chem. Phys. 7, 103–112 (1939)
Avrami, M.: Kinetics of phase change, 2: transformation-time relations for random distribution of nuclei. J. Chem. Phys. 8, 212–224 (1940)
Avrami, M.: Kinetics of phase change, 3: granulation, phase change and microstructure. J. Chem. Phys. 9, 177–184 (1941)
Johnson, W.A., Mehl, R.F.: Reaction kinetics in process of nucleation and growth. Trans. Am. Inst. Min. Metall. Eng. 135, 416–458 (1939)
Kolmogorov, A.N.: Statistical theory of crystallization of metals. Izv. Akad. Nauk SSSR, Ser. Mat. Bull. 1, 355–359 (1937). (in Russian)
Koistinen, D.P., Marburger, R.E.: A general equation prescribing extend of austenite-martensite transformation in pure FE-C alloys and plain carbon steels. Acta Metall. 7, 59–60 (1959)
Caballero, F.G., Capdevilla, C., Andres, C.G.: Modelling of kinetics of austenite formation in steels with different initial microstructures. ISIJ Int. 41(10), 1093–1102 (2001)
Datta, D P., Gokhale, A.M.: Austenitization kinetics of pearlite and ferrite aggregates in a low carbon steel containing 0.15 wt pct C. In: Metallurgical Transactions A, vol. 12, pp. 443–450 (1981)
Acknowledgement
The presented investigations were carried out at RWTH Aachen University Welding and Joining Institute ISF within the framework of the Collaborative Research Centre SFB1120–236616214 “Bauteilpräzision durch Beherrschung von Schmelze und Erstarrung in Produktionsprozessen” and funded by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft e.V. (DFG, German Research Foundation). The sponsorship and support is gratefully acknowledged.
Simulations were performed with computing resources granted by RWTH Aachen University under project rwth0436.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2021 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this paper
Cite this paper
Akyel, F., Reisgen, U., Olschok, S., Murthy, K. (2021). Simulation of Phase Transformation and Residual Stress of Low Alloy Steel in Laser Beam Welding. In: Reisgen, U., Drummer, D., Marschall, H. (eds) Enhanced Material, Parts Optimization and Process Intensification. EMPOrIA 2020. Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-70332-5_1
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-70332-5_1
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-70331-8
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-70332-5
eBook Packages: EngineeringEngineering (R0)