Abstract
Starting from a simple aliphatic hydrocarbon chain, we have studied the effect on structural properties caused by the incorporation of an increasing number of hydrogen bonds. In reality, this means that we have studied the structural characteristics—including polymorphism—and the phase behavior of binary mixtures in the following groups of substances: the n-alkanes; the 1-alkanols; the α, ω-alkanediols; the alkanoic acids; and the alkanedioic acids. The results that have been obtained clearly show that two “parameters” have a crucial influence on the structural and thermodynamic properties. These are (i) the parity (odd versus even) of the carbon chain; and (ii) the aim at realizing as many hydrogen bonds as possible.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Maroncelli M, Strauss HL, Snyder RG (1985) The distribution of conformational disorder in the high-temperature phases of the crystalline normal-alkanes. J Chem Phys 82(6):2811–2824
De Gennes PG (1974) The physics of liquid crystals. Clarendon, Oxford
Chapman D, Wallach DFH (1968, Vol. I) and (1973, Vol. II) Biological membranes. Academic Press, London
Poirier B, Robles L, Mondieig D, Haget Y, Girardet C, Grignon R (1994) Les Equilibres entre phases JEEP XX. In: Haget Y, Marbeuf A (eds) 155–158
Espeau P, Robles L, Mondieig D, Haget Y, Cuevas-Diarte MA, Tamarit JLl (1996) Thermal cycling of molecular alloys and eutectics containing alkanes for energy storage. Mat Res Bull 31(10):1219
Cuevas-Diarte MA, Haget Y, Mondieig D (1996) Nuevos materiales para almacenamiento térmico: aleaciones moleculares. Rev El Instalador 319:87
Mondieig D, Marbeuf A, Robles L, Espeau P, Haget Y, Calvet-Pallas T, Cuevas-Diarte MA (1997) Thermoadjustable molecular alloys for energy storageand thermal protection: fundamental aspects and applications. High Temp-High Pressures 29:385
Espeau P, Mondieig D, Haget Y, Cuevas-Diarte MA (1997) ‘Active’ package for thermal protection of food products. Packag Technol Sci 10:253
Arjona F, Calvet T, Cuevas-Diarte MA, Metivaud V, Mondieig D (2000) Application of the n-alkane molecular alloys to thermally protected containers for catering. Bol Soc Esp Ceram Vidrio 39(4):548
Keller A (1961) Some new habit features in crystals of long chain compounds. Part I Paraffins Phil Mag 6(63):329
Bunn CW (1939) The crystal structure of long-chain normal paraffin hydrocarbons. The “shape” of the > CH2 group. Trans Faraday Soc 35(1):482
Vand V (1951) Method for determining the signs of the structure factors of long-chain compounds. Acta Crystallogr 4(2):104
Schoon T (1938) Polymorphic form crystal carbon compound with long chains. (Structure tests through electron diffraction). Zeitschrift fur physikalische chemie-abteilung b-chemie der elementarprozesse aufbau der materie 39(5/6):385–410
Kitaigorodskii AI (1955) Organic chemical crystallography. Consultants Bureau, New York 65–112 and 177–215
Hastie GP, Roberts K (1994) An investigation into the inter- and intra-molecular packing in the solid state for crystals of the normal alkanes and homologous mixtures using FTIR spectroscopy. J Mat Sci 29:1915–1919
Müller A (1930) The crystal structure of the normal paraffins at temperatures ranging from that of liquid air to the melting points. Proc Roy Soc London A 127(805):417
Kim Y, Strauss HL, Snyder RG (1989) Conformational disorder in crystalline n-alkanes prior to melting. J Am Chem Soc 93(21):7520
Mazee WM (1948) Some properties of hydrocarbons having more than twenty carbon atoms. Rec Trav Chim Pays-Bas 67(4):197–213
Kitaigorodskii AI, Mnyukh YV, Nechitailo NA (1958) Investigation of solid solutions of some n-paraffins. Soviet Phys-Crystallogr 3:303
