Abstract
There is evidence that student athletes are at risk of heavy episodic drinking. This initially appears to be a paradox, in that athletic pursuits promote health yet may also increase the likelihood of engaging in health risk behaviours like harmful alcohol consumption levels, however, the culture of student sport offers potential explanations. Whilst student athletes share some similarities with their non-athlete peers, in terms of their disposition and cognitive or motivational factors it is clear that there are additional identity and socio-cultural factors associated with being a student athlete that are different to the general student experience. Existing interventions targeting a reduction in alcohol consumption have been relatively unsuccessful at changing drinking behaviour so there is a need for further research to identify the best way to bring about changes.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Alfonso, J., Hall, T. V., & Dunn, M. (2013). Feedback-based alcohol interventions for mandated students: An effectiveness study of three modalities. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 20(5), 411–423. https://doi.org/10.1002/cpp.1786
Berkowitz, A. D. (2004). The social norms approach: Theory, research, and annotated bibliography. Trumansburg, NY: Independent Consultant.
Borsari, B., & Carey, K. B. (2003). Descriptive and injunctive norms in college drinking: A meta-analytic integration. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 64, 331–341. https://doi.org/10.15288/jsa2003.64.331
Brewer, B. W., Van Raalte, J. L., & Linder, D. E. (1993). Athletic identity: Hercules’ muscles or Achilles’ heel? International Journal of Sport Psychology, 24, 237–254.
Cadigan, J. M., Littlefield, A. K., Martens, M. P., & Sher, K. J. (2013). Transitions into and out of intercollegiate athletic involvement and risky drinking. Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs, 74(1), 21–29. https://doi.org/10.15288/jsad.2013.74.21
Cadigan, J. M., Martens, M. P., & Herman, K. C. (2015). A latent profile analysis of drinking motives among heavy drinking college students. Addictive Behaviors, 51(Dec), 100–105. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2015.07.029
Carless, D., & Sparkes, A. C. (2008). The physical activity experiences of men with serious mental illness: Three short stories. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 9(2), 191–210. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2007.03.008
Carter, J. E. (2009). Disordered eating in college student-athletes. In E. F. Etzel, A. P. Ferrante, & J. W. Pinkney (Eds.), Counselling college student-athletes: Issues and interventions (2nd ed., pp. 303–322). Morgantown, WV: Fitness Information Technology.
Cashin, J. R., Presley, C. A., & Meilman, P. W. (1998). Alcohol use in the Greek system: Follow the leader? Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs, 59, 63–70. https://doi.org/10.15288/jsa.1998.59.63
Christmas, S., & Seymour, F. (2014). Drunken nights out: Motivations, norms and rituals in the night-time economy. https://www.drinkaware.co.uk/media/1567/drinkaware_drunken-nights-out-report_full-report_vfinal-pdf-version-without-page-breaks-_dec-2014-amend.pdf
Cimini, M. D., Monserrat, J. M., Sokolowski, K. L., Dewitt-Parker, J. Y., Rivero, E. M., & McElroy, L. A. (2015). Reducing high-risk drinking among student-athletes: The effects of a targeted athlete-specific brief intervention. Journal of American College Health, 63, 343–352. https://doi.org/10.1080/07448481.2015.1031236
Clayton, B. (2013). Initiate: Constructing the ‘reality’ of male team sport initiation rituals. International Review for the Sociology of Sport, 48(2), 204–219. https://doi.org/10.1177/10126902.11432659
Clayton, B., & Harris, J. (2008). Our friend Jack: Alcohol, friendship and masculinity in university football. Annals of Leisure Research, 11(3–4), 311–330. https://doi.org/10.1080/11745398.2008.9686800
Conroy, D., & De Visser, E. O. (2018). Benefits and drawbacks of social non-drinking identified by British university students. Drug and Alcohol Review, 37(Suppl. 1), S89–S97. https://doi.org/10.1111/dar.12610
Cooper, M. L. (1994). Motivations for alcohol use among adolescents: Development and validation of a four-factor model. Psychological Assessment, 6(2), 117–128. https://doi.org/10.1037/1040-3590.6.2.117
Cox, W. M., & Klinger, E. (1988). A motivational model of alcohol use. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 97(2), 168–180. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-843x.97.2.168
Cronce, J. M., & Larimer, M. E. (2011). Individual-focused approaches to the prevention of college student drinking. Alcohol Research & Health, 34(2), 210.
