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The Fossil Record of Continental Fossil Deer (Mammalia: Artiodactyla: Cervidae) in Greece

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Fossil Vertebrates of Greece Vol. 2

Abstract

The paleontological research during the last 160 years in Greece has recovered continental deer fossils from at least 100 localities, which span geochronologically from the late Miocene to the end of the Pleistocene, while scanty dental remains date from the middle Miocene. The following species are documented: Procapreolus pentelici (late Miocene), Procapreolus cusanus, Croizetoceros ramosus, Metacervocerus rhenanus, Eucladoceros cf. ctenoides, Rucervus gigans, Praedama aff. savini, Dama vallonnetensis (late Pliocene and Early Pleistocene), Praemegaceros pliotarantoides, Praemegaceros verticornis, Alces latifrons, Megaloceros giganteus, Cervus elaphus, Dama dama, Capreolus capreolus, “Cervus” peloponnesiacus (Middle and Late Pleistocene), while several other samples are incomplete and not identifiable to the species level. Despite their comparatively scarce representation in the fossil faunas, the cervids became more common in time periods with cooler climate, like during the Late Pleistocene.

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Acknowledgments

The author wishes to thank S. Roussiakis and G. Lyras (National and Kapodistrian University of Athens) as well as D. Kostopoulos (Aristotle University of Thessaloniki) for providing specimen photographs and for useful discussions and valuable help during the writing of this chapter. A review of the manuscript by Roman Croitor greatly improved its quality.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Ephorate of Palaeoanthropology–Speleology, Hellenic Ministry of Culture and Sports, Athens, Greece

    Athanassios Athanassiou

  2. Museum of Paleontology and Geology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece

    Athanassios Athanassiou

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  1. Athanassios Athanassiou
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Correspondence to Athanassios Athanassiou .

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  1. Museo Paleontólogico Egidio Feruglio, CONICET, Trelew, Chubut, Argentina

    Evangelos Vlachos

Appendix

Appendix

List of fossil Cervidae-bearing localities in Greece, arranged in approximate geochronological order (chronological data taken from the corresponding original publications cited herein and from Facorellis 2013). The taxonomic identifications follow the present revision. Locality numbers refer to the collection numbers of the PaleoBiology Database (PBDB)

LocalitiesPBDB No

Age (biozone)

Taxon

Limnón Cave

latest Pleistocene?

Cervus elaphus1

Gráva Rockshelter

Late Pleistocene (MNQ26)

Cervus elaphus2

Dama sp.2

Capreolus sp.2

Schistó Cave

Late Pleistocene (MNQ26)

Cervus cf. elaphus3

Agios Geórgios Cave

Late Pleistocene (MNQ26)

Cervus elaphus4

Megaloceros sp.4

Dragoudélis

Late Pleistocene (MNQ26)

Capreolus capreolus5

Vraóna Doline

Late Pleistocene (MNQ26)

Cervus elaphus6

Dama dama6

Capreolus capreolus6

Seidí Rockshelter

Late Pleistocene (MNQ26)

Cervus elaphus7

Boíla Rockshelter

Late Pleistocene (MNQ26)

Cervus elaphus8

Dama dama8

Capreolus capreolus8

Tzínes, Thassos

Late Pleistocene (MNQ26)

Cervus elaphus9

Dama dama9

Capreolus capreolus9

Megálakkos Rockshelter

Late Pleistocene (MNQ26)

Cervus elaphus10

Klithí Rockshelter

Late Pleistocene (MNQ26)

Cervus elaphus11

Franchthi Cave

Late Pleistocene (MNQ26)

Cervus elaphus12

Kastrítsa Rockshelter

Late Pleistocene (MNQ26)

Cervus elaphus13

Dama dama13

Capreolus capreolus13

Tripsána Cave

Late Pleistocene (MNQ26)

Cervus elaphus14

Dama dama14

Melitziá Cave

Late Pleistocene (MNQ26)

Cervus elaphus14

Kastánis Cave

Late Pleistocene (MNQ26)

Cervus elaphus14

Dama dama14

Glypháda Cave, Dyrós

Late Pleistocene (MNQ26)

Dama dama15

Skiní 4 Cave

Late Pleistocene (MNQ26)

