Abstract
This chapter examines the evolution of jihadist terrorism in the United States since the advent of the Islamic State in Iraq and Syria. It evaluates the homegrown threat of ISIS in America across six key dynamics: (1) supporters who planned and/or conducted attacks in the United States, (2) supporters who traveled or attempted to travel to Syria and Iraq to join the group, (3) ISIS and its supporters in the online sphere, (4) major jihadist ideologues who spread ISIS’ message to an American audience, (5) the financial aspects of American ISIS cases, and (6) US counterterrorism and countering violent extremism (CVE) programs. The authors’ analysis draws on thousands of pages of US court documents, interviews with counterterrorism officials and practitioners, and field experiences. Policy recommendations and lessons learned are included in each section.
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Notes
- 1.
While the group is referred to in various ways, for this chapter the authors opted for the name ISIS, which is more commonly used in the United States.
- 2.
According to Program on Extremism data.
- 3.
ISIS claimed the Curtis Culwell Center attack, Garland, Texas: May 3, 2015, (2) The San Bernardino shooting, San Bernardino, California: December 2, 2015, (3) The Pulse Nightclub shooting, Orlando, Florida: June 12, 2016, (4) The St. Cloud Mall stabbing, St. Cloud, Minnesota: September 7, 2016, (5) The Ohio State University stabbings, Columbus, Ohio: November 28, 201, (6) The Lower Manhattan truck-ramming attack, New York, New York: October 31, 2017, and (7) The Port Authority bombing, New York, New York: December 8, 2017. ISIS also claimed a shooting in Las Vegas, Nevada on October 1, 2017 that left 58 dead, in the worst mass shooting in United States history. However, in an investigation conducted after the attack, the FBI found no evidence that the shooter had any inspiration or connection to ISIS. We assess that ISIS falsely claimed this attack and do not include it in our statistics on jihadist attacks in the United States.
- 4.
For example, 19-year-old Justin Nojan Sullivan (USA v. Justin Nojan Sullivan 2016).
- 5.
The money laundering scheme set up by virtual entrepreneur Siful Haque Sujan to fund Mohamed Elshinawy’s attack through Sujan’s company—the IBACS Group (Davies 2018).
- 6.
Authors’ interview with FBI Joint Terrorism Taskforce agents, March 2018. See also USA v. Mohamed Bailor Jalloh (2016).
- 7.
Either by engaging in a financial transaction with a designated terrorist or designated terrorist organization, purchasing or distributing information necessary to make an explosive device or other weapon of mass destruction, or committing other forms of material support.
- 8.
Authors’ interviews with “Mo” in May 2017.
- 9.
Authors’ interviews with “Mo” in May 2017.
- 10.
Numbers based on a database collected and maintained by the Program on Extremism at George Washington University.
- 11.
- 12.
Authors’ interview with FBI Joint Terrorism Taskforce agents in March 2018.
- 13.
A particularly comprehensive definition of lone actors is provided by Edwin Bakker and Jeanine de Roy van Zuijdewijn in a 2015 RUSI report. In it, they provide a working definition of lone-actor terrorism as “[t]he threat or use of violence by a single perpetrator (or small cell), not acting out of purely personal material reasons, with the aim of influencing a wider audience, and who acts without any direct support in the planning, preparation and execution of the attack, and whose decision to act is not directed by any group or other individuals (although possibly inspired by others)” (Royal United Services Institute 2015).
- 14.
Zoobia Shahnaz pleaded guilty on November 26, 2018, to providing material support to the Islamic State (U.S. Department of Justice 2018b).
- 15.
Shannon Conley (USA v. Shannon Maureen Conley 2014), Zoobia Shahnaz (USA v. Zoobia Shahnaz 2020), Mohamed Elshinawy (USA v. Mohamed Elshinawy 2016), Ramiz and Sedina Hodzic (USA v. Ramiz Zijad Hodzic, Sedina Unkic Hodzic, Nihad Rosic, Mediha Medy Salkicevic, Armin Harcevic, and Jasminka Ramic 2015), Samantha Elhassani (USA v. Samantha Elhassani 2018), Mohamed Bailor Jalloh (USA v. Mohamed Bailor Jalloh 2016), and Aaron T. Daniels (USA v. Aaron T. Daniels 2016).
- 16.
Authors’ interview with former US government countering violent extremism official in June 2019.
- 17.
Authors’ access to internal US Government documents on Disruption and Early Engagement Projects.
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Vidino, L., Hughes, S. (2021). Jihadist Terrorism in the United States. In: Bonino, S., Ricucci, R. (eds) Islam and Security in the West. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-67925-5_4
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