Dams-O’Connor, K., Martin, J. L., & Martens, M. P. (2007). Social norms and alcohol consumption among intercollegiate athletes: The role of athlete and non-athlete reference groups. Addictive Behaviors, 32(11), 2657–2666. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2007.04.030
Donohue, B., Dowd, A., Philips, C., Plant, C. P., Loughran, T., & Gavrilova, Y. (2016). Controlled evaluation of a method to assist recruitment of participants into treatment outcome research and engage student-athletes into substance abuse intervention. Journal of Clinical Sport Psychology, 10, 272–288. https://doi.org/10.1123/jcsp.2015-0022
Doumas, D. M., & Midgett, A. (2015). Ethnic differences in drinking motives and alcohol use among college athletes. Journal of College Counselling, 18, 116–128. https://doi.org/10.1002/jocc.12009
Evans, M., Weinberg, R., & Jackson, A. (1992). Psychological factors related to drug use in college athletes. The Sport Psychologist, 6, 24–41. https://doi.org/10.1123/tsp.6.1.24
Fearnow-Kenney, M., Wyrick, D. L., Milroy, J. J., Reifsteck, E. J., Day, T., & Kelly, S. E. (2016). The effects of a web-based alcohol prevention program on social norms, expectancies, and intentions to prevent harm among college student-athletes. The Sport Psychologist, 30, 113–122. https://doi.org/10.1123/tsp.2015-0016
Fetherman, D. L., & Grossman, J. C. (2018). Exploring the experiences of Division III athletes drinking alcohol with their teams: A qualitative study. Journal of Intercollegiate Sport, 11, 129–148. https://doi.org/10.1123/jis.2017-0044
Gardner, P. J., & Poole, J. M. (2009). One story at a time: Narrative therapy, older adults, and addictions. Journal of Applied Gerontology, 28(5), 600–920. https://doi.org/10.1177/0733464808330822
Green, G. A., Uryasz, F. D., Petr, T. A., & Bray, C. D. (2001). NCAA study of substance use and abuse habits of college student-athletes. Clinical Journal of Sports Medicine, 11(1), 51–56. https://doi.org/10.1177/1012690213509257
Green, K., Nelson, T. F., & Hartmann, D. (2014). Binge drinking and sports participation in college: Patterns among athletes and former athletes. International Review for the Sociology of Sport, 49(3–4), 417–434. https://doi.org/10.1177/1012690213509257
Grossbard, J. R., Hummer, J. F., LaBrie, J. W., Pederson, E., & Neighbors, C. (2009). Is substance use a team sport? Attraction to team, perceived norms, and alcohol and marijuana use among males and female intercollegiate athletes. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 21, 247–261. https://doi.org/10.1080/10413200903019145
Groves, M., Griggs, G., & Leflay, K. (2012). Hazing and initiation ceremonies in university sport: Setting the scene for further research in the United Kingdom. Sport in Society, 15(1), 117–131. https://doi.org/10.1080/03031853.2011.625287
Hallett, J., McManus, A., Maycock, B. R., Smith, J., & Howat, P. M. (2014). “Excessive drinking: An inescapable part of university life?” A focus group study of Australian undergraduates. Open Journal of Preventive Medicine, 04(07), 616–629. https://doi.org/10.4236/ojpm.2014.47071
Ham, L. S., Stewart, S. H., Norton, P. J., & Hope, D. A. (2005). Psychometric assessment of the comprehensive effects of alcohol questionnaire: Comparing a brief version to the original full scale. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioural Assessment, 27, 141–158. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10862-005-0631-9
Heird, E. B., & Steinfeldt, J. A. (2013). An interpersonal psychotherapy approach to counselling student athletes: Clinical implications of athletic identity. Journal of College Counselling, 16, 143–157. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2161-1882.2013.00033.x