Cervus elaphus14

Dama dama14

Kolomínitsa Cave

Late Pleistocene (MNQ26)

Cervus elaphus14

Dama dama14

Capreolus capreolus14

Angítis204391

Late Pleistocene (MNQ26)

Megaloceros giganteus16

Cervus elaphus16

Klissoúra Cave184243

Late Pleistocene (MNQ26)

Cervus elaphus17

Dama dama17

Capreolus capreolus17

Kephalári Cave

Late Pleistocene (MNQ26)

Cervus elaphus17

Dama dama17

Capreolus capreolus17

Kítsos Cave

Late Pleistocene (MNQ26)

Cervus elaphus18

Dama dama18

Asprocháliko Rochshelter

Late Pleistocene (MNQ26)

Cervus elaphus13

Dama dama13

Capreolus capreolus13

Peniós Valley204397

Late Pleistocene (MNQ26)

Megaceros sp.19

Cervus elaphus19

Dama sp.19

Capreolus capreolus19

Kalamákia Cave184245

Late Pleistocene (MNQ26)

Cervus elaphus14

Dama dama14

Capreolus capreolus14

Theópetra Cave

Late Pleistocene (MNQ26)

Cervus elaphus20

Dama dama20

Capreolus sp.20

Lakonís

Late Pleistocene (MNQ26)

Cervus elaphus21

Dama dama21

Capreolus capreolus21

Phytídi Cave

Late Pleistocene?

Cervus elaphus22

Nymphs Cave, Ithaca

Late Pleistocene?

Cervus elaphusa

Lágoura204558

Late Pleistocene?

?Megaloceros sp.23

Xeriás182679

Middle–Late Pleistocene

Megaloceros sp.24

Phílippi204747

Middle–Late Pleistocene

Cervus elaphus25

Sotíras182678

Middle–Late Pleistocene

Cervidae indet.26,a

Cervus elaphus25

Petralona Cave183123

Middle–Late Pleistocene

Praemegaceros sp.27

Cervus elaphus27

Dama dama27

Aeginio

Middle–Late Pleistocene

Cervus elaphus28

Apídima Cave B

Middle–Late Pleistocene

Cervus elaphus29

Dama dama29

Apídima Cave C32082

Middle–Late Pleistocene

Megaloceros sp.29

Cervus elaphus29

Dama dama29

Ptolemaís Basin

(unspecified locality)

Middle Pleistocene

?Praemegaceros sp.26,a

Pentávryssos

Middle Pleistocene

Alces latifrons30

Perdíkkas204753

Middle Pleistocene

Cervidae indet.31,a

Haliákmon Valley (unspecified locality)

Middle Pleistocene?

?Praemegaceros sp.28,a

Marathousa 1187637

Middle Pleistocene (MNQ23)

Cervus elaphus32

Dama sp.32

Kyparíssia 1194472

Middle Pleistocene (MNQ22)

Praemegaceros verticornis33

Cervus elaphus33

Dama sp.33

Kyparíssia 2

Middle Pleistocene (MNQ22)

Praemegaceros verticornis33

Kyparíssia 3194474

Middle Pleistocene (MNQ22)

Praemegaceros verticornis33

Cervus elaphus33

Dama sp.33

Kyparíssia 4194475

Middle Pleistocene (MNQ22)

Praemegaceros verticornis33

Cervus elaphus33

Dama sp.33

Kyparíssia KYP

Middle Pleistocene (MNQ22)

Praemegaceros verticornis33

Cervus elaphus33

Dama sp.33

“Cervus” peloponnesiacus33

Cervidae indet.33

Megalopolis Basin182721

Middle Pleistocene

Praemegaceros verticornis34

Cervus elaphus34

Dama sp.34,a

“Capreolus” sp.34

“Cervus” peloponnesiacus34

Apollonía34784

late Early Pleistocene (MNQ19)

Rucervus gigans36

Praemegaceros pliotarandoides37

Kalamotó 1200083

late Early Pleistocene (MNQ19)

Praemegaceros pliotarandoides35

Cervus sp.35

Dama sp.35

Kalamotó 2200084

late Early Pleistocene (MNQ19)

Praemegaceros pliotarandoides35

Cervus sp.35

Dama sp.35

Platanochóri204658

late Early Pleistocene (MNQ19)

