Abstract
Archipelagic countries possess unique challenges compared to the continental ones. This chapter aims to review the current status of sustainable energy system analysis in archipelagic countries and to identify the key challenges and opportunities for developing sustainable energy systems. It is found that the framework of energy system analysis can be categorized into centralized, decentralized, and hybrid energy systems. Renewable energy penetration has better performance assessed by the sustainability index, especially on the economy, job creation, energy access, and reduce a country's CO2 emission. Furthermore, the main barriers of energy system modeling and design are technical, socioeconomic, and political aspects, while its abundant renewable energy sources, declining cost of renewable energy and storage, and the archipelago’s characteristics are key opportunities for further development. Finally, policy analysis for sustainable energy system deployment is discussed in the latter part of this chapter.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
World Bank (2020) Land Area (sq. Km). https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/AG.LND.TOTL.K2. Accessed 7 Sep 2020
World Bank (2020) World Population. https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.POP.TOTL. Accessed 7 Sep 2020
World Bank (2020) GDP per capita (constant 2010 US$). https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.PCAP.KD. Accessed 7 Sep 2020
International Energy Agency (2020) IEA Countries & Regions. https://www.iea.org/countries. Accessed 7 Sep 2020
Brundtland Commission (1987) Our common future
Tester JW, Drake EM, Driscoll MJ et al (2012) Sustainable energy, choosing among options, 2nd edn. MIT Press, London
Kuang Y, Zhang Y, Zhou B et al (2016) A review of renewable energy utilization in islands. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 59:504–513. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2016.01.014
Prasad RD, Bansal RC, Raturi A (2017) A review of Fiji’s energy situation: challenges and strategies as a small island developing state. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 75:278–292. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2016.10.070
Mandelli S, Barbieri J, Mereu R, Colombo E (2016) Off-grid systems for rural electrification in developing countries: definitions, classification and a comprehensive literature review. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 58:1621–1646. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2015.12.338
Jegen M, Philion XD (2018) Smart grid development in Quebec: a review and policy approach. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 82:1922–1930. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2017.06.019
Liu G (2014) Development of a general sustainability indicator for renewable energy systems: a review. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 31:611–621. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2013.12.038
Iddrisu I, Bhattacharyya SC (2015) Sustainable energy development index: a multi-dimensional indicator for measuring sustainable energy development. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 50:513–530. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2015.05.032
Erahman QF, Purwanto WW, Sudibandriyo M, Hidayatno A (2016) An assessment of Indonesia’s energy security index and comparison with seventy countries. Energy 111:364–376. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2016.05.100
Purwanto WW, Afifah N (2016) Assessing the impact of techno socioeconomic factors on sustainability indicators of microhydro power projects in Indonesia: a comparative study. Renew Energy 93:312–322. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2016.02.071
Sakah M, Diawuo FA, Katzenbach R, Gyamfi S (2017) Towards a sustainable electrification in Ghana: a review of renewable energy deployment policies. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 79:544–557. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2017.05.090
Munro FR, Cairney P (2020) A systematic review of energy systems: the role of policymaking in sustainable transitions. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 119:109598. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2019.109598
Pratama YW, Purwanto WW, Tezuka T et al (2017) Multi-objective optimization of a multiregional electricity system in an archipelagic state: the role of renewable energy in energy system sustainability. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 77:423–439. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2017.04.021
Mondal MAH, Rosegrant M, Ringler C et al (2018) The Philippines energy future and low-carbon development strategies. Energy 147:142–154. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2018.01.039
Purwanto WW, Pratama YW, Nugroho YS et al (2015) Multi-objective optimization model for sustainable Indonesian electricity system: analysis of economic, environment, and adequacy of energy sources. Renew Energy 81:308–318. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2015.03.046
Esteban M, Portugal-Pereira J, Mclellan BC et al (2018) 100% renewable energy system in Japan: smoothening and ancillary services. Appl Energy 224:698–707. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2018.04.067
Pratama YW, Mac Dowell N (2019) The role and value of CCS in different national contexts, London
IRENA (2019) Innovation landscape brief: renewable mini-grids. Abu Dhabi
Alves M, Segurado R, Costa M (2020) On the road to 100% renewable energy systems in isolated islands. Energy 198:117321. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2020.117321
Kalamaras E, Belekoukia M, Lin Z et al (2019) Techno-economic assessment of a hybrid Off-grid DC system for combined heat and power generation in remote Islands. Energy Procedia 158:6315–6320. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2019.01.406
Moretti L, Martelli E, Manzolini G (2020) An efficient robust optimization model for the unit commitment and dispatch of multi-energy systems and microgrids. Submitt Appl Energy 261:113859. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2019.113859
Bertheau P (2020) Supplying not electrified islands with 100% renewable energy based micro grids: a geospatial and techno-economic analysis for the Philippines. Energy 202:117670. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2020.117670
Meschede H, Esparcia EA, Holzapfel P et al (2019) On the transferability of smart energy systems on off-grid islands using cluster analysis—a case study for the Philippine archipelago. Appl Energy 251:113290. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2019.05.093
Gils HC, Simon S (2017) Carbon neutral archipelago—100% renewable energy supply for the Canary Islands. Appl Energy 188:342–355. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2016.12.023
Dorotić H, Doračić B, Dobravec V et al (2019) Integration of transport and energy sectors in island communities with 100% intermittent renewable energy sources. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 99:109–124. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2018.09.033
Mehrjerdi H (2020) Modeling and optimization of an island water-energy nexus powered by a hybrid solar-wind renewable system. Energy 197:117217. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2020.117217
Giudici F, Castelletti A, Garofalo E et al (2019) Dynamic, multi-objective optimal design and operation of water-energy systems for small, off-grid islands. Appl Energy 250:605–616. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2019.05.084
Fuad MR, Octavianthy D, Purwanto WW (2019) Techno-economic analysis of natural gas-fired microgrid for electricity, fresh water, and cold storage in rural area. AIP Conf Proc 2085:20028. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5095006
Salsabila NP, Purwanto WW, Fuad MR (2019) Development of integrated renewable energy system model for rural productivity zone in East Nusa Tenggara. IOP Conf Ser Mater Sci Eng 543:12070. https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/543/1/012070
Bertheau P, Cader C (2019) Electricity sector planning for the Philippine islands: considering centralized and decentralized supply options. Appl Energy 251:113393. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2019.113393
International Energy Agency (2011) World Energy Outlook 2011. Paris
World Economic Council (2019) World energy Trilemma index. London
Robles C, Llanos A, Ospino A (2017) An analytic hierarchy process based approach for evaluating renewable energy sources. Int J Energy Econ Policy 7:38–47
Solangi YA, Tan Q, Mirjat NH, Ali S (2019) Evaluating the strategies for sustainable energy planning in Pakistan: An integrated SWOT-AHP and Fuzzy-TOPSIS approach. J Clean Prod 236:117655. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.117655
Heo E, Kim J, Boo K-J (2010) Analysis of the assessment factors for renewable energy dissemination program evaluation using fuzzy AHP. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 14:2214–2220. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2010.01.020
Doukas H, Papadopoulou A, Savvakis N et al (2012) Assessing energy sustainability of rural communities using principal component analysis. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 16:1949–1957. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2012.01.018
Phillis YA, Kouikoglou V (2009) Fuzzy measurement of sustainability
Liu G, Baniyounes A, Rasul MG et al (2012) Fuzzy logic based environmental indicator for sustainability assessment of renewable energy system using life cycle assessment. Procedia Eng 49:35–41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2012.10.109
Grigoroudis E, Kouikoglou VS, Phillis YA, Kanellos FD (2019) Energy sustainability: a definition and assessment model. Oper Res. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12351-019-00492-2
Ren J, Fedele A, Mason M, et al (2013) Fuzzy multi-actor multi-criteria decision making for sustainability assessment of biomass-based technologies for hydrogen production. Int J Hydrogen Energy 38:9111–9120. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2013.05.074
Ren J (2018) Multi-criteria decision making for the prioritization of energy systems under uncertainties after life cycle sustainability assessment. Sustain Prod Consum 16:45–57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.spc.2018.06.005
Ram M, Aghahosseini A, Breyer C (2020) Job creation during the global energy transition towards 100% renewable power system by 2050. Technol Forecast Soc Change 151:119682. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2019.06.008
Zafeiratou E, Spataru C (2018) Sustainable island power system – Scenario analysis for Crete under the energy trilemma index. Sustain Cities Soc 41:378–391. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2018.05.054
Wolf F, Surroop D, Singh A, Leal W (2016) Energy access and security strategies in small Island developing states. Energy Policy 98:663–673. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2016.04.020
Betzold C (2016) Fuelling the Pacific: Aid for renewable energy across Pacific Island countries. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 58:311–318. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2015.12.156
Kanagawa M, Nakata T (2008) Assessment of access to electricity and the socio-economic impacts in rural areas of developing countries. Energy Policy 36:2016–2029. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2008.01.041
Winther T, Matinga MN, Ulsrud K, Standal K (2017) Women’s empowerment through electricity access: scoping study and proposal for a framework of analysis. J Dev Eff 9:389–417. https://doi.org/10.1080/19439342.2017.1343368
Wamukonya N, Davis M (2001) Socio-economic impacts of rural electrification in Namibia: comparisons between grid, solar and unelectrified households. Energy Sustain Dev 5:5–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0973-0826(08)60272-0
Mariita NO (2002) The impact of large-scale renewable energy development on the poor: environmental and socio-economic impact of a geothermal power plant on a poor rural community in Kenya. Energy Policy 30:1119–1128. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0301-4215(02)00063-0
Hinga BDR (2015) Ring of fire: an encyclopedia of the pacific Rim’s earthquakes, Tsunamis, and Volcanoes. ABC-CLIO, Santa Barbara, California
Weir T (2018) Renewable energy in the Pacific Islands : its role and status. 94:762–771. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2018.05.069
Veron S, Mouchet M, Govaerts R et al (2019) Vulnerability to climate change of islands worldwide and its impact on the tree of life. Sci Rep 9:14471. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-51107-x
Keles D (2017) Chapter 19—conclusions and outlook. In: Welsch M, Pye S, Keles D et al (eds). Academic Press, pp 141–143
Wiese F, Baldini M (2018) Conceptual model of the industry sector in an energy system model: a case study for Denmark. J Clean Prod 203:427–443. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.08.229
Blechinger P (2015) Barriers and solutions to implementing renewable energies on Caribbean islands in respect of technical, economic, political, and social conditions
Dornan M, Shah KU (2016) Energy policy, aid, and the development of renewable energy resources in small island developing states. Energy Policy 98:759–767. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2016.05.035
Bertheau P, Dionisio J, Jütte C, Aquino C (2020) Challenges for implementing renewable energy in a cooperative-driven off-grid system in the Philippines. Environ Innov Soc Trans 35:333–345. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eist.2019.03.002
Dutu R (2016) Challenges and policies in Indonesia’s energy sector. Energy Policy 98:513–519. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2016.09.009
Michalena E, Hills JM (2018) Paths of renewable energy development in small island developing states of the South Pacific. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 82:343–352. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2017.09.017
Jafar M (2000) Renewable energy in the South Pacific—options and constraints. Renew Energy 19:305–309. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0960-1481(99)00045-2
Dornan M (2014) Access to electricity in small island developing states of the pacific: issues and challenges. 31:726–735
IRENA (2017) Geothermal power: technology brief. International Renewable Energy Agency, Abu Dhabi
Charlier RH, Finkl CW (2009) Ocean energy: tide and tidal power. Springer, Berlin
IRENA (2019) Renewable power generation costs IN 2019. International Renewable Energy Agency, Abu Dhabi
Bloomberg New Energy Finance (2019) New energy outlook 2019. Bloomberg New Energy Finance, London
Schmidt O, Melchior S, Hawkes A, Staffell I (2019) Projecting the future Levelized cost of electricity storage technologies. Joule 3:81–100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joule.2018.12.008
IRENA (2016) Electricity storage and renewables: costs and markets to 2030. International Renewable Energy Agency, Abu Dhabi
IRENA (2016) renewable energy benefits: measuring the economics. IRENA, Abu Dhabi
Shahbaz M, Raghutla C, Chittedi KR, et al (2020) The effect of renewable energy consumption on economic growth: evidence from the renewable energy country attractive index. Energy 207:118162. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2020.118162
Guild J (2019) Feed-in-tariffs and the politics of renewable energy in Indonesia and the Philippines. Asia Pacific Policy Stud 6:417–431. https://doi.org/10.1002/app5.288
Lachman D (2012) Developing countries more in need of energy system transition research. Acad J Suriname 2012:284–291
Yu J-M (2009) The restoration of a local energy regime amid trends of power liberalization in East Asia: the Seoul sustainable energy utility. Bull Sci Technol Soc 29:124–138. https://doi.org/10.1177/0270467608330024
Anirudh S (2012) Renewable energy in the pacific Island countries: resources, policies and issues. Manag Environ Qual an Int J 23:254–263. https://doi.org/10.1108/14777831211217459
Keeley AR (2017) Renewable energy in pacific small island developing states: the role of international aid and the enabling environment from donor’s perspectives. J Clean Prod 146:29–36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.05.011
Timilsina GR, Shah KU (2016) Filling the gaps: policy supports and interventions for scaling up renewable energy development in small Island developing states. Energy Policy 98:653–662. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2016.02.028
Blechinger P, Goldammer K (2016) How to accelerate the development of renewable energy in the Caribbean Island states. Konrad Adenauer Stift Policy Pap
Elizondo Azuela G, Barroso L, Khanna A, Wang X, Wu Y, Cunha G (2014) Performance of renewable energy auctions: experience in Brazil, China and India. The World Bank
Mendonca M (2007) Feed-in Tariffs: Accelerating the Deployment of Renewable Energy. Routledge, London
Gardner DON, Alleyne D, Gomes C (2013) An assessment of fiscal and regulatory barriers to deployment of energy efficiency and renewable energy technologies in Belize. Spain
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2021 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this paper
Cite this paper
Syauqi, A., Pratama, Y.W., Purwanto, W.W. (2021). Sustainable Energy System in the Archipelagic Country: Challenges and Opportunities. In: Ren, J. (eds) Energy Systems Evaluation (Volume 1). Green Energy and Technology. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-67529-5_3
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-67529-5_3
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-67528-8
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-67529-5
eBook Packages: EnergyEnergy (R0)