Howell, S. M., Barry, A. E., & Pitney, W. A. (2015). Exploring the athletic trainers role in assisting student-athletes presenting with alcohol-related unintentional injuries. Journal of Athletic Training, 50(9), 977–980. https://doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-50.5.09
Hummer, J. F., LaBrie, J. W., & Lac, A. (2009). The prognostic power of normative influences among NCAA student-athletes. Addictive Behaviors, 34, 573–580. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2009.03.021
Jones, B. T., Corbin, W., & Fromme, K. (2001). A review of expectancy theory and alcohol consumption. Addiction, 96(1), 57–72. https://doi.org/10.1080/09652140020016969
Leahy, T., & Harrigan, R. (2006). Using narrative therapy in sport psychology practice: Application to a psychoeducational body image program. The Sport Psychologist, 20(4), 480–494. https://doi.org/10.1123/tsp.20.4.480
Lewis, B. A., & O’Neill, H. K. (2000). Alcohol expectancies and social deficits relating to problem drinking among college students. Addictive Behaviors, 25(2), 295–299. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0306-4603(99)00063-5
Lewis, T. F. (2008). An explanatory model of student-athlete drinking: The role of team leadership, social norms, perceptions of risk, and coaches’ attitudes toward alcohol consumption. College Student Journal, 42, 818–831.
Lewis, T. F., Milroy, J., Wyrik, D., Hebard, S. P., & Lamberson, K. A. (2017). Binge-drinking and non-binge-drinking student-athletes: The role of proximal norms, negative expectancies, and selected sociodemographic variables. Journal of Child & Adolescent Substance Abuse, 26(2), 141–151. https://doi.org/10.1080/1067828x.2016.1222978
Lewis, T. F., & Paladino, D. (2008). Proximal norms, selected socio-demographics, and drinking behaviour among university student-athletes. Journal of Addictions and Offender Counselling, 29, 7–21. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2161-1874.2008.tb00040.x
Lisha, N. E., & Sussman, S. (2010). Relationship of high school and college sports participation with alcohol, tobacco, and illicit drug use: A review. Addictive Behaviors, 35, 399–407. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2009.12.032
Littlefield, A. K., Sher, K. J., & Steinley, D. (2010). Developmental trajectories of impulsivity and their association with alcohol use and related outcomes during emerging and young adulthood I. Alcoholism, Clinical and Experimental Research, 34, 1409–1416. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1530-0277.2010.01224.x
Martens, M. P. (2011). Alcohol interventions for college student-athletes. In H. R. White & D. L. Rabiner (Eds.), College drinking and drug use. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
Martens, M. P. (2012). Alcohol interventions for college student athletes. In H. R. White & D. L. Rabiner (Eds.), College drinking and drug use (pp. 203–220). New York, NY: The Guilford Press.
Martens, M. P., Dams-O’Connor, K., & Beck, N. C. (2006). A systematic review of college student-athlete drinking: Prevalence rates, sport-related factors, and interventions. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 31(3), 305–316. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsat.2006.05.004
Martens, M. P., Ferrier, A. G., Sheehy, M. J., Corbett, K., Anderson, D. A., & Simmons, A. (2005). Development of the protective behavioral strategies survey. Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs, 66, 698–705.
Martens, M. P., Kilmer, J. R., Beck, N. C., & Zamboanga, B. L. (2010). The efficacy of a targeted personalized drinking feedback intervention among intercollegiate athletes: A randomized controlled trial. Psychology of Addictive Behaviours, 24(4), 660–669.
