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The Fossil Record of Continental Hippopotamids (Mammalia: Artiodactyla: Hippopotamidae) in Greece

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Fossil Vertebrates of Greece Vol. 2

Abstract

Hippopotamidae, an artiodactyl family of African origin, flourished in Europe during the Pleistocene. In Greece, it is reported from more than 20 continental localities, geographically dispersed from the northern to the southernmost part of the country and geochronologically dated from the earliest to the latest Pleistocene. Two species are recognized: the Early–Middle Pleistocene Hippopotamus antiquus and the Late Pleistocene Hippopotamus amphibius, the latter being the less common in the fossil record. Particularly rich or important material has been found in various sites within the Megalopolis Basin and the localities Ravin Voulgarákis, Kalamotó, and Dyrós Cave. Besides their definite presence in the Pleistocene of Greece, representatives of Hippopotamidae might also have been present during the late Miocene as well. This would imply the presence of a Hexaprotodon-like taxon in Greece, as is the case in other European Mediterranean regions.

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Acknowledgments

The author wishes to thank S. Roussiakis (National and Kapodistrian University of Athens) and D. Kostopoulos (Aristotle University of Thessaloniki) for useful discussions, as well as G. Iliopoulos (University of Patras) for providing access to the Aetorráchi skull. The comments of an anonymous reviewer greatly improved the original manuscript.

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  1. Ephorate of Palaeoanthropology–Speleology, Hellenic Ministry of Culture and Sports, Athens, Greece

    Athanassios Athanassiou

  2. Museum of Paleontology and Geology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece

    Athanassios Athanassiou

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Correspondence to Athanassios Athanassiou .

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  1. Museo Paleontólogico Egidio Feruglio, CONICET, Trelew, Chubut, Argentina

    Evangelos Vlachos

Appendix

Appendix

List of fossil localities with occurrences of Hippopotamidae in Greece (including insecure ones), arranged in approximate geochronological order. The age of each locality is taken from the corresponding original publication cited below (in certain cases revised on the basis of more recent data), while the taxonomic identification follows the present revision. Locality numbers refer to the collection numbers of the PaleoBiology Database (PBDB)

LocalitiesPBDB No

Age (ELMA; MNQ; chronometric in ka)

Taxon

Dyrós Cave

Late Pleistocene (≥31 ka)

Hippopotamus amphibius1

Peniós Valley204397

Late Pleistocene

Hippopotamus cf. amphibius2

Tíchos

Late Pleistocene

Hippopotamus sp.3

Limnón Cave

Middle Pleistocene

Hippopotamus sp.4

Apídima Cave A32059

Middle–Late Pleistocene

Hippopotamus sp.5

Apídima Cave B32062

Middle–Late Pleistocene

Hippopotamus sp.5

Paliávlako (Corfu)

Middle–Late Pleistocene

Hippopotamus sp.6

Kálymnos Island

Middle–Late Pleistocene

Hippopotamus sp.7

Megalópolis Basin (undefined sites)182721

Middle Pleistocene

Hippopotamus antiquus8

Marathoúsa 1187637

Middle Pleistocene (~500 ka)

Hippopotamus antiquus9

Marathoúsa 2

Middle Pleistocene (~500 ka)

Hippopotamus antiquus10

Kyparíssia 1194472

Middle Pleistocene

Hippopotamus antiquus11

Kyparíssia 3194474

Middle Pleistocene

Hippopotamus antiquus11

Kyparíssia 4194475

Middle Pleistocene

Hippopotamus antiquus11

Kyparíssia T194476

Middle Pleistocene

Hippopotamus antiquus11

Chorémi 3200081

Middle Pleistocene (late Biharian)

Hippopotamus sp.12

Myrtiá200093

Early–Middle Pleistocene

Hippopotamus antiquus13

Ptolemaís Basin

Early–Middle Pleistocene?

Hippopotamus antiquus14

Káto Salmeníko200094

Early–Middle Pleistocene

Hippopotamus antiquus15

Kalamotó 1200083

late Early Pleistocene (MNQ19)

Hippopotamus antiquus16

Kalamotó 2200084

late Early Pleistocene (MNQ19)

Hippopotamus antiquus16

Ravin Voulgarákis34783

late Early Pleistocene (MNQ19)

Hippopotamus antiquus17

Kapetánios34781

late Villafranchian

Hippopotamus antiquus18

Q-Profil34812

late Villafranchian

Hippopotamus antiquus18

Libákos34764

late Villafranchian

Hippopotamus antiquus18

Antimáchia207130

Early Pleistocene

Hippopotamus antiquus19

Hághios Demétrios200095

Early–Middle Pleistocene

Hippopotamus antiquus16

Aetorráchi200096

middle Villafranchian

Hippopotamus antiquus20

Elis200096

earliest Pleistocene

Hippopotamus antiquus21

Haliákmon Valley

Pleistocene

Hippopotamus sp.22

Mantzavináta

Pleistocene

Hippopotamus sp.23

Panaghía sta Éria

late Miocene

Hexaprotodon? sp.24

  1. ELMA European Land Mammal Age, MNQ Mammal Neogene–Quaternary Zone
  2. 1Giannopoulos (2000), 2Boessneck in Milójčić et al. (1965), 3Kranis (2003), 4Melentis (1969), 5Tsoukala (1999), 6Darlas et al. (2006), 7Masseti (2012), 8Melentis (1966a), 9Konidaris et al. (2018), 10Konidaris et al. (2019), 11Athanassiou et al. (2018), 12van Vugt et al. (2000), 13Athanassiou and Bouzas (2010), 14Kostopoulos pers. com. (2019), 15Symeonidis and Theodorou (1986), 16Tsoukala and Chatzopoulou (2005), Kostopoulos and Konidaris, pers. com. (2020), 17Kostopoulos (1996), 18Steensma (1988), 19Forsyth Major (1887), 20Reimann and Strauch (2008), 21Thenius (1955), 22Melentis (1966b), 23Psarianos (1954), 24Deprat (1904)

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Athanassiou, A. (2022). The Fossil Record of Continental Hippopotamids (Mammalia: Artiodactyla: Hippopotamidae) in Greece. In: Vlachos, E. (eds) Fossil Vertebrates of Greece Vol. 2. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-68442-6_9

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