Doucet J, Denicolo I, Craievich AF (1981) X-ray study of the rotator phase of the odd-numbered paraffins C17H36, C19H40, and C21H44. J Chem Phys 75(3):1523
Doucet J, Denicolo I, Craievich AF, Collet A (1981) Evidence of a phase-transition in the rotator phase of the odd-numbered paraffins C23H48 and C25H52. J Chem Phys 75(10):5125
Maroncelli M, Qi SP, Strauss HL, Snyder RG (1982) Nonplanar conformers and the phase-behavior of solid normal-alkanes. J Am Chem Soc 104(23):6237
Ungar G (1983) Structure of rotator phases in normal-alkanes. J Phys Chem 87(4):689–695
Denicolo I, Doucet J, Craievich AF (1983) X-Ray study of the rotator phase of paraffins (III)—Even-numbered paraffins C18H38, C20H42, C22H46, C24H50, AND C26H54. J Chem Phys 78(3):1465
Doucet J, Denicolo I, Craievich AF, Germain C (1984) X-ray study of the rotator phase of paraffins. 4. C27H56, C28H58, C29H60, C30H62, C32H66, and C34H70. J Chem Phys 80(4):1647–1651
Sirota EB, King HE, Singer DM, Shao HH (1993) Rotator phases of the normal alkanes: an x-ray scatteting study. J Chem Phys 98(7):5809–5824
Sirota EB, Singer DM (1994) Phase transitions among the rotator phases of the normal alkanes. J Chem Phys 101(12):10873–10881
Robles L (1995) Syncristallisation dans la famille des n-alcanes à chaînes longues (C18H38 à C28H58). Alliages moléculaires et stockage d’énergie. Applications au domaine paramédical. European PhD Thesis. Université Bordeaux I
Rajabalee F (1998) Existence et stabilité se sous-familles structurales de cristaux mixtes dans les alcanes normaux (C8H18 à C28H58). Caractérisations cristallographique et thermodynamique. Incidence des désordres de composition, conformation et rotation. European PhD Thesis. Université Bordeaux I
Métivaud V (1999) Systèmes multi composants d’alcanes normaux dans la gamme C14H30-C25H52: Alliances structurales et stabilité des échantillons mixtes. Applications pour la protection thermique d’installations de télécommunications et de circuits optoélectroniques. European PhD Thesis. Université Bordeaux I
Rajabalee F, Negrier P, Mondieig D, Cuevas-Diarte MA (2002) Ordered phases in n-heptacosane (C27H56). Structure determination of the mdci phase. Chem Mater 14:4081–4087
Muller A, Londsale L (1948) The low-temperature form of C18H38. Acta Cryst 1:129–131
Espeau P, Robles L, Mondieig D, Haget Y, Cuevas-Diarte MA (1996) Review on the energetic and crystallographic behaviour of n-alkanes. 1. Series form C8H18 up to C21H44. J Chim Phys 93(7–8):1217
Robles L, Mondieig D, Haget Y, Cuevas-Diarte MA (1998) Review on the energetic and crystallographic behaviour of n-alkanes. II. Series from C22H46 to C27H56. J de Chim Phys et de Phys-Chim Biol 95(1):92–111
Poirier B (1996) Du fondamental à l’appliqué. Les alcanes normaux à chaînes longues: séquénces polymorphiques, alliances structurales et stockage d’énergie, application industrielle. PhD Thesis. Université Bordeaux I
Rajabalee F, Métivaud V, Mondieig D, Haget Y, Cuevas-Diarte MA (1999) New insights on the crystalline forms in binary systems of n-alkanes: characterization of the solid ordered phases in the phase diagram tricosane plus pentacosane. J Mater Res 14(6):2644
Smith AEJ (1953) The crystal structure of the normal paraffin hydrocarbons. J Chem Phys 21:2229
Nozaki K, Higashitani N, Yamamoto T, Hara T (1995) Solid-solid phase-transitions in n-alkanes C23H48 and C25H52—X-ray power diffraction study on new layer stacking in phase-V. J Chem Phys 103(13):5762–5766
Snyder RG, Maroncelli M, Qi SP, Strauss HL (1981) Phase-transitions and nonplanar conformers in crystalline normal-alkanes. Science 214(4517):188
