Abstract
The term “toxic leadership” concerns unethical and destructive attitudes, behaviors and processes that are initiated or sustained by people in leadership positions. It is associated with damage to individuals and organizations, and often with the failure of executives’ careers. Research into this area has explored “dark side” aspects of personality, and other factors that appear to enable toxic leadership.
This chapter summarizes the academic research into the practices, the effects and the causes of destructive leadership. It suggests that the main value of shining a light on toxic leadership is to alert those who construct and operate corporate structures and processes to take action to prevent, minimize or forestall the damage it may cause.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Adorno, T. W., Frenkel-Brunswik, E., Levinson, D. J., & Sanford, R. N. (1950). The authoritarian personality. New York: Harper and Row.
APA. (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed.). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.
Babiak, P., & Hare, R. D. (2006). Snakes in suits: When psychopaths go to work. New York: HarperCollins.
Babiak, P., Neumann, C. S., & Hare, R. D. (2010). Corporate psychopathy: Talking the walk. Behavioral Sciences & the Law, 28(2), 174–193.
Benson, M. J., & Campbell, J. P. (2007). To be, or not to be, linear: An expanded representation of personality and its relationship to leadership performance. International Journal of Selection and Assessment, 15(2), 232–249.
Bentz, V. J. (1967). The Sears experience in the investigation, description, and prediction of executive behavior. In F. R. Wickert & D. E. McFarland (Eds.), Measuring executive effectiveness (pp. 147–206). New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts.
Bentz, V. J. (1985). Research findings from personality assessment of executives. In J. H. Bernardin & D. A. Bownas (Eds.), Personality assessment in organizations (pp. 82–144). New York: Praeger.
Boddy, C. R. (2015). Organisational psychopaths: A ten year update. Management Decision, 53(10), 2407–2432.
Cheang, H. S., & Appelbaum, S. H. (2015a). Corporate psychopathy: Deviant workplace behaviour and toxic leaders – Part one. Industrial and Commercial Training, 47(4), 165–173.
Cheang, H. S., & Appelbaum, S. H. (2015b). Corporate psychopathy: Deviant workplace behaviour and toxic leaders – Part two. Industrial and Commercial Training, 47(5), 236–243.
Christie, R., & Geiss, F. L. (1970). Studies in Machiavellianism. New York: Academic Press.
Claxton, G., Owen, D., & Sadler-Smith, E. (2015). Hubris in leadership: A peril of unbridled intuition? Leadership, 11(1), 57–78.
Conger, J. A. (1990). The dark side of leadership. Organizational Dynamics, 19(2), 44–55.
Den Hartog, D. N., De Hoogh, A. H. B., & Belschak, F. D. (2020). Toot your own horn? Leader narcissism and the effectiveness of employee self-promotion. Journal of Management, 46(2), 261–286.
Emanuel, G., & Thomas, K. (2019, May 2). Top executives of Insys, an opioid company, are found guilty of racketeering. New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2019/05/02/health/insys-trial-verdict-kapoor.html. Accessed 17 Apr 2020.
Fatfouta, R. (2019). Facets of narcissism and leadership: A tale of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde? Human Resource Management Review, 29(4) article no. 100669.
Furnham, A., Trickey, G., & Hyde, G. (2012). Bright aspects to dark side traits: Dark side traits associated with work success. Personality and Individual Differences, 52(8), 908–913.
Gaddis, B. H., & Foster, J. L. (2015). Meta-analysis of dark side personality characteristics and critical work behaviors among leaders across the globe: Findings and implications for leadership development and executive coaching. Applied Psychology, 64(1), 25–54.
Ghoshal, S. (2005). Bad management theories are destroying good management practices. The Academy of Management Learning and Education, 4(1), 75–91.
Goldman, A. (2006). High toxicity leadership: Borderline personality disorder and the dysfunctional organization. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 21(8), 733–746.
Grijalva, E., Harms, P. D., Newman, D. A., Gaddis, B. H., & Fraley, R. C. (2015). Narcissism and leadership: A meta-analytical review if linear and non-linear relationships. Personnel Psychology, 68(1), 1–47.
Harms, P. D., Spain, S. M., & Hannah, S. T. (2011). Leader development and the dark side of personality. The Leadership Quarterly, 22(3), 495–509.
Higgs, M. (2009). The good, the bad and the ugly: Leadership and narcissism. Journal of Change Management, 9(2), 165–178.
Hogan, R., & Hogan, J. (1997). Hogan personality inventory manual. Tulsa: HAS.
Hogan, R., & Hogan, J. (2001). Assessing leadership: A view from the dark side. International Journal of Selection and Recruitment, 9(1/2), 40–51.
Hogan, R., Curphy, G. J., & Hogan, J. (1994). What we know about leadership: Effectiveness and personality. American Psychologist, 49(6), 493–450.