Cervidae indet.38

Kaiáfas34766

late Early Pleistocene (MNQ19)

Praemegaceros verticornis39

Alces cf. latifrons39

Cervidae indet.39

Kapetánios34781

Early Pleistocene

Eucladoceros sp.40,a

Praedama aff. savini40,a

Libákos34764

late Early Pleistocene (MNQ19)

Praedama aff. savini40,41

?Eucladoceros sp.40

Dama vallonnetensis40,a

Krímni

Early Pleistocene (MNQ 18–19)

Eucladoceros cf. ctenoides42,43,a

Tsiótra Vrýssi197943

Early Pleistocene (MNQ18–19)

Metacervocerus rhenanus38

Cervidae indet.38

Haliákmon Valley (Véria or Polýlakkos)

late Early Pleistocene?

Praemegaceros pliotarandoides44

Polýlakkos34763

Early Pleistocene (MNQ18–19)

Cervidae indet.40

Gerakaroú34617

Early Pleistocene (MNQ18)

Eucladoceros cf. ctenoides42,43,a

Metacervocerus rhenanus42,43

Croizetoceros ramosus gerakarensis42,43

Pyrgos

Early Pleistocene

Cervus sp.39

cf. Metacervocerus pardinensis39

Cervidae indet.39

Q-Profil34812

Early Pleistocene

Cervidae indet.40

Reghínio204661

Early Pleistocene

Eucladoceros sp.45

Karnezéika202122

Early Pleistocene (MNQ17?)

Eucladoceros sp.46

Vaterá F183341

Early Pleistocene (MNQ17)

cf. Metacervocerus rhenanus47

Vaterá DS183344

Early Pleistocene (MNQ17)

Cervidae indet.47

Dafneró34594

Early Pleistocene (MNQ17)

Eucladoceros cf. ctenoides42,43,a

Metacervocerus rhenanus42,43

Sésklo34614

Early Pleistocene (MNQ17)

Eucladoceros sp.43,48,a

Metacervocerus rhenanus43,48

Croizetoceros ramosus43,48

Vólakas34593

Early Pleistocene (MNQ17)

Eucladoceros cf. ctenoides42,43,a

Metacervocerus rhenanus42,43

Croizetoceros ramosus42,43

Antimáchia207130

Early Pleistocene

Cervidae indet.49,a

Kardámaena204662

Early Pleistocene

Cervidae indet.50,a

?Capreolus sp.51

Kos Island

(unspecified localities)

Early Pleistocene

Eucladoceros ctenoides39

cf. Metacervocerus rhenanus39

Croizetoceros ramosus39

Kastrítsi

Early Pleistocene

cf. Croizetoceros ramosus52

Makýnia

Early Pleistocene

Cervidae indet.52

Tourkoboúnia34589

Early Pleistocene

cf. Metacervocerus rhenanus53

Vrouléa, Kýthera

Pleistocene

Cervidae indet.54

Tourkoboúni, Kýthera

Pleistocene

Cervidae indet.54

Mylopótamos, Kýthera

Pleistocene

Cervidae indet.54

Tsotýli

Pleistocene

Cervidae indet.25

Korydallós

Pleistocene

Cervidae indet.55

Halmyrós

Pleistocene?

Dama sp.56

Dafni, Rhodes

Pleistocene?

Cervidae indet.57

Kritinía, Rhodes

Pleistocene?

Cervus sp.58

Rhodes airport

Early Pleistocene

Cervidae indet.59

Géphyra182685

late Pliocene (MN16a)

Procapreolus cusanus60

Miliá185859

late Pliocene (MN16a)

cf. Praeelaphus lyra61

Croizetoceros ramosus61

Cervidae indet.61

Apolakkiá184242

early Pliocene (MN15)

aff. Metacervocerus rhenanus62

Kessáni 2205297

latest Miocene/earliest Pliocene (MN13/14)

cf. Procapreolus sp.63

Maraména32189

latest Miocene/earliest Pliocene (MN13/14)

Procapreolus pentelici64

Dytikó 132374

late Miocene (MN13)

?Procapreolus sp.65

Samos Q595690

late Miocene (MN12/13)

Procapreolus sp.66

Thermopigí73553

late Miocene (MN12)