Heyding RD, Russel RE, Varty TL, St-Cyr D (1990) The normal paraffins revisited. Powder Diffr 5(2):93
Gerson AR, Roberts KJ, Sherwood JN (1991) X-ray-powder diffraction studies of alkanes—Unit-cell parameters of the homologous series C18H38 TO C28H58. Acta Cryst B47(2):280
Gerson AR, Roberts KJ, Sherwood JN (1992) X-ray-powder diffraction studies of normal-alkanes—a reexamination of the unit-cell parameters of C24H50 and C26H54. Acta Cryst B48(5):746
Ungar G, Masic N (1985) Order in the rotator phase of normal-alkanes. J Phys Chem 89(6):1036
Snyder RG, Schachtschneider JH (1963) Vibrational analysis of the n-paraffins. 1. Assignments of infrared bands in the spectra of C3H8 through n-C19H40 Spectrochim. Acta 19(1):85
Schachtschneider JH, Snyder RG (1963) Vibrational analysis of the n-paraffins. 2. Normal co-ordinate calculations. Spectrochim. Acta 19(1):117
Snyder RG (1967) Vibrational study of the chain conformation of the liquid n-paraffins and molten polyethylene. J Chem Phys 47:1316
Zerbi G, Magni R, Gussoni M, Moritz KH, Bogotto A, Dirlikov S (1981) Molecular mechanics for phase-transition and melting of normal-alkanes. A spectroscopic study of molecular mobility of solid normal-nonadecane. J Chem Phys 75(7):3175
Gbabode G (2005) Étude du polymorphisme et de la miscibilité à l’état solide dans la série des acides gras saturés. European PhD thesis. Université Bordeaux I
Mondieig D, Rajabalee F, Métivaud V, Oonk HAJ, Cuevas-Diarte MA (2004) N-alkane binary molecular alloys. Chem Mater 16:786–798
Wurflinger A, Mondieig D, Rajabalee F, Cuevas-Diarte MA (2001) pVT measurements and related studies on the binary system nC(16)H(34)-nC(17)H(36) and on nC(18)H(38) at high pressures. Z Naturforsch 56(12):895
Métivaud V, Rajabalee F, Cuevas-Diarte MA, Calvet T, Mondieig D, Haget Y (1998) The “low temperature” structural behaviour of the binary system octadecane (C18H38) plus nonadecane (C19H40). Experimental equilibrium phase diagram. Anales de Quimica, International edition 94(6):396
Métivaud V, Rajabalee F, Mondieig D, Haget Y, Cuevas-Diarte MA (1999) Solid-solid and solid-liquid equilibria in the heneicosane-docosane binary system. Chem Mater 11(1):117
Rajabalee F, Métivaud V, Mondieig D, Haget Y, Oonk HAJ (1999) Structural and energetic behavior of mixed samples in the hexacosane (n-C26H54)/octacosane (n-C28H58) system; solid-solid and solid-liquid equilibria. Helv Chim Acta 82(11):1916
Rajabalee F, Métivaud V, Oonk HAJ, Mondieig D, Waldner P (2000) Perfect families of mixed crystals: the “ordered” crystalline forms of n-alkanes. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2(6):1345
Oonk HAJ, Mondieig D, Haget Y, Cuevas-Diarte MA (1998) Perfect families of mixed crystals: the rotator I N-alkane case. J Chem Phys 108(2):715
Mondieig D, Métivaud V, Oonk HAJ, Cuevas-Diarte MA (2003) Isothermal transformations in alkane alloys. Chem Mater 15(13):2552–2560
Small DM (1986) Handbook of lipid research. Plenum Press, New York
Ventolà L (2001) Miscibilitat a l’estat sòlid en la familia dels n-alcanols. Aplicació a la protecció tèrmica. European PhD thesis. Universitat de Barcelona
Ramírez M (2002) Modelització estructural de les formes ordenades en la familia dels n-alcanols. European PhD thesis. Universitat de Barcelona
Ventolà L, Ramírez M, Calvet T, Solans X, Cuevas-Diarte MA, Negrier P, Mondieig D, van Miltenburg JC, Oonk HAJ (2002) Polymorphism of n-alkanols: 1-heptadecanol, 1-octadecanol, 1-nonadecanol, and 1-eicosanol. Chem Mater 14:508–517
Cuevas-Diarte MA, Calvet T, Solans X, Ventolà L, Ramírez M, Mondieig D, Oonk HAJ (2002) Isopolimorfismo en aleaciones moleculares. Materiales y aplicaciones. Bol R Soc Esp Hist Nat (Sec. Geol.) 97(1–4):83–95