ICM. (2019). Institute of crisis management annual report. Denver, CO: ICM. https://crisisconsultant.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/ICM-Annual-Crisis-Report-for-2018_Issued-30-May-2019.pdf. Accessed 17 Apr 2020.
Jones, D. N., & Paulhus, D. L. (2014). Introducing the short dark triad (SD3): A brief measure of dark personality traits. Assessment, 21(1), 28–41.
Judge, T. A., Piccolo, R. F., & Kosalka, T. (2009). The bright and dark sides of leader traits: A review and theoretical extension of the leader trait paradigm. The Leadership Quarterly, 20(6), 855–875.
Kaiser, R. B., LeBreton, J. M., & Hogan, J. (2015). The dark side of personality and extreme leader behavior. Applied Psychology, 64(1), 55–92.
Kets de Vries, M. F. R. (1985). The dark side of entrepreneurship. Harvard Business Review, 63(6), 160–167.
Kets de Vries, M. F. R. (1989). Leaders who self-destruct: The causes and cures. Organizational Dynamics, 17(4), 5–17.
Kets de Vries, M. F. R. (2014). Coaching the toxic leader. Harvard Business Review, 92(4), 100–109.
Kets de Vries, M. F. R., & Balazs, K. (2011). The shadow side of leadership. In A. Bryman, D. Collinson, K. Grint, B. Jackson, & M. Uhl-Bien (Eds.), The sage handbook of leadership (pp. 380–392). London: Sage.
Lipman-Blumen, J. (2005). The allure of toxic leaders: Why followers rarely escape their clutches. Ivey Business Journal, 69(3), 1–8.
Lombardo, M. M., & Eichinger, R. W. (1989). Preventing derailment: What to do before it’s too late. Greensboro: Center for Creative Leadership.
Maccoby, M. (2000). Narcissistic leaders: The incredible pros, the inevitable cons. Harvard Business Review, 78(1), 92–101.
McCall, M. W., Jr., & Lombardo, M. M. (1983). Off the track: Why and how successful executives get derailed. Greensboro: Center for Creative Leadership.
Naudé, P., Hamilton, B., Ungerer, M., Malan, D., & de Klerk, M. (2018). Business perspectives on the Steinhoff saga. Stellenbosch: University of Stellenbosch Business School.
Nevicka, B., Van Vianen, A. E. M., De Hoogh, A. H. B., & Voorn, B. C. M. (2018). Narcissistic leaders: An asset or a liability? Leader visibility, follower responses, and group-level absenteeism. Journal of Applied Psychology, 103(7), 703–723.
Padilla, A., Hogan, R., & Kaiser, R. B. (2007). The toxic triangle: Destructive leaders, susceptible followers, and conducive environments. The Leadership Quarterly, 18(3), 176–194.
Paulhus, D. L. (2014). Toward a taxonomy of dark personalities. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 23(6), 421–426.
Paulhus, D. L., & Williams, K. M. (2002). The dark triad of personality: Narcissism, Machiavellianism and psychopathy. Journal of Research in Personality, 36(6), 556–563.
Picone, P. M., Dagnino, G. B., & Mina, A. (2014). The origin of failure: A multidisciplinary appraisal of the hubris hypothesis and proposed research agenda. The Academy of Management Perspectives, 28(4), 447–468.
Rosenthal, S. A., & Pittinsky, T. L. (2006). Narcissistic leadership. The Leadership Quarterly, 17(6), 617–633.
Sadler-Smith, E. (2019). Hubristic leadership. Thousand Oaks: Sage.
Sadler-Smith, E., Akstinaite, V., Robinson, G., & Wray, T. (2017). Hubristic leadership: A review. Leadership, 13(5), 525–548.
Schyns, B. (2015). Dark personality in the workplace: Introduction to the special issue. Applied Psychology, 64(1), 1–14.
Schyns, B., & Schilling, J. (2013). How bad are the effects of bad leaders? A meta-analysis of destructive leadership and its outcomes. The Leadership Quarterly, 24(1), 138–158.
Thoroughgood, C. N., Padilla, A., Hunter, S. T., & Tate, B. W. (2012a). The susceptible circle: A taxonomy of followers associated with destructive leadership. The Leadership Quarterly, 23(6), 897–917.
Thoroughgood, C. N., Tate, B. W., Sawyer, K. B., & Jacobs, R. (2012b). Bad to the bone: Empirically defining and measuring destructive leader behaviour. Journal of Leadership and Organizational Studies, 19(2), 230–255.
Waters, S. (2020). Suicide voices: Labour trauma in France. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2021 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Boak, G. (2021). Shining a Light on Toxic Leadership. In: Örtenblad, A. (eds) Debating Bad Leadership. Palgrave Debates in Business and Management. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-65025-4_6
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-65025-4_6
Published:
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-65024-7
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-65025-4
eBook Packages: Business and ManagementBusiness and Management (R0)