Abstract
Age-segregated incarceration—the separation of youth and adults in criminal custody—has established itself as a legal and human rights norm. Contrary to conventional wisdom, I argue that it suffers from five acute pitfalls. First, it perpetuates age essentialism—the historically recent belief that certain age groups are inherently different and must therefore abide by constrictive (and questionable) age norms. Second, age-segregated incarceration sanctions harshness and apathy toward separated adults, whom it deems less vulnerable and less corrigible. Third, age segregation helps prison present itself as humane and effective while also entrenching its punitive fixation with blame. Fourth, in conflating protection with age segregation, this practice harms youth: it downplays the risk they face from their peers and the prison staff, overlooks the support some imprisoned adults can offer, and occasions harmful practices such as solitary confinement. Finally, age segregation, in and beyond prison, have a long and ongoing history of oppressing disempowered communities by severing their intergenerational ties. Alternatives such as non-segregated incarceration, age-specific penal reforms, or more refined segregation fail to address—and in some respects aggravate—these pitfalls. What is needed, instead, is to simultaneously undo essentialism and carcerality.
For their helpful comments, deep thanks are due to Laura Abrams, Tamar Birckhead, Alexandra Cox, Barry Feld, Maayan Geva, Nicola Lacey, Daniel Monk, Leslie Moran, and Christine Piper.
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Notes
- 1.
Article 1 of the CRC defines “a child” as “every human being below the age of eighteen years unless under the applicable law applicable to the child, majority is attained earlier.” In addition, Article 9 generally prohibits separating a child from her/his parents against her/his will without due legal process; however, where such separation results from detention or imprisonment, all the Article requires (with certain caveats) is to inform the child or the family of the removed child’s/parent’s whereabouts.
- 2.
Indeed, when imprisoned women are concerned, some countries view incarceration with them as beneficial for girls (e.g., UNICEF 2009, p. 13).
- 3.
At the same time, some child-related laws and policies also enable various forms of harshness toward young people, such as physical chastisement, curfews, and, as discussed later, so-called status offenses.
- 4.
For background information, see Ben-Naftali et al. (2018).
- 5.
Juxtaposing these two parts of the world is not unheard of: Chinese scholar and dissident Wang Lixiong once warned of an “interminable ethnic war” in Xinjiang amounting to a “Palestinization” of the region (Finley 2019).
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Viterbo, H. (2021). The Pitfalls of Separating Youth in Prison: A Critique of Age-Segregated Incarceration. In: Cox, A., Abrams, L.S. (eds) The Palgrave International Handbook of Youth Imprisonment. Palgrave Studies in Prisons and Penology. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-68759-5_25
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