Martens, M. P., & Martin, J. L. (2010). College athletes’ drinking motives and competitive seasonal status: Additional assessment of the athlete drinking scale. Addiction Research & Theory, 18(1), 23–32. https://doi.org/10.3109/16066350902867882
Martens, M. P., Pedersen, E. R., Smith, A. E., Stewart, S. H., & O’Brien, K. (2011). Predictors of alcohol-related outcomes in college athletes: The roles of trait urgency and drinking motives. Addictive Behaviours, 36, 456–464. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2010.12.025
Martens, M. P., Watson, J. C., & Beck, N. C. (2006). Sport-type differences in alcohol use among intercollegiate athletes. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 18(2), 136–150. https://doi.org/10.1080/10413200600653758
Martens, M. P., Watson, J. C., Royland, E. M., & Beck, N. C. (2005). Development of the athlete drinking scale. Psychology of Addictive Behaviours, 19(2), 158–164. https://doi.org/10.1037/0893-164x.19.2.158
Martha, C., Grelot, L., & Peretti-Watel, P. (2009). Participants’ sports characteristics related to heavy episodic drinking among French students. International Journal of Drug Policy, 20(2), 152–160. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2007.11.023
Martin, M. (1998). The use of alcohol among NCAA Division I female college basketball, softball, and volleyball athletes. Journal of Athletic Training, 33(2), 163–167.
McAlaney, J., Bewick, B., & Hughes, C. (2011). The international development of the “social norms” approach to drug education and prevention. Drugs: Education, Prevention, and Policy, 18(2), 81–89. https://doi.org/10.3109/09687631003610977
Michie, S., Richardson, M., Johnston, M., Abraham, C., Francis, J., Hardeman, W., … Wood, C. E. (2013). The behaviour change technique taxonomy (vi) of 93 hierarchically clustered techniques: Building an international consensus for the reporting of behaviour change interventions. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 46, 81–95.
Miller, K. E. (2009). Sport-related identities and the ‘toxic jock. Journal of Sport Behavior, 32, 69–91.
Miller, K. E., Farrell, M. P., Barnes, G. M., Melnick, M. J., & Sabo. (2005). Gender/racial differences in jock identity, dating, and adolescent sexual risk. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 34, 123–136.
Miller, K. E., Hoffman, J. E., Barnes, G. M., Farrell, M. P., Sabo, D., & Melnick, M. J. (2003). Jocks, gender, race, and adolescent problem drinking. Journal of Drug Education, 33, 445–462.
Miller, K. E., Melnick, M. J., Barnes, G. M., Sabo, D., & Farrell, M. P. (2007). Athletic involvement and adolescent delinquency. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 36, 711–723. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-006-9123-9
Miller, K. E., Melnick, M. J., Farrell, M. P., Sabo, D. F., & Barnes, G. M. (2006). Jocks, gender, binge drinking and adolescent violence. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 21, 105–120. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260505281662
Miller, W. R., & Rollnick, S. (2002). Motivational interviewing: Preparing people for change (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Guildford Press.
Milroy, J. J., Orsini, M., Wyrick, D. L., Fearnow-Kenney, M., Kelly, S. E., & Burley, J. (2014). A National study of the reasons for use and non-use of alcohol among college student-athletes by sex, race, and NCAA division. Journal of Alcohol and Drug Education, 58(3), 67–87.
Nelson, T. F., & Wechsler, H. (2001). Alcohol and college athletes. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 33(1), 43–47.