Tanaka K, Seto T, Watanabe A, Hayashida T (1959) Phase transformation of n-higher alcohols (II). Bull Inst Chem Res Kyoto Univ 37(4):281
Abrahamsson S, Larsson G, von Sydow E (1960) The crystal structure of the monoclinic form of normal-hexadecanol. Acta Cryst 13(10):770
Watanabe A (1961) Synthesis and physical properties of normal higher primary alcohols. 3. Synthesis of normal higher primary alcohols of even carbon numbers from dodecanol to hexatriacontanol. Bull Chem Soc Jpn 34(3):398
Seto T (1962) Crystal structures of n-higher alcohols. Mem Coll Sci University Kyoto A 30(1):89
Watanabe A (1963) The synthesis and the physical properties of normal higher primary alcohols. 5. Thermal and x-ray studies of the polymorphism of alcohols of odd carbon numbers from undecanol to heptatriacontanol. Bull Chem Soc Jpn 36(3):336
Precht D (1976) Studies on crystal-structures of fatty alcohols and fatty-acids using electron and x-ray-diffraction. 1. Fette Seifen Anstrichmittel 78(4):145
Precht D (1976) Crystal-structure of fatty alcohols and fatty-acids. Study using electron-diffraction and x-ray-diffraction. 2. Fette Seifen Anstrichmittel 78(5):189
Fujimoto K, Yamamoto T, Hara T (1985) Crystal structure and molecular motion in octadecanol (C18H37OH). Rep Progr Polym Phys Jpn 28:163–166
Michaud F, Ventolà L, Calvet T, Cuevas-Diarte MA, Solans X, Font-Bardia M (2000) The gamma-form of n-eicosanol. Acta Cryst C56(2):219
Ishikawa S, Ando I (1993) Structural studies of n-octadecanol by variable-temperature solid-state high-resolution C-13 NMR-spectroscopy. J Mol Struct 291(2–3):183
Sirota EB, King HE, Shao HH, Singer DM (1995) Rotator phases in mixtures of n-alkanes. J Phys Chem 99(2):798
Sirota EB, Wu XZ (1996) The rotator phases of neat and hydrated 1-alcohols. J Chem Phys 105(17):7763
Van Miltenburg JC, Oonk HAJ, Ventolà L (2001) Heat capacities and derived thermodynamic finctions of 1-octadecanol, 1-nonadecanol, 1-eicosanol, and 1-docosanol between 10 K and 370 K. J Chem Eng Data 46(1):90–97
Van Miltenburg JC, van den Berg GJK, Ramírez M (2003) Heat capacities and derived thermodynamic functions of 1-dodecanol and 1-tridecanol between 10 K and 370 K and heat capacities of 1-pentadecanol and 1-heptadecanol between 300 K and 380 K and correlations for the heat capacity and the entropy of liquid n-alkanols. J Chem Eng Data 48(1):36–43
Rietveld HM (1967) Line profiles of neutron powder-diffraction peaks for structure refinement. Acta Cryst 22(1):151
Rietveld HM (1969) A profile refinement method for nuclear and magnetic structures. J Appl Cryst 2(2):65
Kitaigorodskii AI (1973) Molecular crystals and molecules. Academic Press, New York and London. pp 1–62
Mayo SL, Olafson BD, Goddard WA III (1990) Dreiding: a generic force field for molecular simulations. J Phys Chem 94:8897–8909
Rodríguez-Carvajal J (1990) Fullprof: a program for rietveld refinement and pattern matching analysis. Abstracts of the satellite meeting on powder diffraction of the XVth congress of the international union of crystallography. Toulouse. pp 127
Rodríguez-Carvajal J (1996) Reference guide for the computer program fullprof. Laboratoire Léon Brillouin, CEA-CNRS, Saclay, France
Smith JC (1931) Higher aliphatic compounds. Part I. The systems ethyl palmitate-ethyl stearate and hexadecyl alcohol-octadecyl alcohol. J Chem Soc 802
Kolp DG, Lutton ES (1962) The binary system palmityl alcohol-stearyl alcohol. J Chem Eng Data 7(2):207
Al-Mamun MA (1974) Studies of binary systems of long chain alcohols. J Am Oil Chem Soc 51(5):234
Beer C, Führer C, Junginger H (1980) Untersuchungen über das mischungsverhalten normaler langkettiger Alkohole. Acta Pharm Technol 26:284
Ventolà L, Calvet T, Cuevas-Diarte MA, Solans X, Mondieig D, Négrier P, van Miltenburg JC (2003) Solid state equilibrium in the n-alkanols family: the stability of binary mixed samples. Phys Chem Chem Phys 5:947–952
Calvet T, Labrador M, Tauler E, Cuevas-Diarte MA, Estop E, Haget Y (1991) Molecular alloys in the series of para-disubstituted benzene-derivatives. 6 the para-dichlorobenzene para-chloroiodobenzene system. Thermochim Acta 180:61–67
Francis F, Piper SH, Malkin T (1930) The n-fatty acids. Proc R Soc London 128:214–252
von Sydow E (1954a) On the structure of the crystal form A’ of n-pentadecanoic acid. Acta Cryst 7:529–532
von Sydow E (1954b) On the structure of the crystal form B’ of normal-pentadecanoic acid. Acta Cryst 7:823–826
von Sydow E (1955a) On the structure of the crystal form C’ of the n-endecanoic acid. Acta Cryst 8:810–813
von Sydow E (1955b) On the structure of the crystal form A’ of n-pentadecanoic acid. Acta Cryst 8:845–846
von Sydow E (1955c) On the structure of the crystal form A’ of n-pentadecanoic acid. Correction Acta Cryst 8:846
Goto M, Asada E (1980) The crystal-structure of the A’-form of tridecanoic acid. Bull Chem Soc Jpn 53(8):2111–2113
Goto M, Asada E (1984) The crystal-structure of the B’-form of heptadecanoic acid. Bull Chem Soc Jpn 57(4):1145–1146
Bond AD (2004) On the crystal structures and melting point alternation of the n-alkyl carboxylic acids. New J Chem 28(1):104–114
Gbabode G, Negrier P, Mondieig D, Leger JM, Moreno E, Calvet T, Cuevas-Diarte MA (2006) Crystal structure of the B′ form of nonadecanoic acid. Analytycal Sci 22(11):269–270
Gbabode G, Négrier P, Mondieig D, Moreno E, Calvet T, Cuevas-Diarte MA (2007) Structures of the high-temperature solid-phases of the odd-numbered fatty acids from tridecanoic acid to tricosanoic acid. Chem A-Eur J 13:3150–3159
Lomer TR (1963) Crystal and molecular structure of lauric acid (form A1). Acta Cryst 16:984
Malta V, Celotti G, Martelli AF, Zannetti R (1971) Crystal structure of C-form of stearic acid. J Chem Soc B-Phys Org 3:548
Goto M, Asada E (1978a) Crystal-structure of A-super form of lauric acid. Bull Chem Soc Jpn 51(1):70–74
Goto M, Asada E (1978b) Crystal-structure of B-form of stearic acid. Bull Chem Soc Jpn 51(9):2456–2459
Kaneko H, Kobayshi M, Kitagawa Y (1990) Double-layered polytypic structure of the B-form of octadecanoic acid, C18H36O2. Acta Cryst C 46:1490
Kaneko H, Sakashita H, Kobayshi M (1994) Double-layered polytypic structure of the B-form of octadecanoic acid, C18H36O2. Acta Cryst C50:245–247
Kaneko H, Sakashita H, Kobayshi M (1994) Double-layered polytypic structure of the E-form of octadecanoic acid, C18H36O2. Acta Cryst C50:247–250
Bernstein J, Davis RE, Shimoi L, Chang NL (1995) Patterns in hydrogen bonding. Functionality and graph set analysis in crystals. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 34(15):1555
Moreno E, Cordobilla R, Calvet T, Lahoz FJ, Balana AI (2006) The C form of n-hexadecanoic acid. Acta Cryst C62:o129–o131
Moreno E (2008) On the polymorphism and structural characterization in the family of even saturated carboxylic acid. European PhD thesis. Universitat de Barcelona
Moreno E, Cordobilla R, Calvet T, Cuevas-Diarte MA, Gbabode G, Negrier P, Mondieig D, Oonk HAJ (2007) Polymorphism of even saturated carboxylic acids from n-decanoic to n-eicosanoic acid. New J Chem 31:947–957
von Sydow E (1956) The normal fatty acids in solid state - A crystal structure investigation. Arkiv Kemi 9(3):231
Clark GL (1955) Applied X-Ray. Mc. Graw-Hill. New York
Stenhagen E, von Sydow E (1952) On the phase transitions in normal chain carboxylic acids with 12 up to and including 29 carbon atoms between 30°C and the melting point. Arkiv for Kemi 6(29):309–15
Sato K, Kobayashi M (1991) Crystals: growth, properties and applications. In: Freyhardt MC, Müllervol C, vol 13. Springer-Verlag, Berlin
Schaake RCF, van Miltenburg JC, de Kruif CGJ (1982) Thermodynamic properties of the normal alkanoic acids II. Molar heat capacities of seven even-numbered normal alkanoic acids. Chem Thermodyn 14:771–78
Adriaansen N, Dekker H, Coops J (1964) Some physical constants of normal saturated fatty acids and their methyl esters. Recl Trav Chim Pays-Bas 83(6):557–72
Moreno-Calvo E, Gbabode G, Cordobilla R, Calvet T, Cuevas-Diarte MA, Negrier P, Mondieig D (2009) Competing intermolecular interactions in the high-temperature solid phases of even saturated carboxylic acids (C10H19O2H to C20H39O2H). Chem Eur J 15:13141–13149
Boultif A, Louer D (1991) Indexing of powder diffraction patterns for low-symmetry lattices by the successive dichotomy method. J Appl Cryst 24:987–993
Moreno-Calvo E, Calvet T, Cuevas-Diarte MA, Aquilano D (2010) Relationship between the crystal structure and morphology of carboxylic acid polymorphs. Predicted and experimental morphologies. Cryst Growth Des 10(10):4263–4271
Gbabode G, Negrier P, Mondieig D, Moreno E, Calvet T, Cuevas-Diarte MA (2008) Polymorphism and solid-state miscibility in the pentadecanoic acid—heptadecanoic acid binary system. Chem Phys Lipid 154:68–77
Feldman D, Shapiro MM, Banu D (1986) Organic phase change materials for thermal energy storage. Solar Energ Mater 13:1–10
Burger A, Ramberger R (1979) Polymorphism of pharmaceuticals and other molecular crystals. 1. Theory of thermodynamic rules. Mikrochim Acta 2(3–4):259
Sato K, Suzuki K, Okada M, Garti N (1985) Solvent effects on kinetics of solution-mediated transition of stearic-acid polymorphs. J Cryst Growth 72:699–704
Gbabode G, Negrier P, Mondieig D, Moreno E, Calvet T, Cuevas-Diarte MA (2009) Fatty acids polymorphism and solid-state miscibility. Pentadecanoic acid—hexadecanoic acid binary system. J Alloy Compd 469:539–551
Fuks CJ (1983) Properties of mixtures of fatty acids proposed as latent heat thermal storage for space heating. PhD thesis. University of Montréal
Feldman D, Shapiro MM, Banu D, Fucks CJ (1989) Fatty acids and their mixtures as phase-change materials for thermal energy storage. Solar Energ Mater 18:201–216
Baeyer A (1877) Ueber Regelmassigkeiten im schmelzpunkt homologar verbindungen. Ber Chem Ges 10:1286
Boese R, Weiss HC, Bläser D (1999) The melting point alternation in the short-chain n-alkanes: single-crystal x-ray analyses of propane at 30k and n-butane to n-nonane at 90K. Angew Chem Int Ed 38(7):988–992
Cuevas-Diarte MA (1979) Diversos modos de asociación en las soluciones sólidas entre diácidos pares normales: estudio cristalográfico y energético. PhD thesis. Universitat de Barcelona
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2021 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Mondieig, D., Moreno-Calvo, E., Cuevas-Diarte, M.À. (2021). Chains. In: Cuevas-Diarte, M.À., Oonk, H.A.J. (eds) Molecular Mixed Crystals. Physical Chemistry in Action. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-68727-4_6
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-68727-4_6
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-68726-7
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-68727-4
eBook Packages: Chemistry and Materials ScienceChemistry and Material Science (R0)