Cervidae indet.67

Perivoláki194879

late Miocene (MN12)

cf. Lucentia sp.68

Halmyropótamos202213

late Miocene (MN12)

Procapreolus pentelici69

Chomaterí195562

late Miocene (MN12)

Procapreolus pentelici70

Pikermi182754

late Miocene (MN12)

Procapreolus pentelici71

“Dremotherium?” pentelici72

Andrianós (Samos)

late Miocene (MN12)

“Dremotherium?” pentelici73

Samos Q6206462

late Miocene (MN11)

cf. Lucentia sp.68

Plataniá182682

late Miocene (MN10–11)

Cervidae indet.74

Thymianá182752

early middle Miocene (MN5)

Cervidae indet.75,a

  1. MN/MNQ Mammal Neogene–Quaternary Zone
  2. 1Melentis (1969b) (but Giannopoulos 2000 considered the material heterogeneous and of dubious provenance, at least partly), 2Sordinas (1969), 3Trantalidou in Mavridis et al. (2013), 4Tsoukala (1992, 1999), 5Tsoukala (1981), 6Symeonidis and Theodorou (1994), Rabeder (1995), 7Schmid (1965), 8Kotjabopoulou (2001), 9Koukouli-Chrysanthaki and Weisgerber (1997), 10Sinclair (1997), 11Bailey (1992), 12Payne in Jacobsen (1973), 13Bailey et al. (1983), 14Darlas and Psathi (2016), 15Giannopoulos (2000), 16Koufos (1981) and Trantalidou (2013), 17Starkovich and Ntinou (2017), 18Jullien (1981), 19Boessneck in Milójčić et al. (1965), 20Newton (2003), 21Panagopoulou et al. (2004), 22Petrochilou (1969), 23Panagopoulou et al. (2006), 24Tsoukala et al. (2011), 25Marinos (1964) and Soulios (1972), 26Stratigopoulos (1986), 27Sickenberg (1971) and Tsoukala (1989), 28Melentis (1966a), 29Tsoukala (1999), 30Kevrekidis and Kostopoulos (2017), 31Stratigopoulos (1988, 1989), 32Konidaris et al. (2018), 33Athanassiou (2018), 34Melentis (1966b) and Sickenberg (1976), 35Tsoukala and Chatzopoulou (2005), 36Croitor (2018a), 37Croitor and Kostopoulos (2004), 38Konidaris et al. (2015), 39van der Meulen and van Kolfschoten (1988), 40Steensma (1988), 41van der Made and Tong (2008), 42Kostopoulos (1996), 43Kostopoulos and Athanassiou (2005), 44Melentis (1967) and Croitor (2005, 2006b), 45Athanassiou (2006), 46Kokotini et al. (2019), 47de Vos et al. (2002), 48Athanassiou (1998), 49Forsyth Major (1887), 50Airaghi (1928), 51Charrier and Giglio (1969), 52Symeonidis et al. (1986), 53Symeonidis and de Vos (1977), 54Jameson (1836) and Leonhard (1899), 55Paraskevaidis (1961), 56Psarianos and Thenius (1954), 57Merla (1949), 58Kuss (1975), 59Sondaar (1971), 60Crégut-Bonnoure and Tsoukala (2017a), 61Crégut-Bonnoure and Tsoukala (2017b), 62van de Weerd et al. (1982), 63Syrides et al. (1997) and Vasileiadou et al. (2012), 64Azanza (1995) and Croitor (2018b), 65Bouvrain and de Bonis (2007), 66Kostopoulos et al. (2003) and Kostopoulos (pers. com.), 67Tsoukala (2018), 68Kostopoulos (2006), 69Melentis (1970), 70Symeonidis (1973, 1974), 71Dames (1883), Melentis (1969a), and Croitor (2018b), 72Gaudry (1862–1867), 73Forsyth Major (1894), 74Vasileiadis et al. (2019), 75Lehmann and Tobien (1995)
  3. aThis study

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Athanassiou, A. (2022). The Fossil Record of Continental Fossil Deer (Mammalia: Artiodactyla: Cervidae) in Greece. In: Vlachos, E. (eds) Fossil Vertebrates of Greece Vol. 2. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-68442-6_6

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