O’Brien, K. S., Blackie, J. M., & Hunter, J. A. (2005). Hazardous drinking in elite New Zealand sportspeople. Alcohol and Alcoholism, 40(3), 239–241. https://doi.org/10.1093/alcalc/agh145
O’Brien, K. S., & Kypri, K. (2008). Alcohol industry sponsorship and hazardous drinking among sportspeople. Addiction, 103, 1961–1966. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.2008.0237
O’Neill, G., Martin, N., Birch, J., Oldam, A., & Newbury-Birch, D. (2015). The drinkers degree: Risk taking behaviours amongst undergraduate student drinkers. Journal of Addiction, 965438. https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/965438
Oei, T. P. S., Hasking, P. A., & Young, R. M. D. (2005). Drinking refusal self-efficacy questionnaire-revised (DRSEQ-R): A new factor structure with confirmatory factor analysis. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 78(3), 297–307. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2004.11.010
Partington, S., Partington, E., Heather, N., Longstaff, F., Allsop, S., Jankowski, M., … Gibson, A. S. C. (2013). The relationship between membership of a university sports group and drinking behaviour among students at English Universities. Addiction Research & Theory, 21(4), 339–347. https://doi.org/10.3109/16066359.2012.727508
Perkins, H. W., & Berkowitz, A. D. (1986). Perceiving the community norms of alcohol use among students: Some research implications for campus alcohol education programming. International Journal of the Addictions, 21, 971–976. https://doi.org/10.3109/10826088609077249
Pilatti, A., Cupani, M., & Pautassi, R. M. (2015). Personality and alcohol expectancies discriminate alcohol consumption patterns in female college students. Alcohol and Alcoholism, 50(4), 385–392. https://doi.org/10.1093/alcalc/agvo25
Pitts, M., Chow, G. M., & Donohue, B. (2018). Relationship between general and sport-related drinking motives and athlete alcohol use and problems. Substance Use & Misuse, 146–155. https://doi.org/10.1080/10826084.2018.1512624
Ronkainen, N. J., Kavoura, A., & Ryba, T. V. (2016). Narrative and discursive perspectives on athletic identity: Past, present, and future. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 27, 128–137. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2016.08.010
Seitz, C. M., Wyrick, D. L., Rulison, K. L., Strack, R. W., & Fearnow-Kenney, M. (2014). The association between coach and teammate injunctive norm reference groups and college student-athlete substance use. Journal of Alcohol and Drug Education, 58, 7–26.
Smith, A. C. T., Stewart, B., Oliver-Bennetts, S., McDonald, S., Ingerson, L., Anderson, A., … Graetz, F. (2010). Contextual influences and athlete attitudes to drugs in sport. Sport Management Review, 13(3), 181–197. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smr.2010.01.008
Sparkes, A. C., Partington, E., & Brown, D. H. K. (2007). Bodies as bearers of value: The transmission of jock culture via the ‘twelve commandments’. Sport, Education and Society, 12(3), 295–316. https://doi.org/10.1080/13573320701464150
Szabo, J., Toth, S., & Pakai, A. K. (2014). Narrative therapy for alcohol dependent patients. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 12(4), 470–476. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-014-9478-1
Taylor, E. A., Ward, R. M., & Hardin, R. (2017). Examination of drinking habits and motives of collegiate student-athletes. Journal of Applied Sport Management, 9(1). https://doi.org/10.18666/jasm-2017-v9-i1-7470
Tewksbury, R., Higgins, G. E., & Mustaine, E. E. (2008). Binge drinking among college athletes and non-athletes. Deviant Behavior, 29(3), 275–293. https://doi.org/10.1080/01639620701588040
Thombs, D. L., & Hamilton, M. (2002). Effects of a social norm feedback campaign on the drinking norms and behaviour of Division I student-athletes. Journal of Drug Education, 3, 227–244. https://doi.org/10.2190/2UYU-6X9M-RJ65-3YYH
Turrisi, R., Larimer, M. E., Mallet, K. A., Kilmer, J. R., Ray, A. E., Mastroleo, N. R., … Montoya, H. (2009). A randomized clinical trial evaluating a combined alcohol intervention for high-risk college students. Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs, 70, 555–567. https://doi.org/10.15288/jsad.2009.70.555
Vamplew, W. (2013). Alcohol and the sportsperson: An anomalous alliance. In P. Dimeo (Ed.), Drugs, alcohol and sport: A critical history. London, England: Routledge.
Weaver, C. C., Martens, M. P., Cadigan, J. M., Takamatsu, S. K., Treloar, H. R., & Pedersen, E. R. (2013). Sport-related achievement motivation and alcohol outcomes: An athlete-specific risk factor among intercollegiate athletes. Addictive Behaviours, 38(12), 2930–2936. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2013.08.021
Wechsler, H., Lee, J. E., Nelson, T. F., & Kuo, M. (2002). Underage college students’ drinking behaviour, access to alcohol, and the influence of deterrence policies: Findings from the Harvard School of Public Health College Alcohol Study. Journal of American College Health, 50, 223–236. https://doi.org/10.1080/07448480209595714
Wicki, M., Kuntsche, E., & Gmel, G. (2010). Drinking at European universities? A review of students’ alcohol use. Addictive Behaviors, 35(11), 913–924. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2010.06.015
Williams, R. D., Jr., Perko, M., Belcher, D., Leaver-Dunn, D. D., Usdan, S. L., & Leeper, J. D. (2006). Use of social ecology model to address alcohol use among college athletes. American Journal of Health Studies, 21(4), 228–237.
Yusko, D. A., Buckman, J. F., White, H. R., & Pandina, R. J. (2008). Risk for excessive alcohol use and drinking-related problems in college student athletes. Addictive Behaviors, 33(12), 1546–1556. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2008.07.010
Zamboanga, B. L., & Ham, L. S. (2008). Alcohol expectancies and context-specific drinking behaviours among female college athletes. Behaviour Therapy, 39(2), 162–170. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.beth.2007.06.002
Zamboanga, B. L., Horton, N. J., Leitkowski, L. K., & Wang, S. C. (2006). Do good things come to those who drink? A longitudinal investigation of drinking expectancies and hazardous alcohol use in female college athletes. Journal of Adolescent Health, 39, 229–236. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2005.11.019
Zamboanga, B. L., Schwartz, S. J., Ham, L. S., Borsari, B., & Van Tyne, K. (2010). Alcohol expectancies, pregaming, drinking games, and hazardous alcohol use in a multiethnic sample of college students. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 34(2), 124–133. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-009-9234-1
Zhou, J., & Heim, D. (2014). Sports and spirits: A systematic qualitative review of emergent theories for student-athlete drinking. Alcohol and Alcoholism, 49(6), 604–617. https://doi.org/10.1093/alcalc/agu061
Zhou, J., & Heim, D. (2016). A qualitative exploration of alcohol use among student sportspeople: A social identity perspective. European Journal of Social Psychology, 46(5), 581–594. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.2195
Zhou, J., Heim, D., & Levy, A. (2015). Sports participation and alcohol use: Associations with sports-related identities and well-being. Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs, 77(1), 170–179. https://doi.org/10.15288/jsad.2016.77170
Zhou, J., Heim, D., & O’Brien, K. S. (2015). Alcohol consumption, athlete identity, and happiness among student sportspeople as a function of sport type. Alcohol and Alcoholism, 50(5), 617–623. https://doi.org/10.1093/alcalc/agv030
Zhou, J., O’Brien, K. S., & Heim, D. (2014). Alcohol consumption in sportspeople: The role of social cohesion, identity and happiness. International Review for the Sociology of Sport, 49(3–4), 278–293. https://doi.org/10.1177/1012690213493105
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2021 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Partington, S., Partington, E. (2021). Deconstructing the Alcohol-Sport Paradox: Why Do Student Athletes Misuse Alcohol and How Can We Change Behaviour?. In: Cooke, R., Conroy, D., Davies, E.L., Hagger, M.S., de Visser, R.O. (eds) The Palgrave Handbook of Psychological Perspectives on Alcohol Consumption. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-66941-6_12
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-66941-6_12
Published:
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-66940-9
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-66941-6
eBook Packages: Behavioral Science and PsychologyBehavioral Science and Psychology (R0)