Abstract
An injury of the spinal cord leads to impairments up to the complete loss of motor, sensory, and autonomous functions below the injury level. Worldwide, the prevalence of spinal cord injury (SCI) is 1:1000 and the incidence is between 4 and 9 new injuries per 100,000 people per year. Traffic accidents, falls, and violence represent the most frequent causes of traumatic SCI. Nowadays, the incidence of tetra- and paraplegia is similar. In industrialized countries, the proportion of non-traumatic injuries has significantly increased over the last two decades and so does the mean age at onset of SCI. In contrast to paraplegia, more than half of all people with tetraplegia have an incomplete SCI with preserved functions below the injury level. Patients with initially preserved motor functions have a good prognosis for recovery; however, only 25% of the cases with initially complete SCI convert to an incomplete injury. The SCI affects multiple organ systems and leads to typical complications such as spasticity, bladder and bowel problems, and musculoskeletal and neuropathic pain. The latter is reported to be associated with an SCI-induced structural and functional reorganization of the brain. In people with incomplete lesions particularly in the subacute phase after injury, the focus of rehabilitation is on restoration of functions by activity-based, task-specific therapies. In people with only a few functions preserved, compensatory techniques including the use of assistive devices are applied to achieve the highest possible level of independence. In any case, the rehabilitation aims and procedures need to be tailored to the individual needs and priorities of each person. For this, a precise characterization of the neurological and functional status of an individual with SCI together with documentation of factors impacting rehabilitation outcomes such as spasticity, autonomic dysfunctions, infections or the presence of pain is mandatory.
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Rupp, R. (2021). Spinal Cord Injury. In: Müller-Putz, G., Rupp, R. (eds) Neuroprosthetics and Brain-Computer Interfaces in Spinal Cord Injury. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-68545-4_1
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