Skip to main content

Girls and the Negotiation of Heterosexual Femininities in the Primary School

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Gender, Sexuality and Violence in South African Educational Spaces

Part of the book series: Palgrave Studies in Gender and Education ((GED))

Abstract

This chapter addresses the ways in which heterosexual femininity is produced by 12 and 13 year old girls in a primary school in KwaZulu-Natal. Rather than viewing young girls as sexually docile, the chapter focuses on how they make claims to and participate in heterosexual practices. Drawing on an ethnographic study, the chapter highlightes the ways in which boys, bodies, and dress configure in girls’ negotiation of heterosexual femininity. Given the relative silence around primary school girls’ constructions of heterosexuality, the chapter finds that girls’ investment in heterosexuality is a contradictory experience showing their desires and active agency, but also the oppressive ways through which their actions serve male interests. We conclude by calling for an approach that recognises girls’ pleasurable investments in the development of their own sexuality, as well as their damaging investments, while also underscoring the need for a greater focus on younger girls’ femininity in South Africa.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Allen, L. (2013). Behind the bike sheds: Sexual geographies of schooling. British Journal of Sociology of Education, 34(1), 56–75.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bay-Cheng, L. (2019). Agency is everywhere, but agency is not enough: A conceptual analysis of young women’s sexual agency. The Journal of Sex Research, 56(4–5), 462–474.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bhana, D. (2016). Gender and childhood sexuality in primary school. Singapore, Singapore: Springer.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Bhana, D. (2018). Girls negotiating sexuality and violence in the primary school. British Educational Research Journal, 44(1), 80–93.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Blaise, M. (2005). Playing it straight: Uncovering gender discourses in the early childhood classroom. London: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 77–101.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Butler, J. (1990). Gender trouble: Feminism and the subversion of identity. London: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Butler, J. (2004). Undoing gender. Oxfordshire, UK: Routledge.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Campbell, C., & Mannell, J. (2016). Conceptualising the agency of highly marginalised women: Intimate partner violence in extreme settings. Global Public Health, 11(1–2), 1–16.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Connell, R. (1987). Gender and power: Society, the person, and sexual politics. Cambridge, UK: Polity Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Epstein, D., Kehily, M. J., Mac an Ghaill, M., & Redman, P. (2001). Girls and boys come out to play: Making masculinities and femininities in primary playgrounds. Men and Masculinities, 4(2), 158–172.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gevers, A., Mathews, C., Cupp, P., Russell, M., & Jewkes, R. (2013). Illegal yet developmentally normative: A descriptive analysis of young, urban adolescents’ dating and sexual behavior in Cape Town, South Africa. International Health and Human Rights Journal, 13(31), 1–10.

    Google Scholar 

  • Humphreys, S. (2013). “Doing identity” in the Botswana classroom: Negotiating gendered institutional identities. Discourse: Studies in the Cultural Politics of Education, 34(5), 765–783.

    Google Scholar 

  • Huuki, T., & Renold, E. (2016). Crush mapping historical, material and affective force relations in young children’s hetero-sexual playground play. Discourse, 37(5), 754–769.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jackson, S. (2009). Sexuality, heterosexuality, and gender hierarchy. In A. Ferber, K. Holcomb, & T. Wentling (Eds.), Sex, gender & sexuality. New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jewkes, R., & Morrell, R. (2012). Sexuality and the limits of agency among South African teenage women: Theorising femininities and their connections to HIV risk practices. Social Science and Medicine, 74(11), 1729–1737.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Le Mat, M., Miedema, E., Amentie, S., & Kosar-Altinyelken, H. (2019). Molding the teacher: Factors shaping teacher enactment of comprehensive sexuality education policy in Ethiopia. Compare: A Journal of Comparative and International Education, 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1080/03057925.2019.1682967

  • Livingston, J., Bay-Cheng, L., Hequembourg, A., Testa, M., & Downs, J. (2013). Mixed drinks and mixed messages: Adolescent girls’ perspectives on alcohol and sexuality. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 37(1), 38–50.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Martin, B. (2011). Children at play. Stoke-on-Trent, England: Trentham Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Paechter, C. (2007). Being boys, being girls: Learning masculinities and femininities. Maidenhead, England: McGraw-Hill Education.

    Google Scholar 

  • Paechter, C. (2012). Bodies, identities and performances: Reconfiguring the language of gender and schooling. Gender and Education, 24(2), 229–241.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Paechter, C. (2013). Girls and their bodies: Approaching a more emancipatory physical education. Pedagogy, Culture and Society, 21(2), 261–277.

    Google Scholar 

  • Paechter, C. (2017). Young children, gender and the heterosexual matrix. Discourse, 38(2), 277–291.

    Google Scholar 

  • Paechter, C., & Clark, S. (2010). Schoolgirls and power/knowledge economies: Using knowledge to mobilize social power. In C. Jackson, C. Paechter, & E. Renold (Eds.), Girls and education 3–16: Continuing concerns, new agendas (pp. 117–128). Maidenhead, Berkshire: Open University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Paechter, C., & Clark, S. (2016). Being ‘nice’ or being ‘normal’: Girls resisting discourses of ‘coolness’. Discourse: Studies in the Cultural Politics of Education, 37(3), 457–471.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pilcher, J. (2011). No logo? Children’s consumption of fashion. Childhood, 18(1), 128–141.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pincock, K. (2019). Relationality, religion and resistance: Teenage girlhood and sexual agency in Tanzania. Culture, Health and Sexuality, 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1080/13691058.2019.1674921

  • Porter, H. (2015). “Say no to bad touches”: Schools, sexual identity and sexual violence in northern Uganda. International Journal of Educational Development, 41, 271–282.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Renold, E. (2005). Girls, boys and junior sexuality. New York: Routledge Falmer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Renold, E. (2013). Boys and girls speak out: A qualitative study of boys and girls gender and sexual cultures. Cardiff, UK: Cardiff University.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rich, A. (1980). Compulsory heterosexuality and lesbian existence. Signs, 5(4), 631–660.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ringrose, J., & Harvey, L. (2015). Boobs, back-off, six packs and bits: Mediated body parts, gendered reward, and sexual shame in teens sexting images: Continuum. Journal of Media and Cultural Studies, 29(2), 205–217.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ringrose, J., & Rawlings, V. (2015). Posthuman performativity, gender and ‘school bullying’: Exploring the material-discursive intra-actions of skirts, hair, sluts, and poofs. Confero: Essays on Education, Philosophy and Politics, 3(2), 1–37.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Robinson, K. H. (2013). Innocence, knowledge and the construction of childhood: The contradictory nature of sexuality and censorship in children’s contemporary lives. Sydney, Australia: Routledge.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Shefer, T. (2014). Pathways to gender equitable men: Reflections on findings from the international men and gender equality survey in the light of twenty years of gender change in South Africa. Men and Masculinities, 17(5), 502–509.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Skeggs, B. (1997). Formations of class and gender: Becoming respectable. London: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thorne, B. (1993). Gender play: Girls and boys in school. Buckingham, UK: Open University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yin, R. K. (Ed.). (2014). Case study research: Design and methods (5th ed.). Los Angeles: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgement

This work is based on the research supported by the South African Research Chairs Initiative of the Department of Science and Technology and National Research Foundation of South Africa (Grant No. 98407).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Deevia Bhana .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2021 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Govender, N., Bhana, D. (2021). Girls and the Negotiation of Heterosexual Femininities in the Primary School. In: Bhana, D., Singh, S., Msibi, T. (eds) Gender, Sexuality and Violence in South African Educational Spaces. Palgrave Studies in Gender and Education. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-69988-8_5

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics