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Breeding Strategies for Yield Gains in Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.)

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Advances in Plant Breeding Strategies: Vegetable Crops

Abstract

In okra, we follow the breeding methodologies of autogamous plants. This includes crossing or controlled hybridization of parents selected based on their better-combining abilities. This is followed by the pedigree selection of the segregating population for the traits of interest like biotic and abiotic stress tolerance and yield. The major breeding objectives are nearly the same across all the okra-growing countries: high yield, tolerance to various pests and diseases, better organoleptic qualities, appealing color and size of the harvestable fruits. Hand pollination is the most commonly used method of hybrid seed production in okra and improving yield and ensuring its sustainability under adverse conditions through resistant hybrids is the major objective of heterosis breeding. Sufficient genetic diversity has been reported among the parents and crosses for selection to be effective for okra hybrid production. Although both additive and dominant gene actions were found regulating the phenotypic expression of various characters, dominant gene action is considered more important. Through intensive research efforts, a large number of varieties and hybrids have been released around the world. Some of these varieties have already made a significant impact in revolutionizing the production of okra worldwide. This chapter summarizes the current status of okra crop production and its future improvement strategies.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. ICAR-Indian Institute of Vegetable Research, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India

    Gyan P. Mishra, Tania Seth, Pradip Karmakar, Satish K. Sanwal, Vidya Sagar, Prabhakar M. Singh & Bijendra Singh

  2. ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India

    Gyan P. Mishra &  Priti

  3. ICAR-Central Institute for Women in Agriculture, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India

    Tania Seth

Authors
  1. Gyan P. Mishra
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  2. Tania Seth
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  3. Pradip Karmakar
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  4. Satish K. Sanwal
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  5. Vidya Sagar
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  6. Priti
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  7. Prabhakar M. Singh
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  8. Bijendra Singh
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Gyan P. Mishra .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia

    Jameel M. Al-Khayri

  2. Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland

    S. Mohan Jain

  3. Cincinnati, OH, USA

    Dennis V. Johnson

Appendxies

Appendxies

1.1 Appendix I: Research Institutes Involved in Okra Research

Institution

Specialization and research activities

Contact information and website

ICAR-Indian Institute of Vegetable Research

Research for the development of improved okra varieties

Director, ICAR-Indian Institute of Vegetable Research, Post Bag No. 01; P. O. Jakhini (Shahanshapur), Varanasi-221,305, Uttar Pradesh, India Telephone: +91–542-2,635,247; 2,635,236 + 91–5443-229,007

Website: https://www.iivr.org.in/

ICAR-Indian Institute of Horticultural Research (IIHR)

Research for the development of improved okra varieties

ICAR- ICAR-Indian Institute of Horticultural Research (IIHR), Hessaraghatta Lake Post, Bengaluru-560,089, India

E-mail: director.iihr@icar.gov.in

website: https://www.iihr.res.in

ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute

Research for the development of improved okra varieties

Director, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute

Ph: +91-11-25842367; Fax: +91-11-25846420 E-mail: director@iari.res.in

http://www.iari.res.in

Botanic Garden Meise

Maintenance of plant herbarium

Botanic Garden Meise, Bouchout Domain, Nieuwelaan 38, 1860 Meise

Telephone: +32 2 260 09 20 | Fax: ++32 2 260 09 45 https://www.plantentuinmeise.be/en/home/

Institute of Vegetables and Flowers

Research for the development of improved okra varieties

Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (IVF-CAAS), 12 Zhongguancun Nandajie, 100,081 Beijing - China

email: ivfcaas@public3.bta.net.cn

Website: http://www.ivfcaas.net.cn

ICAR-National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources

Okra germplasm conservation

ICAR-National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources, PUSA, New Delhi-110,012, India

Telephone: + 91-11-25843697, Fax:+ 91-11-25842495

Email: director.nbpgr(AT)icar.gov.in

Website: http://www.nbpgr.ernet.in/

The New York Botanical Garden

Maintenance of plant herbarium

The New York Botanical Garden,2900 Southern Boulevard, Bronx, NY 10458-5126

Telephone: +1 (718) 817-8622 email: bthiers@nybg.org

Website: http://sweetgum.nybg.org/science/

World Vegetable Center

Okra germplasm collection maintenance and breeding

World Vegetable Center, P.O. Box 42, Shanhua, Tainan, Taiwan 74151

Phone: +886-6-583-7801

Email: info@worldveg.org

Web: avrdc.org

1.2 Appendix II: Genetic Resources of Okra

Cultivar

Important traits

Cultivation location

Kashi Vibhuti (VRO-5)

Dwarf growth habit/bushy type, plant height 60–70 cm during rainy and 45–50 cm during the summer seasons. It bears 2–3 branches with short inter-nodal length. Flowering starts on 4–5th nodes after 38–40 days after sowing. A plant bears 18–22 fruits with 8–10 cm length at marketable stages; yield 170–180 q/ha

India: Rajasthan, Gujarat, Haryana, and Delhi

Kashi Mohini (VRO-3)

Plants are tall, height 110–140 cm, flowers at 4–5th nodes during summer and 5–7th nodes during rainy season after 39–41 days of sowing, fruits 5 ridges, 11.3–12.6 cm long at marketable stage, suitable for summer and rainy season cultivation; gives yield of 130–150 q/ha

Different parts of India

Kashi Mangali (VRO-4)

Plants are tall, height 120–125 cm, flowers at 4–5th nodes after 40–42 days after sowing, fruits 5 ridges, light green; yield 130–150 q/ha

India: Punjab, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, Orissa, and Andhra Pradesh

Kashi Pragati (VRO-6)

Plants are tall, height 130–175 cm, with 1–2 effective branches. Fruits are 8–10 cm in length at the marketable stage, 23–25 per plant and yield 180–190 q/ha during rainy and yields 130–140 q/ha during the summer season

India: Chhattisgarh, Orissa and Andhra Pradesh

Kashi Satdhari (IIVR-10)

Plant height is 130–150 cm with 2–3 effective branches, flowering at 42 days after sowing at 3–4th nodes. A plant bears 18–25 fruits with 7 ridges, length 13–15 cm at the marketable stage and yields 110–140 q/ha

India: Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, and Jharkhand

Kashi Lila (IIVR-11)

Plants are of medium height (110–130 cm), flowering starts 30–34 days after sowing. This is suitable for cultivation during rainy and summer season as early crop due to low-temperature tolerance. Fruits with 5 ridges, green and 13–15 cm long. This is resistant to YVMV and gives yields of 150–170 q/ha

India: Chhattisgarh, Orissa, Andhra Pradesh, Rajasthan, Gujarat, Haryana, and Delhi

Shitla Uphar (DVR-1)

Hybrid variety. Plants are medium tall, height 110–130 cm, flowering starts at 38–40 days after sowing at 4–5th nodes. Fruits are green, 11–13 cm long at the marketable stage and yields 150–170 q/ha. This is resistant to yellow vein mosaic virus and OLCV

India: Punjab, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, and Maharashtra

Shitla Jyoti (DVR-2)

Hybrid variety. This hybrid is suitable for the warm humid climate with relatively long day length. Plants are medium tall, height 110–150 cm, flowering starts on 30–40 days after sowing at 4–5th nodes. The fruit is green, 12–14 cm long at the marketable stage, yields 180–200 q/ha. This is resistant to YVMV and OLCV

India: Rajasthan, Gujarat, Haryana, Delhi and Chhattisgarh, Orissa and Andhra Pradesh

Kashi Bhairav (DVR-3)

Hybrid variety. Plants are medium tall with 2–3 branches; fruits are dark green with 10–12 cm length at the marketable stage; yield 200–220 q/ha. This is resistant to YVMV and OLCV under field conditions

All the okra growing region of India

Kashi Mahima (DVR-4)

Hybrid variety. Plants are tall, height 130–170 cm, flowering starts at 36–40 days after sowing at 4–5th nodes, fruits are green with 12–14 cm of length at the marketable stage and yield 200–220 q/ha. This has shown field resistance against YVMV and OLCV

India: Punjab, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, Orissa, Andhra Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, and Maharashtra

Kashi Kranti (VRO-22)

It is an early, medium-tall (100–115 cm) variety with short internodes. Resistant to yellow vein mosaic virus and leaf curl virus under field conditions. It takes 38–42 days for first flowering and each plant bears 18–20 fruits of dark green color. The fruits are available from 45 to 95 days after sowing and total yield is 140–150 q/ha

India: Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Jharkhand, and Punjab

Kashi Shristi (VROH-12)

High yielding (180–190 q/ha) okra hybrid variety having short internodal length, and resistant to YVMV diseases. It is suitable for both summer and rainy season cultivation

India: Uttar Pradesh

Kashi Chaman (VRO-109)

High yielding (150–160 q/ha) variety having short inter-nodal length and resistant to YVMV and OLCV diseases. It is suitable for both summer and Kharif season cultivation

India: Uttar Pradesh

Kashi Lalima (VROR-157)

Early maturing, high-yielding (140–150 q/ha) reddish-purple fruited okra variety, rich in anthocyanin and also having resistance to YVMV and OLCV. It is suitable for both summer and Kharif season cultivation

India: Uttar Pradesh

Kashi Vardan (VRO-25)

High yielding (140–150 q/ha) okra variety having a short inter-nodal length along with 2–3 branches and having resistance to both YVMV and OLCV, while moderately tolerant to major pests under field conditions. It is suitable for both summer and rainy season cultivation

India: Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Jharkhand, and Punjab

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Mishra, G.P. et al. (2021). Breeding Strategies for Yield Gains in Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.). In: Al-Khayri, J.M., Jain, S.M., Johnson, D.V. (eds) Advances in Plant Breeding Strategies: Vegetable Crops. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-66961-4_6

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